Module 13 Blood System Explanations

prothrombin

Objective: Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders and recognize relevant abbreviations. Text page: 520 MTO: Section I, Lesson 4.8 The correct answer is: prothrombin

bilirubin

Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text page: 518 MTO: Section I, Lesson 1.9 The correct answer is: bilirubin

antigen

Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text page: 518 MTO: Section I, Lesson 2.8 The correct answer is: antigen

macrophage

Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text page: 519 MTO: Section I, Lesson 1.9 The correct answer is: macrophage

Picture

Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 501 MTO: Section II, Lessons 2.4-2.5 The correct answer is: A → Acute myelogenous leukemia, B → Acute lymphocytic leukemia, C → Chronic myelogenous leukemia, D → Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

What is the name of an anemic condition in which the percentage of hemoglobin in red blood cells is abnormally low?

Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 519 MTO: Section II, Lesson 1.2 The correct answer is: hypochromic

Picture

Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text pages: 498-499 MTO: Section II, Lessons 1.4-1.6, 1.10 The correct answer is: A → Pernicious anemia, B → Thalassemia, C → Spherocytosis, D → Pancytopenia

AML is the abbreviation for:

Rationale: AML stands for acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia, a condition characterized by a marked increase in the number of immature granulocytes. Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text pages: 501, 505 MTO: Section II, Lesson 2.4 The correct answer is: acute myelogenous leukemia

A condition in which a person's body makes an antibody that destroys platelets is ________.

Rationale: Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura is correct. A thrombocyte is a platelet, and the suffix -penia means deficiency. Purpurae are multiple pinpoint hemorrhages where blood gathers under the skin. Granulocytosis is an abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood. Mononucleosis is a viral infection. Polycythemia vera is a general increase in red blood cells linked to a stem cell abnormality. Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 500 MTO: Section II, Lesson 3.6 The correct answer is: autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura

The combining form bas/o means:

Rationale: Bas/o means base or alkaline. (Base/basic is the opposite of acid/acidic.) Objective: Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology. Text page: 494 MTO: Section I, Lesson 2.2 The correct answer is: alkaline

CLL is the abbreviation for:

Rationale: CLL stands for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. With CLL, abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes proliferate in the marrow, blood, liver, and lymph nodes. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a progressive disease with an increased number of both mature and immature granulocytes in the marrow and bloodstream. Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text pages: 501, 505 MTO: Section II, Lesson 2.5 The correct answer is: chronic lymphocytic leukemia

The abbreviation for erythropoietin is:

Rationale: EPO stands for erythropoietin. EPO is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates formation (-poiesis) of red blood (erythr/o) cells. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 486, 493 MTO: Section I, Lesson 1.6 The correct answer is: EPO

________ is a plasma protein that serves as a defense mechanism of the immune system.

Rationale: Each answer option is one of the four major plasma proteins. Globulin is the portion of plasma that contains antibodies and serves as part of the immune system. Albumin is the protein that helps maintain the proper balance of water between the capillaries and the tissues. Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin in the clotting process. Prothrombin is the protein converted to thrombin in the clotting process. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 489, 493 MTO: Section I, Lesson 3.4 The correct answer is: Globulin

WBCs with dense reddish granules that increase in allergic reactions

Rationale: Eosinophils are associated with allergic reaction. They are white blood cells whose granules stain red with the acidic dye eosin. Neutrophils are leukocytes formed in bone marrow. They are phagocytes whose granules do not stain either with acidic or basic dyes. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 487, 493 MTO: Section I, Lessons 2.1, 2.4; Section II, Lesson 2.7 The correct answer is: WBCs with dense reddish granules that increase in allergic reactions → eosinophils

Granulocyto________ is a deficiency in the total number of basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.

Rationale: Granulocytopenia is a deficiency (-penia) in granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) in the blood. The opposite condition is granulocytosis (-cytosis = abnormal increase). Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 497 MTO: Section II, Lesson 2.7 The correct answer is: penia

Which of the following is an anticoagulant substance produced by basophils and tissue cells to prevent formation of thrombi and emboli?

