Module 2: Chapter 4: Socialization and Social Interaction
Psychoanalysis
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the complex reasoning processes of the conscious and unconscious mind.
Behaviorism
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior.
schools
This agent has a great deal of influence over your career trajectory with its "hidden curriculum."
family
This agent instills the first ideas about gender.
religion
This agent is an important part of the lives of about three-fourths of U.S. adults.
peers
This agent may have a more open attitude toward experimentation with drugs and—at times—violence than the general culture.
Cognitive Development
An individual's ability to make logical decisions increases as the person grows older.
Hidden Curriculum
The unspoken classroom socialization into the norms, values, and roles of a society that schools provide along with the "official" curriculum.
Social Learning
The way people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments.
The reversal of reverting back to earlier behavior confirms that socialization is an ongoing process, continuing throughout a person's lifetime as a result of...
changing patterns of social interaction.
The meanings that new medical students give to their white coats, and how they use their coats to...
invoke social status.
Edward T. Hall described four distinct zones of space and hypothesized who...
is (and is not) permitted to enter the zones.
Which of the following is shaped by socialization? -height -hair color -language acquisition -eye color
language acquisition
A tool used in social interaction is...
language.
The individual is socialized into society's norms and values and would feel shame or guilt about violating them. -the post-conventional stage -the pre-conventional stage -the conventional stage
the conventional stage
Methodology refers to...
the methods they use to govern interaction—which are as distinct as the methods used by sociologists to study them.
The individual invokes general, abstract notions of right and wrong. -the post-conventional stage -the pre-conventional stage -the conventional stage
the post-conventional stage
People seek simply to achieve personal gain or avoid punishment. -the post-conventional stage -the pre-conventional stage -the conventional stage
the pre-conventional stage
Humans under the age of ____ do not engage in role-taking.
three
According to Erving Goffman, a prison is an example of a(n) ______ institution. -total -whole -absolute -complete
total
Social Media impact example:
It was found that girls are more likely than boys to be near constant Internet users.
Mystification
Largely reserved for those with status and power and serves to maintain distance from the audience to keep people in awe. Corporate leaders keep their offices on a separate floor and don't mix with employees, while celebrities may avoid interviews and allow their on-screen roles to define them as savvy and smart.
What is the term used to describe the idea that our self-image is the result of how we think other people view us? -looking-glass self -role-taking self -referenced self -generalized self
Looking-glass Self
What common conclusion has media studies come to on the impact of TV and other media violence on children and young adults? -Media violence affects people of different ethnicities and races differently. -Media violence will make boys more likely to play violent video games and listen to death metal music, but has little effect on girls. -Media violence has the clear potential to socialize children, teenagers, and even adults into a greater acceptance of real-life violence. -Media violence has an insignificant effect on young children.
Media violence has the clear potential to socialize children, teenagers, and even adults into a greater acceptance of real-life violence.
The Dramaturgical Approach
The study of social interaction as if it were governed by the practices of theatrical performance.
The stigma and shaming that parents experience in the child support system and how interactions may result in parents being labeled as...
"responsible fathers" or "deadbeat dads".
How women in abusive relationships come to redefine their situations and how they might both draw from and reject discourses that label them as...
"victims".
Characteristics tied with adolescent subculture:
-A set of norms not shared with the adult or childhood cultures and governing interaction, statuses, and roles. --An argot (the special vocabulary of a particular group) that is not shared with nonadolescents and is often frowned upon by adults and school officials. Think about the jargon used by young people who text—many adults can read it only with difficulty! --Various underground media and preferred media programs, music, the Internet, and social media. --Unique fads and fashions in dress and hairstyles that often lead to conflict with parents and other adult authorities over their appropriateness. --A set of "heroes, villains, and fools." Sometimes adults are the "villains and fools," while the adults' "villains and fools" are heroes in the adolescent subculture. -A more open attitude than that found in the general culture toward experimentation with drugs and, at times, violence (fighting, for example).
Halls four distinct zones of space are...
-Intimate -Personal Space -Social Space -Public Space
Idealization
An actor's effort to embody in his or her behaviors the officially accredited norms and values of a community or society. People with fewer economic resources might purchase fake designer apparel and accessories (clothes, bags, shoes, or watches) to appear monied.
Superego
According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the mind that consists of the values and norms of society insofar as they are internalized, or taken in, by the individual.
Ego
According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the mind that is the "self," the core of what is regarded as a person's unique personality.
Id
According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the mind that is the repository of basic biological drives and needs.
