Module 1

The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? 2, 8 2, 8, 8 2, 8, 1 2

2,8,1

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs 1-2-3-4-5 1-2-4-3-5 2-1-3-4-5 2-1-4-3-5

2-1-4-3-5

Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade. 98 37 47 68

37

Match the following: First one or two letters of an element's name Number of protons in an atom Combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom A. Atomic symbol B. Atomic number C. Mass number of an element

A B C

Heterogeneous, will not settle. Heterogeneous, will settle. Homogeneous, will not settle. Will not scatter light. A. Colloids B. Suspensions C. Solutions D. Solutions

A B C D

Match the following chemical bonds to the correct description: A bond in which electrons are shared unequally. A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved. A bond in which electrons are shared equally. A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure. A. Polar covalent bond B. Ionic bond C. Nonpolar covalent bond D. Hydrogen bond

A B C D

Match the following particles to the correct description: Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron. Neutral subatomic particle. Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties. Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties. A. Cation B. Neutron C. Atom D. Molecule

A B C D

Match the following: Can be measured only by its effects on matter. Anything that occupies space and has mass. Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ________ would not be different. Is a function of, and varies with, gravity. A. Energy B. Matter C. Mass D. Weight

A B C D

Match the following: Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle. When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work. Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane. A. Mechanical energy B. Chemical energy C. Radiant energy D. Electrical energy

A B C D

Match the following: Water. Carbon. Dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). Blood. A. Compound B. Element C. Compound D. Mixture

A B C D

Match the following cavities and organs: Stomach. Heart. Uterus. Brain. Lungs. A. Abdominopelvic B. Thoracic C. Abdominopelvic D. Crania E. Thoracic

A B C D E

Match the following regional terms and common terms: Arm. Buttock Head Knee (anterior aspect) Chest. A. Brachial B. Gluteal C. Cephalic D. Patellar E. Thoracic

A B C D E

Match the following systems to their functions: Directly causes mechanical motion. Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses. Provides support and levers for muscles to pull Protects underlying organs from environmental damage and synthesizes vitamin D. A. Muscular B. Nervous C. Skeletal D. Integumentary

A B C D

In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________. a high degree of saturated bonds a high degree of unsaturated bonds a high water content long fatty acid chains

A HIGH DEGREE OF UNSATURATED BONDS

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. a relatively stable internal environment, within limits the lowest possible energy usage a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances a static state with no deviation from preset points

A RELATIVELY STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, WITHIN LIMITS

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions any sagittal plane except in the midline a transverse cut just above the knees two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves

ANY SAGITTAL PLANE EXCEPT IN THE MIDLINE

The anatomical position is used ________. rarely, because people don't usually assume this position during waking moments as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body for proper placement of a patient or a cadaver upon an operating table in order to reach all major organs only when a body is lying down one one's back rather than stomach

AS A STANDARD REFERENCE POINT FOR DIRECTIONAL TERMS REGARDLESS OF THE ACTUAL POSITION OF THE BODY

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? liver lungs intestines brain

BRAIN

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? cardiovascular physiology systemic physiology cardiovascular anatomy systemic anatomy

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? H2O NaOH NaCl CH4

CH4

The single most abundant protein in the body is ________. glucose DNA collagen hemoglobin

COLLAGEN

If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________. variable effector receptor control center

CONTROL CENTER

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye.

CYTOLOGY: THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURES IN A PARTICULAR REGION

An oblique cut is one that is cut ________. vertically right and left perpendicular to vertical and horizontal planes horizontally superior and inferior diagonally between vertical and horizontal planes

DIAGONALLY BETWEEN VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL PLANES

The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ____ cavity. thoracic ventral vertebral cranial dorsal

DORSAL

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. enhancement of labor contractions regulating glucose levels in the blood body temperature regulation blood calcium level regulation

ENHANCEMENT OF LABOR CONTRACTIONS

Which statement about enzymes is false? Enzymes have the ability to accelerate reactions as much as a billion-fold. Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form. Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature. Enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements.

ENZYMES REQUIRE CONTACT WITH SUBSTRATE IN ORDER TO ASSUME THEIR ACTIVE FORM

Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes? Each enzyme is chemically specific. Some enzymes are purely protein. Some enzymes are protein plus a cofactor. Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation.

ENZYMES WORK BY RAISING THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION

An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________. metabolism excretion of metabolic waste responsiveness maintaining boundaries

EXCRETION OF METABOLIC WASTE

A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. True False

FALSE

About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. True False

FALSE

Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons. True False

FALSE

Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds. True False

FALSE

Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. True False

FALSE

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in muscle tissue only. True False

FALSE

Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains. True False

FALSE

Lipids are a poor source of stored energy. True False

FALSE

The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. True False

FALSE

The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. True False

FALSE

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? transverse median sagittal frontal

FRONTAL

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________. cholesterol triglycerides glycogen glucose

GLYCOGEN

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. developmental microscopic gross systemic

GROSS

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? liver intestines stomach appendix

INTESTINES

Salts are always ________. double covalent compounds single covalent compounds hydrogen bonded ionic compounds

IONIC COMPOUNDS

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. It is considered the cause of most diseases. The internal environment is becoming more stable. Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally.

