Module 1 Quiz

Politiques

A group who came about during the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century. They ranked politics above religion because they believed "no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war"

Society of Jesus

A small group who were recognized as a religious order by a papal bull in 1540. The most important new religious order. It became the "chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation". Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish nobleman because he was injured in battle and experienced spiritual torment leading him to resolve issues by submitting his will to the will of the church and creating the Society of Jesus. "The new order was grounded on the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, a strict hierarchical order for the society, the use of education to achieve its goals, and a dedication to engage in 'conflict for God.'" Resembled the structure of a military command. The society restored Catholicism in parts of Germany and eastern Europe as well as all of Poland. (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century? What can Ignatius of Loyola's "Rules for Thinking with the Church" tell us about the nature of the Catholic reform movement?

By the mid-sixteenth century, the Catholic church had made a new papacy that gave the church new strengths. Features of the medieval Catholicism was revived to accommodate new conditions. They created new religious orders and brotherhoods. New schools for girls were being developed, orphanages and hospitals were made to care for victims of war. The Gospel was preached to the people as an effect tool against Protestantism.

1. Which areas of Europe were solidly Catholic, which were solidly Lutheran, and which were neither? (See map 13.2)

During 1560, Catholic Areas in Europe included Portugal, Italy And Lutheran Areas Included Sweden, Denmark, Holy Roman Empire, and Norway. France, Ireland, England, Scotland, Poland, Hungary, and Swiss Confederation had a mix of a few religions throughout their countries.

Read Queen Elizabeth's I's 1588 speech to the troops at Tilbury. What qualities evident in Elizabeth's speech would have endeared her to her listeners? How was her popularity connected to the events of the late sixteenth century?

Elizabeth sounds sincere. She promises that she does not want to fail her loving people and that she has always behaved herself. She tells how she is not afraid to die for her people and will represent them during this time. Her popularity allowed the troops at Tilbury to trust her and believe that they would be rewarded for victory and for their virtues in the field. She believed they would have a "famous victory over the enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people" (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

Council of Trent

In 1542, Paul lll called for a council of Christendom to help with all the religious issues from the protestant revolt. In 1545, cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians came together in the city of Trent between Germany and Italy to create the Council of Trent. The council was unable to hold their annual meetings due to wars, pope changes, and plague. They created doctrines that "reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs" (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

Indulgences

In the early sixteenth century Luther found himself involved in the indulgence controversy. Pope Leo X was selling special jubilee indulgences so he would be able to raise money for ongoing construction in Rome. Luther believed it to be wrong that people were counting on these indulgences and it would likely get them nowhere. He wrote the Ninety-Five Theses to show how wrong the sale of the indulgences was. The Pope did not explain the use of the indulgences which is why Luther was so unhappy with them.

What were Martin Luther's main disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church, and what political, economic, and social conditions help explain why the movement he began spread so quickly across Europe? What major ideas are presented in Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, and why did they have such a strong appeal in Germany?

In the early sixteenth century, Luther believed humans could not do good enough work to merit salvation in the eyes of God like the Catholic doctrine had said. He also believes that people are saved through faith and promises of God, not through their good works. Political, economic, and social circumstances during this time such as the sale of indulgences is why Luther's movement began to spread so quickly. Major ideas of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses include: the pope could not implement punishment himself, why did the pope use money of the poor rather than rich, Luther's Ninety-Five Theses spread so quick in Germany because Germans were already unhappy because of the "ecclesiastical and financial policies of the papacy." Lutheranism began to spread through music, pamphlets with illustrations, and his new testament. (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

What role did politics, economic and social conditions, and religion play in the European wars of the sixteenth century?

In the sixteenth century, religion drove the French civil wars. French kings wanted to stop the spread of Calvinism, because they wanted Catholicism to remain the main religion in France, but they were unsuccessful. Politically, towns and provinces were afraid of the "growing power of monarchial centralization," which made them willing to revolt. (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwingliansim, Anabaptism, and Calvinism, and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism? What can we learn about Calvinism based on the Reports of the Geneva Consistory?