Anticipatory Socialization
Adopting the behaviors or standards of a group one emulates or hopes to join.
Turn-taking
Allowing us to understand when to take the initiative to speak and when to respond.
How does George Herbert Mead characterize the social self?
As a possession - a dynamic but still essentially the real self.
How does Erving Goffman characterize the social self?
As a product of a given social interaction, which can change as we seek to manage impressions for different audiences.
What do case studies of isolation tell us about the nature versus nurture debate? -Biologically rooted capacities require social interaction with other humans to develop. -Personalities and behaviors are rooted in genetics. -Socialization determines human personality and behaviors. -Humans enduring social isolation still develop language.
Biologically rooted capacities require social interaction with other humans to develop.
Aging
Brings change, restructuring of experiences, and accompanying resocialization.
What term describes the way in which that people adapt their behavior in response to cultural rewards and punishments? -presentation of the self -resocialization -social learning -symbolic interactionism
Social learning
Primary Groups
Characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment. Families, close friends, and lovers.
Which of the following would be an example of Erving Goffman's concept of misrepresentation? -Thomas asks his students to call him Doctor and has an office away from students. -Shawn is an umpire and makes his calls loudly and uses bold gestures. -Cindi tells her wife that she hasn't been smoking when, in fact, she has. -Debbie shows everyone in the office her new sports car.
Cindi tells her wife that she hasn't been smoking when, in fact, she has.
Secondary Groups
Come together for reasons that are functional or fleeting rather than emotional or enduring. Employees, clubs, or students.
Second stage of the three principal stages of moral development...
Conventional Stage
Personal Space Zone
Could be used by friends, colleagues, or classmates.
Nurture
Cultural and social experiences.
The dramaturgical approach was termed by...
Erving Goffman
Ophelia spends time in a drug rehabilitation facility for her heroin addiction by court order. While in the facility, she becomes clean, successfully completes the program, and is released. Despite her best efforts and intentions, within 6 months, she is back on heroin. According to Goffman's concepts of resocialization, what does Ophelia's relapse tell us? -Resocialization rarely works in the real world. -The socialization process did not work properly because Ophelia was court ordered and did not go to the facility voluntarily. -Even when an institution is initially successful at resocialization, individuals who return to their original social environments often revert to earlier behavior. -Drug addiction is too powerful to overcome.
Even when an institution is initially successful at resocialization, individuals who return to their original social environments often revert to earlier behavior.
Egocentric
Experiencing the world as if it were centered entirely on them.
Social media's importance to our socialization is consistent across race and ethnicity, social class, sexuality, and gender. -True -False
False (Has a significant and likely increasing impact on socialization that may also vary by race and ethnicity, social class, sexuality, and gender).
According to Erving Goffman idealization is an actor's effort to mobilize his or her behavior to draw attention to a characteristic of the role he or she is assuming. -True -False
False (dramatic realization).
Seniors are more likely than younger adults to disengage from society. -True -False
False (many actively engage in society... those who disengage usually do so involuntarily for health reasons).
Teaching children to be aggressive to resolve issues rather than using reasoning will make them more resilient. -True -False
False (often leads to greater emotional stability and less distress).
Colleges are total institutions. -True -False
False (students are not isolated socially and are not strictly controlled).
Carol Gilligan's primary criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development was that Kohlberg had too small a sample size. -True -False
False (Gilligan's main criticism of Kohlberg's work was that while he only studied boys, he also generalized his findings to girls. He assumed that in terms of moral judgment, men and women are socialized in the same way... biased).
Individuals, groups, and social institutions include...
Families, schools, teachers, peers, workplaces, organized sports, religion, mass media, etc.
Informal
Features include the actual (as opposed to official) communication and influence channels (who really talks to whom, not just who is supposed to talk to whom, who sways decision making), actual behavior (what people do every day, not what job descriptions say they should do), and informal norms and practices (what is expected and valued).
Formal
Features include the configuration of offices and positions, the officially designated linkages between them (the "organization chart"), and written job descriptions, rules, and procedures.
Employment often socializes us in two areas:
Formal job roles Roles as members of a collective (sharing the same employer).
____ and ____ organizations of our worksite.
Formal; informal
What two stages does Goffman divides spheres of interaction into?
Front Stage; Backstage
Nature
Genetic inheritance.