Rationale: Heparin is the body's natural anticoagulant. Basophils also release histamine in allergic, inflammatory reactions. Thromboplastin promotes coagulation by converting the plasma protein prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium. Dicumarol was not in your lesson, but it is derivative of the anticoagulant coumarin. Objective: Identify terms related to blood clotting. Text pages: 492-493 MTO: Section I, Lessons 2.2, 4.11 The correct answer is: heparin

A clinical procedure that aids in the diagnosis of leukemia is:

Rationale: In a bone marrow biopsy, a core of bone marrow is removed with a needle for microscopic examination. This procedure is useful in the diagnosis of blood disorders like leukemia. Objective: Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders and recognize relevant abbreviations. Text page: 504 MTO: Section II, Lessons 1.8, 2.4; Section IV, Medical Report The correct answer is: a bone marrow biopsy

Mr. Kennedy is diagnosed with pernicious anemia. In pernicious anemia, RBC production is decreased due to lack of a protein called:

Rationale: Intrinsic factor is required for Vitamin B12 absorption. The inability to absorb Vitamin B12 results in the incomplete maturation of red blood cells. Specific gamma globulins called immunoglobulins protect the body from antigens. Thromboplastin promotes coagulation by converting the plasma protein prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells. Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 499 MTO: Section II, Lesson 1.5 The correct answer is: intrinsic factor

The combining form kary/o means:

Rationale: Kary/o means nucleus. The medical term you've learned that is built from this word part is megakaryocyte. Megakaryocytes are giant cells with lobulated nuclei found in bone marrow. Mature blood platelets are released from the cell's cytoplasm. Objective: Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology. Text page: 495 MTO: Section I, Lesson 3.1 The correct answer is: nucleus

Agranulocytes that produce antibodies that play a major role in immunity

Rationale: Lymphocytes are small, mononuclear leukocytes. Mononuclear means having one large nucleus. An agranulocyte (a- = without; granul/o = granules; -cyte = cell) is any leukocyte that does not contain predominant granules in the cytoplasm, such as monocytes and lymphocytes. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text page: 493 MTO: Section I, Lessons 2.1, 2.3, 2.8 The correct answer is: Agranulocytes that produce antibodies that play a major role in immunity → lymphocytes

Macro________ is the condition in which RBCs are larger than normal in size.

Rationale: Macrocytosis is the correct medical term: macr/o means large and -cytosis means abnormal increase in cells. You may have been tempted to choose erythrocytosis because erythrocytes are red blood cells, but the term does not really describe any condition, including an abnormal increase in size. Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 496 MTO: Section II, Lesson 1.5 The correct answer is: cytosis

The combining form mon/o means:

Rationale: Mon/o means one or single. Mononucleosis is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of monocytes (large leukocytes, each with one nucleus) in the blood. Objective: Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology. Text page: 502 MTO: Section II, Lesson 2.8 The correct answer is: one or single

White blood cells that do not contain granules in their cytoplasm are ________cytes, or mononuclears.

Rationale: Mononuclear means having one large nucleus. An agranulocyte (a- = without; granul/o = granules; -cyte = cell) is any leukocyte that does not contain predominant granules in the cytoplasm, such as monocytes and lymphocytes. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 485, 488 MTO: Section I, Lesson 2.8 The correct answer is: agranulo

The combining form myel/o means:

Rationale: Myel/o means bone marrow, as in myeloid tissue where granulocytes are formed; morph/o means shape, dist/o or tel/o mean distant, and kary/o means nucleus. Objective: Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology. Text page: 495 MTO: Section I, Lesson 2.7 The correct answer is: bone marrow

Phagocytic granulocytes

Rationale: Neutrophils are phagocytic granulocytes, meaning that they have granules in their cytoplasm and that their function is to ingest bacteria at sites of infection (phag/o = to eat). Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 487, 494 MTO: Section I, Lessons 2.1, 2.5 The correct answer is: Phagocytic granulocytes → neutrophils

A person with Type AB blood is a(n) ________.