Lutherans believed that the Lord's supper had the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus; however, Zwingliansim said it was symbolical not literally. In 1529 at the Lord's supper at Marburg both tried to come to an agreement but could not. They disagree because Zwingli believes one person cannot be in two places at once because he is saying he cannot be at the Lord's supper the same time he is saying he is in heaven. Luther Disagrees. Anabaptists unlike the others rejected the state's role in church affairs. Often anabaptists consisted of peasants, weavers, miners, and artisans "who had been adversely affected by the economic changes of the age". They believed "true Christian church was a voluntary association of believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth." Unlike the other religions they advocated adult baptism. Anabaptists believed in complete separation of church and state unlike Catholics and Protestants. Protestants and Catholics agreed that they need to stamp out the Anabaptists. Calvinism created by John Calvin was similar to Lutheranism. Much emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God. Calvinism become more powerful and strict punishments came about. (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

Desiderius Erasmus

Most influential Christian humanist (1466-1536). Erasmus formulated and popularized the reform program because he wanted to restore Christianity to its earlier simplicity. Went to the Brothers of the Common Life school. He traveled to France, England, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. His view on religion was called "the philosophy of Christ". In this he emphasizes inner piety and was against other forms of religion. His most outstanding achievement was his work on the New Testament. Had a painting of himself done by a friend Hans Holbei

Huguenots

Name for the French Calvinists during the sixteenth century led by Henry of Navarre. They came from all levels of society. About 40 to 50 percent of French Nobles were Huguenots. They became a threat to monarchial power because of conversations with so many nobles. Huguenots armies were very good and could not be defeated despite Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in August of 1572.

Justification

One of the primary doctrines made up by Luther of the Protestant Reformation. "The doctrine of salvation or justification by grace through faith alone." "Justification is the act by which a person is made deserving of salvation." Luther thought the bible was the truth and believed "Justification by faith and the Bible as the sole authority in religious affairs were the twin pillars of the Protestant Reformation" (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth l of England reigned for almost 45 years between 1558 and 1603. She was the daughter of King Henry Vlll and Anne Boleyn. Unlike her half-sister Queen Mary (aka "bloody Mary"), who sought to restore England t the Roman Catholic fold, Elizabeth supported a basically Protestant Church of England. Her policies tended to be based on moderation and compromise. But when England faced the threat of an invasion by the militantly Catholic King Philip ll of Spain, Elizabeth sought to rally her troops in a speech, proclaiming "I have the heart of a king, and of a king of England, too." It could be argued that Elizabeth laid the foundations for a world emp

Catholic Sacraments

The Catholic church had seven sacraments that they believed in. Luther when developing Lutheranism in the sixteenth century only kept two of the seven. Baptism and the Lords Supper. Previously defined as "merit-earning works" in the catholic church, they were now "divinely established signs signifying promise of salvation" in the Lutheran church. (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and what were Erasmus's main criticisms of church officials in The Praise of Folly (give specific examples from the primary source)

The Christian humanists (also called northern humanists) main goal was to reform Christianity during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries because they believed a simple religion was "distorted by the complicated theological arguments of the middle ages". They believed that education would allow people to better themselves and bring out religious feelings that would change church and its society. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) was one of the most influential Christian humanists. He did not set out to destroy the medieval Christian church, but to reform it in line with the simplicity of the early church and his "philosophy of Christ," which emphasized "inner piety and de-emphasized the external forms of religion (such as the sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, veneration of saints, and relics)." In Praise of Folly, Erasmus criticized the corrupt practices of the Church and his society. He characterized monks as irreligious, illiterate, dogmatic, detested by "most people". He "laid the egg that Luther hatched" (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

Edict of Nantes (1598)

The Edict of Nantes stated Catholicism was the religion of France; however, it still allowed Huguenots to practice in certain places in each district. It also allowed them to keep a number of fortified towns to keep them protected. The Huguenots were still allowed to use all political privileges. The Edict of Nantes "recognized the rights of the Protestant minority and ostensibly the principle of religious toleration, it did so only out of political necessity, not out of conviction." (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).

Edict of Worms

The Edict of Worms had outlawed Martin Luther from the Roman Empire in. the sixteenth century during 1521. Emperor Charles was angry because of Luther's audacity and believed he went against all Christianity. The Edict of Worms stated his "works were to be burned, and Luther himself was to be captured and delivered to the emperor" (Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 366-8).