How does Erving Goffman's theory of dramaturgy differ from George Herbert Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism with regard to the self? -Both Goffman and Mead view the self as a dynamic possession. -Both Goffman and Mead view the self as a product of social interaction. -Mead views the self as a product of social interaction, while -Goffman views the self as a dynamic possession. -Goffman views the self as a product of social interaction, while Mead views the self as a dynamic possession.
Goffman views the self as a product of social interaction, while Mead views the self as a dynamic possession.
Social Interaction
Human communication guided by the combination of spoken words, gestures, body language, and other symbols and combined with ordinary, taken-for-granted rules that enable people to live, work, and socialize together.
Agents of Socialization
Individuals, groups, and social institutions.
Why do prisons often fail at the resocialization of inmates? -Inmates identify more with their fellow prisoners than with the administration. -Prisons do not commit to the resocialization process. -Inmates are genetically and biologically distinct from the general population. -Inmates are not monitored carefully enough.
Inmates identify more with their fellow prisoners than with the administration.
Conversation Analysis
Investigates the way participants in social interaction recognize and produce coherent conversation.
According to Sigmund Freud, what is the purpose of the ego? -It is where we internalize the values and norms of society. -It is the origin of basic biological drives and needs. -It is our internal dialog and conscience. -It is the core of a person's unique personality.
It is the core of a person's unique personality.
Noncontact Cultures
Northern Europe, North America, Asia.
Intimate Zone
Only for one's close friends, relatives, and significant others.
I
Our impulse to respond to a social situation; it is creative, innovative, unthinking, and largely unpredictable.
Me
Our social self.
Misrepresentation
Part of every actor's repertoire, ranging from kind deception (telling a friend she looks great when she doesn't) to self-interested untruth (telling a professor a paper was lost in a computer crash when it was never written) to bald-faced prevarication (lying to conceal an affair). The actor wants to maintain a desired impression in the eyes of the audience: The friend would like to be perceived as kind and supportive, the student as conscientious and hardworking, and the spouse as loyal and loving.
Front Stage
People are social actors engaged in a process of impression management through the use of props, costumes, gestures, and language.
Third stage of the three principal stages of moral development...
Post-conventional Stage
First stage of the three principal stages of moral development...
Pre-conventional Stage
George Herbert Mead's stages of socialization in order:
Preparatory Stage Play Stage Game Stage Maturity/Adult Stage
What are some types of total institutions?
Prisons, youth and immigrant detention facilities, the military, hospitals (especially mental hospitals), religious orders (monasteries and convents), and live-in drug and alcohol treatment centers (rehabs).
Reference Groups
Provide standards for judging our attitudes or behaviors.
Which of the following is a criticism of social learning theory? -Humans are not subject to rewards and punishments, as are animals. -It confirms Karl Popper's principle of falsification. -Rewards and punishments on humans work only in carefully controlled laboratory experiments. -Social learning theory explains why some people repeat some behaviors but not others.
Rewards and punishments on humans work only in carefully controlled laboratory experiments.
Looking-glass Self
Self-image that results from our interpretation of other people's views of us
What age group is more likely to become more politically active?
Seniors
According to research, which of the following is true about seniors? -Seniors often become more politically active in old age. -Seniors are more likely than younger adults to disengage from institutions that previously played key roles in their lives. -Seniors often become more defiant and deviant in old age. -Seniors are more likely than younger adults to disengage from society.
Seniors often become more politically active in old age.
Selma is a 63-year-old office manager who is getting close to retirement age. Which of the following is Selma likely to consider as she engages in anticipatory socialization? -She takes up hobbies associated with younger people to feel younger. -She begins telling people she is younger, so they don't think she is as old. -She thinks about her regrets and what she wished she had done differently. -She pays more attention to how friends react to retirement.
She pays more attention to how friends react to retirement.
What is the process by which people learn the culture of their society? -looking-glass self -behaviorism -development -socialization
Socialization
Families
Sociologists often identify ____ as being the most important agent of socialization.
Contact Cultures
South America, the Middle East, Southern Europe.
Significant Others
Specific people important in children's lives whose views have the greatest impact on the children's self-evaluations.
Which of the following is viewed as a benefit of organized sports? -Sports promote gender equality. -Sports contribute to hard work. -Sports reduce homophobic attitudes. -Sports increase empathy.
Sports contribute to hard work.
Who pointed out that religion acts as an agent of socialization, teaching fundamental values and beliefs that contribute to shared cultural norms?
Talcott Parsons
Role-taking
The ability to take the roles of others in interaction.
Generalized Other
The abstract sense of society's norms and values by which people evaluate themselves.
