Module 10

Intensive behavior modification is most effective with an autistic child when it begins:

2-3 years old.

Toilet training should start when the child is about:

24 months.

Who might have said that we don't need to directly be reinforced or punished to learn?

Albert Bandura

Trial-and-error learning is associated with experiments conducted with hungry cats placed in a puzzle box. This work was conducted by:

E.L. Thorndike.

______ is a mental process marked by sudden and unexpected solution of a problem.

Insight

What refers to removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response that decreases the odds that the response will recur?

Negative punishment

The apparatus used by Skinner to study operant conditioning is called a(n):

Skinner Box.

Shaping is defined as:

a procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior.

In operant conditioning, generalization has occurred when:

an animal or person emits the same response to a similar stimuli.

In classical conditioning, a stimulus is paired with _________; in operant conditioning, a behavior is paired with _________.

another stimulus; and consequence.

You like to fish. Sometimes, it takes you 30 minutes to catch a fish; other times, you catch a fish every 5 minutes. Fishing, in this case, is on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

ariable-interval schedule of reinforcement.

The four processes necessary for observational learning are attention, memory, imitation, and ___________.

attention, memory, imitation, and motivation.

The textbook describes a study that successfully used observational learning to:

attention, memory, imitation, and motivation.

The process of learning to control some physiological response is called:

biofeedback

"I can see in my mind the layout of the town I visited last summer." This person is using her ______ of the town.

cognitive map

If a behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs, its reinforcement schedule is:

continuous

In classical conditioning, _______ is the tendency for some stimuli but not others to elicit a conditioned response/

discrimination is a tendency for some stimuli but not others to elect a conditioned response.

Dr. Barr studies animals in their natural environments and is very curious about their behavior. Most likely Dr. Barr is a(n):

ethologist

After using operant conditioning to train a rat to press a bar, a psychologist stops providing the reinforcing pellets. The rat eventually stops pressing the bar. Bar pressing has undergone:

extinction

If you reinforce a person every 30 minutes, she is on a fixed ratio schedule. T or F

false

Something unpleasant is presented in negative punishment. T or F

false

Bruce gives his son Kenny a quarter if he practices his tennis serve for fifteen minutes. Bruce is using which type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed-interval schedule.

When faced with a puzzle or riddle, nonsolvers tend to:

focus on the obvious elements and not on new concepts that lead to a solution.

The learning-performance distinction suggests that:

hat learning may occur but may not always be measured by, or immediately evident in, performance.

What do positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment all have in common?

idea of operant condition in common and they all of them are consequences in operant condition

A young chick will establish a social attachment to anything (or anyone) that moves or provides food due to:

imprinting

Positive reinforcement _______ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated. Negative reinforcement _______ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated

increases and increases

Cognitive learning refers to:

mental processes such as attention and memory, says that learning can occur through observation or imitation and such learning may not involve any external rewards or require a person to perform any observable behaviors.

The most frequent problem of parents who bring their children to clinics for treatment of behavioral problems is:

noncompliance

The most important conclusion from the Bobo doll study is that:

observational learning may have a biological foundation.behavior can be modified by simply watching a live model.

Those who study cognitive learning claim that learning can take place in an individual:

observing who has not received any noticeable rewards

If you wish to modify your roommate's behavior to clean up, which type of learning would you use and why?

operant conditioning because you want to increase a behavior through a reward/punishment system.

The treatment or therapy used to modify problem behavior based on the principles of learning is called:

operant conditioning, classical conditioning and social cognitive learning. Behavior modification

Bart, the ten-foot tall Kodiak bear, learned and performed 45 behaviors for a starring role in a movie through:

operant conditioning.

The unit of behavior that Skinner could measure is called a(n)

operant response

Ben, a mentally retarded child, has been observed eating inedible objects and substances. Ben's parents are concerned and have taken him to a psychologist. The psychologist has diagnosed Ben as having:

pica

The little child who gets a good hard spanking for running out into the street is experiencing an operant conditioning procedure called:

positive punishment.

A biological tendency found in animals to be able to recognize, attend to, and store certain cues more easily than other cues is called:

preparedness

A stimulus that is associated with stimuli such as water, food, and shelter will become a:

primary reinforcer

Bethany is a newborn. What type of reinforcer has been present from her birth and requires no training?

primary reinforcer.

The main difference between reinforcement and punishment is that:

punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, while reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

If parents wanted to increase the study habits of their children, they might consider using operant conditioning. The first step would be to:

reinforce their behavior. Identify the target behavior or the goal for the child.

A key to the success of the time-out procedure is that it:

removes the freedom to play and the undesirable behavior being decreased is noncompliance.

Partial reinforcement is defined as reinforcement in which:

responding is reinforced only some of the time

You and a friend are at the hatching of ducklings. The ducklings first notice you and are now trying to follow you. Your friend says, "Don't worry, they'll get over it." Is your friend right or wrong?

right

The various rules, programs, and ways that reinforcers occur after performing some behavior are called:

schedules of reinforcement

How is information presented in the Suzuki method?

similar to Bandura's four mental processes for social cognitive learning, but the difference is actually teaching the young children instead of observations.

The fact that all human babies between seven and eight months old start to babble supports the idea of infants being:

sound

After a period of extinction, a temporary recovery in rate of responding is called:

spontaneous recovery

Alfredo brings his lucky pencil with him for his exams. His pencil was accidentally paired with a good grade on his exams. Alfredo's behavior is an example of a(n):

superstitious behavior.

A discriminative stimulus indicates that a behavior will be reinforced. T of F

true

According to social cognitive theory, we watch or imitate others' behaviors. T or F

true

When the principles of learning are used to modify undesirable behavior, it is called behavior T or F

true

In operant conditioning, the response is _______. In classical conditioning that response is _______.

voluntary.and involuntary.