IT IS CONSIDERED THE CAUSE OF MOST DISEASES

In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? right upper quadrant right lower quadrant left lower quadrant left upper quadrant

LEFT UPPER QUADRANT

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________. covering individual lungs lining the abdominal cavity covering the heart lining the thoracic cavity

LINING THE THORACIC CAVITY

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host. Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS WORK TO PREVENT SUDDEN SEVERE CHANGES IN THE BODY

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? lymphatic muscular immune nervous

NERVOUS

Which of the following are survival needs of the body? nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction

NUTRIENTS, WATER, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND OXYGEN

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses? Na I P Fe

Na

The cavities housing the eyes are called ________ cavities. orbital nasal cranial frontal

ORBBITAL

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. organ system organ complex tissue complex cell

ORGAN

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________. body erect arms at sides thumbs pointed laterally palms turned posteriorly

PALMS TURNED POSTERIORLY

What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called? polypeptide nucleic acid polysaccharide protein

POLYPEPTIDE

The posterior knee area is called ________. popliteal crural sural antecubital

POPLITEAL

The basic structural material of the body consists of ________. Carbohydrates Nucleic acids. Lipids. Proteins.

PROTEINS

Which of the following are subdivisions of anatomy? gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic regional, surface, visual, and microscopic gross, regional, dissection, and surface regional, systemic, and surface

REGIONAL, SYSTEMIC, AND SURFACE

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. removal of a carbon atom between each two units removal of a water molecule between each two units addition of a water molecule between each two units addition of a carbon atom between each two units

REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE BETWEEN EACH TWO UNITS

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? frontal transverse regional sagittal

SAGITTAL

What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? primary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure secondary structure

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. the necessity for all organisms to reproduce sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system

SENSING CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEN REACTING OR RESPONDING TO THEM

The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. sequence of the nucleotides regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules arrangement of the histones three-dimensional structure of the double helix

SEQUENCE OF THE NUCLEOTIDES

Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells? potassium sodium magnesium hydrogen

SODIUM

________ cavities are spaces within joints. Synovial Oral Orbital Nasal

SYNOVIAL

Select the most correct statement. Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________. forming a larger molecule the release of energy a synthesis the consumption of energy

THE RELEASE OF ENERGY

Which of the following is not true of proteins? They have both functional and structural roles in the body.. They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape. They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information.

THEY APPEAR TO BE THE MOLECULAR CARRIERS OF CODED HEREDITARY INFORMATION

Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity? vertebral cavity cranial cavity spinal cord thoracic cavity

THORACIC CAVITY

The term pollex refers to the ________. fingers great toe thumb calf

THUMB

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. cell chemistry tissues the gross structures of the body cells

TISSUES

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback? to regulate excretion via the kidneys to control body movement to keep the body's blood sugar level high to maintain homeostasis

TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte. True False

TRUE

A chemical bond is an energy relationship between outer electrons and neighboring atoms. True False

TRUE

A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. True False

TRUE

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function.

TRUE

All organic compounds contain carbon. True False

TRUE

Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of the body by releasing or binding ions. True False

TRUE

Current information suggests that omega-3 fatty acids decrease the risk of heart disease. True False

TRUE

Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. True False

TRUE

Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules but are important intramolecular bonds. True False

TRUE

It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. True False

TRUE

It is the difference in the R group that makes each amino acid chemically unique. True False

TRUE

Lungs carry out an excretory function. True False

TRUE

Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds. True False

TRUE

Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. True False

TRUE

The acidity of a solution reflects the free hydrogen ions in the solution True False

TRUE

The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. True False

TRUE

The atomic weight is only an average of relative weights of an atom and its isotopes, and it may vary from the weight of a specific isotope. True False

TRUE

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. True False

TRUE

The fact that no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture is the chief difference between mixtures and compounds. True False

TRUE

The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration. True False

TRUE

The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. True False

TRUE

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures.

VISCERAL PERICARDIUM COVERS THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE HEART, AND PARIETAL PERICARDIUM LINES THE INTERNAL WALLS OF THE HEART

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________. water protein hydrogen oxygen

WATER

Which of the following statements is false? When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases. The pH of blood is slightly basic. When acids and bases are mixed, they react with each other to form water and a salt. The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution.

WHEN THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION DECREASES, THE HYDROXYL ION CONCENTRATION ALSO DECREASES