Dramatic Realization
The actor's effort to mobilize his or her behavior to draw attention to a characteristic of the role he or she is assuming (a baseball umpire needs to embody authority to both teams and fans so he makes his calls loudly and with bold gestures).
How effective are total institutions in resocializing individuals?
The answer depends partly on the methods used, partly on the individual, and partly on peer pressure.
Presentation of Self
The creation of impressions in the minds of others to define and control social situations.
Proxemics
The human use of space.
Maturity
The individual is able to take the attitude of the generalized other and can view the world through the eyes of society as a whole.
Preparatory
The individual takes highly limited roles, viewing the world through his or her own eyes.
Play
The individual takes the roles of significant others, one at a time.
Game
The individual views the world through the eyes of multiple others, simultaneously.
Adebowale is a very recent immigrant from Nigeria who now lives in America. He and his best male friend walk down the street holding hands, causing people to assume the two men are romantically linked. Both Adebowale and his male friend are confused by people's assumption. Which of the following can be concluded? -Norms for male-to-male interaction in Nigeria do not exist. -The norms for male-to-male interaction are different in America than in Nigeria. -The cultural values of the United States place more importance on romantic attachment. -The cultural values of Nigeria place more importance on friendship.
The norms for male-to-male interaction are different in America than in Nigeria.
Socialization
The process by which people learn the culture of their society.
Resocialization
The process of altering an individual's behavior through control of his or her environment.
Mortification of Self
The process of degrading and, over time, transforming the self of the individual subject to the discipline of the total institution (Goffman).
Why study social interaction using qualitative methods?
To illuminate taken-for-granted meanings, strategies, and discourses.
Resocialization involves a process of degrading an individual and, over time, transforming the individual to the discipline of the total institution. -True -False
True (a way of breaking down an individual so that they can be built back and resocialized to the discipline of the total institution).
In addition to academic subjects, schools are expected to teach values and norms like respect for authority and basic social skills. -True -False
True (aka hidden curriculum).
The first step of resocialization is to break down the sense of self. -True -False
True (aka mortification of self).
Routine social interactions are the building blocks of society. -True -False
True (it is our foundation).
Today, as younger adults enter the workforce later, older adults are staying in the workforce longer. -True -False
True (many reasons why including economic and health considerations. If you are under financial pressure and feeling relatively healthy, you may push off retirement a bit longer).
Most theories of socialization focus on infancy, childhood, and adolescence. -True -False
True (socialization is a lifelong process).
According to research, people are staying in the workforce longer because of economic pressures to continue working for pay. -True -False
True (there are many reasons why people put off retirement).
Different religions function in similar ways, giving their followers a sense of what is right and wrong, how to conduct themselves in society, and how to organize their lives. -True -False
True (they often socialize their followers to behave in particular ways).
Behaviorism is the psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior. -True -False
True 19th century
In North American and Northern European cultures, people avoid standing closer than a couple of feet from one another unless they are on intimate terms. -True -False
True (unless we are on intimate terms with someone, we often stand a few feet away).
Strategies to ensure that conversation occurs smoothly are...
Turn-taking
Ethnomethodology
Used to study the body of common-sense knowledge and procedures by which ordinary members of a society make sense of their social circumstances and interactions. (Harold Garfinkel)
Backstage
Where actors let down their masks and relax or even practice their impression management.
Administrative control
____ ____ is achieved through rules that govern all aspects of daily life, from dress to schedules to interpersonal interactions.
Work
____ an important site of socialization where many of us spend a significant amount of our time.
Mass Media and Social Media
____ and ____ are the most influential agents of socialization in modern societies.
Organized Sports
____ are a fundamental part of the lives of millions of children in the United States.
Total Institutions
____ are ones that isolate individuals from the rest of society to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives
Peers
____ are people of the same age and, often, of the same social status and interests. Begins very early—usually during the first several years of life, when a child starts to play with other children outside of the family.
Schools
____ are significant agents of socialization where most children and adolescents spend a considerable amount of time over many years.
Religion
____ plays a role in socialization that directs its followers to choose certain paths and behaviors and not others.
Conversation analysis illustrates that social interaction is not simply a random succession of words and phrases but, instead,...
a reciprocal process typically occurring in a sequential, patterned manner.
People who violate the norms of interaction are seen as...
abnormal or potentially dangerous.
Which of the following age groups is the fastest-growing segment of the online dating market, according to some research? -adults between the ages of 18 and 24 -adults between the ages of 40 and 50 -adults older than 60 -adults between the ages of 25 and 35
adults older than 60
Violations of space could lead to...
anger, discomfort, or anxiety.