Rationale: People with Type AB blood are universal recipients. This blood type contains neither the anti-A nor the anti-B antibodies. Consequently, people with Type AB blood can safely receive blood from any donor type. Type O blood is called universal donor blood because it contains neither antigen A nor antigen B. Objective: Differentiate among the four major blood types. Text page: 491 MTO: Section I, Lesson 4.5 The correct answer is: universal recipient

Phagocytic agranulocytes

Rationale: Phagocytic agranulocytes are monocytes. An agranulocyte (a- = without; granul/o = granules; -cyte = cell) is any leukocyte that does not contain predominant granules in the cytoplasm, such as monocytes and lymphocytes. When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the body's tissue, they become phagocytic cells known as macrophages. Macrophages digest microorganisms and cellular debris (phag/o = to eat). Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text page: 494 MTO: Section I, Lessons 2.5, 2.10 The correct answer is: Phagocytic agranulocytes → monocytes

The liquid portion of blood is called:

Rationale: Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. Albumin is the protein that maintains the proper balance of water between capillaries and tissue. Edema means swelling, which can occur when this balance is off. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 489, 494 MTO: Section I, Lessons 1.2, 1.12, 3.4 The correct answer is: plasma

The primary function of platelets is to ________.

Rationale: Platelets, or thrombocytes, clump together at sites of injury to aid in blood clotting, their primary function. Objective: Identify terms related to blood clotting. Text pages: 484, 488, 492, 494 MTO: Section I, Lessons 3.1 The correct answer is: promote blood clotting

________, which is abbreviated ________, tests the ability of blood to clot by measuring the time elapsed between adding calcium to the sample and the appearance of a clot; it is used to follow patients on anticoagulants.

Rationale: Prothrombin time (PT) is correct. The Coombs test is an antiglobulin test. An ESR test measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma. Coagulation time is the time that it takes venous blood to clot in a test tube. Objective: Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders and recognize relevant abbreviations. Text page: 503 MTO: Section II, Lesson 2.1; Section IV, Case Study 1 The correct answer is: Prothrombin time, PT

RBC is the abbreviation for:

Rationale: RBC stands for red blood cell count (as well as for red blood cell, depending on the context). RBC count measures the number of erythrocytes (RBCs) per cubic millimeter of blood. Objective: Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders and recognize relevant abbreviations. Text pages: 503, 506 MTO: Section I, Lesson 1.6 The correct answer is: red blood cell (count)

The blood protein in RBCs that enables the RBCs to carry oxygen is called ________.

Rationale: RBCs contain the protein hemoglobin composed of heme (iron-containing pigment) and the protein globin. Hemoglobin is what allows the RBC to carry oxygen. Immunoglobin is a protein with antibody activity. When RBCs break down into heme and globin, heme breaks down further into iron and bilirubin. Fibrin is the protein threads that form the basis of a clot. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 486, 493 MTO: Section I, Lessons 1.8, 1.12 The correct answer is: hemoglobin

Serum is plasma minus the ________.

Rationale: Serum is blood plasma minus the clotting elements. Blood is the fluid that consists of plasma, a yellow liquid containing the formed elements of the blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets). Plasma is the fluid part of the blood in which these formed elements are suspended. Serum is the cell-free portion of the blood from which the fibrinogen has been separated in the process of clotting. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 484, 489, 492, 494 MTO: Section I, Lessons 1.2, 1.12, 3.4, 4.9 The correct answer is: clotting proteins and cells

Primitive immature blood cells

Rationale: Stem cells are primitive immature blood cells. They start out as undifferentiated cells and then become differentiated, which means they can develop into several different mature cell types that function in specialized ways. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 484, 494 MTO: Section I, Lesson 1.5 The correct answer is: Primitive immature blood cells → stem cells

The inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin is called ________.

Rationale: Thalassemia is correct. Sickle cell anemia is another hereditary condition; this one is marked by abnormal, sickle-shaped erythrocytes. Sideropenia is iron deficiency (sider/o = iron; -penia = deficiency). Hemolytic anemia is a reduction in erythrocytes due to their excessive destruction (hemolysis). Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 499 MTO: Section II, Lessons 1.4, 3.4 The correct answer is: thalassemia

________ anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by production of abnormal hemoglobin (HbS).

Rationale: The abnormal hemoglobin (called hemoglobin S) in persons with sickle cell anemia produces erythrocytes that are crescent or sickle shaped, instead of the normal biconcave shape. Pernicious anemia is a lack of mature erythrocytes. Aplastic anemia is a failure of blood cell production. Hemolytic anemia is caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis). Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 499 MTO: Section II, Lessons 1.11-1.13 The correct answer is: Sickle cell

The normal formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called hemato________.

Rationale: The medical term for formation (-poiesis) of blood (hemat/o) is hematopoiesis. The suffix -penia means deficiency; -phoresis means carrying; -philia means having an affinity for. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 485, 495, 497 MTO: Section I, Lesson 1.5 The correct answer is: poiesis

Blood screening that includes an RBC count, a WBC count with differential, a platelet count, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and red blood cell indices is called a(n) ________, which is abbreviated ________.

Rationale: The question describes a complete blood count (CBC). The Coombs test is an antiglobulin test. Hematocrit is abbreviated Hct; it measures the percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood. Total blood factor is not a real test. Objective: Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders and recognize relevant abbreviations. Text pages: 502, 505 MTO: Section II, Lesson 1.13 The correct answer is: complete blood count, CBC

Gena Moore, an 18-year-old college student, is seen in the student health center for complaints of fatigue, weakness, and pharyngitis. She is febrile. While performing the physical examination, the practitioner finds painful lymphadenitis. Lab tests revealed an elevated WBC with an increase in atypical lymphocytes, negative throat culture, and the presence of antibodies to EBV. Ms. Moore's most likely diagnosis is:

Rationale: The question describes all the classic symptoms of mononucleosis, an infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 502 MTO: Section II, Lesson 2.8 The correct answer is: mononucleosis

Excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of one of the protein factors necessary for blood clotting is called hemo________.

Rationale: The question describes the condition hemophilia. The missing protein factors are either factor VIII or factor IX. Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 500 MTO: Section II, Lesson 2.1; Section IV, Case Study 1, Case Study 2 The correct answer is: philia

The suffix -phoresis means:

Rationale: The suffix -phoresis means carrying. Electrophoresis is the movement of charged particles through a liquid medium as a way to separate immunoglobulins from other plasma proteins. This can be performed to identify abnormal hemoglobin in hemophiliacs. Objective: Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology. Text page: 497 MTO: Section II, Lesson 1.13 The correct answer is: carrying

Red blood cells

Rationale: The three kinds of blood cells are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). The primary function of erythrocytes is to absorb and release oxygen and carbon dioxide. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 486-487, 493 MTO: Section I, Lessons 1.3, 1.6-1.7 The correct answer is: Red blood cells → erythrocytes

White blood cells

Rationale: The three kinds of blood cells are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). The primary function of leukocytes is to fight infection. Objective: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of the blood. Text pages: 487-488, 493 MTO: Section I, Lessons 1.3, 1.12, 2.1 The correct answer is: White blood cells → leukocytes

Another term for platelets

Rationale: The three kinds of blood cells are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). The primary function of thrombocytes is blood clotting. Objectives: Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of blood. Identify terms related to blood clotting. Text pages: 488, 494 MTO: Section I, Lessons 1.3, 1.12, 3.1 The correct answer is: Another term for platelets → thrombocytes

Mr. Kennedy, who has pernicious anemia, will need lifelong administration of which substance?

Rationale: The treatment for pernicious anemia is lifelong administration of Vitamin B12. Factor VIII is one of the protein substances that can be lacking in hemophiliacs. Iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia. Vitamin K is used during the synthesis of many proteins involved in blood clotting. Objective: Identify various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Text page: 499 MTO: Section II, Lesson 1.5 The correct answer is: Vitamin B12

________ blood contains anti-A antibodies.

Rationale: Type B blood contains anti-A antibodies. Type A blood has anti-B antibodies. Type AB blood has neither anti-A antibodies nor anti-B antibodies. Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Objective: Differentiate among the four major blood types. Text page: 490 MTO: Section I, Lesson 4.2 The correct answer is: Type B

WBC is the abbreviation for:

Rationale: WBC stands for white blood cell count (as well as for white blood cell, depending on the context). A WBC count measures the number of leukocytes (WBCs) per cubic millimeter of blood. Objective: Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders and recognize relevant abbreviations. Text pages: 503, 506 MTO: Section I, Lesson 1.3; Section II, Lesson 2.4; Section IV, Case Study 2 The correct answer is: white blood cell (count)

The study of the shape of the cells is called ________logy.

Rationale: You know that the suffix -logy means study of; morph/o is the combining form that means shape. You may recall the term polymorphonuclear from this module. This term describes granulocytes that have matured and developed multilobed nuclei: poly- = many (multilobed); nucle/o = nucleus (pl., nuclei); and morph/o = shape, form. Objective: Apply your knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. Text page: 495 MTO: Section I, Lesson 2.7 The correct answer is: morpho