What is the process by which we adopt the behaviors or standards of a group one hopes to join? -social learning -anticipatory socialization -resocialization -behaviorism
anticipatory socialization
What term describes the process of adopting the behaviors or standards of a group one emulates or hopes to join? -hidden curriculum -anticipatory socialization -resocialization -role-taking
anticipatory socialization
Adrien is teaching his new puppy to be housebroken. He uses a series of rewards and punishments to accomplish this, and in time, the puppy learns to bark at the door when it needs to go to the bathroom. Because Adrien took both psychology and sociology last semester, he knows that this technique for housebreaking his puppy is called ______. -social learning -canine socialization -psychoanalysis -behaviorism
behaviorism
Team membership and mastery of sports skills are widely recognized as valuable; they are presumed to provide a number of social benefits such as...
building character, contributing to hard work, instilling competitiveness, and developing the ability to perform in stressful situations and under the gaze of others.
Which method investigates the way participants in social interaction recognize and produce coherent dialogue? -discussion observation -conversation analysis -content analysis -dramaturgy
conversation analysis
The ways in which a sense of "corporate social responsibility" is promoted and learned by...
corporate executives in the work environment.
The strategies homeless youth use to manage and alleviate stigma, including...
creating friendships or attempting to pass as nonhomeless, as well as acting aggressive and fighting back.
Socialization is our primary way of reproducing...
culture, including the norms, values, beliefs, and practices that represent "normal" ways of being in the world.
When does the socialization process end? -early adulthood -late adulthood -death -adolescence
death (because children become parents and parents become grandparents).
This is an actor's effort to mobilize his or her behavior to draw attention to a particular characteristic of the role he or she is assuming. -dramatic realization -misrepresentation -mystification -idealization
dramatic realization
Which theory of social interaction was developed by Erving Goffman and studied as if interaction were governed by the practices of theatrical performance? -presentation of self -ethnomethodology -conversation analysis -dramaturgical approach
dramaturgical approach
Juanita is a sociological researcher whose research involves breaking social norms in specific situations. She watches people's reactions to the violations. In doing so, she learns a great deal about the nature of the norm itself and the rules for interaction. Which approach is Juanita using? -ethnomethodology -phenomenology -dramaturgical analysis -social exchange theory
ethnomethodology
What is considered the most critical agent of socialization? -peers -schools -family -internet
family
Workplace norms and expectations can differ from those we experience in primary groups such as the...
family and peer groups.
According to research, the ______ features of a workplace include the configuration of offices and positions, the officially designated linkages between them (the "organization chart"), and written job descriptions, rules, and procedures. -objective -formal -informal -subjective
formal
Sports also transmit messages about...
gender, race, and sexuality.
A person's turn ends once the other conversant indicates they...
have understood the message (with answering words like "fine").
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following are components of the human mind? -me, id, superego -id, ego, superego -superego, me, id -ego, I, me
id, ego, superego
This is an actor's effort to embody in his or her behaviors the officially accredited norms and values of a community or society. -dramatic realization -misrepresentation -mystification -idealization
idealization
The residents of total institutions are subject to...
inflexible routines rigidly enforced by staff supervision.
According to Goffman, people in their everyday lives are concerned, similar to actors on a stage, with the ______, the creation of impressions in the minds of others to define and control social situations. -generalized other -superego -looking-glass self -performance of self
looking-glass self
The early years (infancy) are crucial to socialization for...
mental development (if a person is not exposed to language and social interaction before the age of 10, their capacity for language will be severely limited).
Which of the following are examples of total institutions? -mental hospitals, the military, prisons. -prisons, religious organizations, schools. -schools, the boy scouts, religion. -the military, prisons, schools.
mental hospitals, the military, prisons
This is an actor's deceptive efforts to maintain a desired impression in the eyes of the audience. -dramatic realization -misrepresentation -mystification -idealization
misrepresentation
Goffman referred resocialization to...
mortification of self
Typically reserved for those with status and power, this is an actor's effort to maintain distance from the audience in order to keep people in awe. -dramatic realization -misrepresentation -mystification -idealization
mystification
The Wizard of Oz is an example of Goffman's idea of...
mystification (since he is actually "just a man").
Ethno = "folk" or...
ordinary people.
Agents of competition and team membership. -religion -organized sports -peers -schools
organized sports
Studies of social interaction often use qualitative methods such as...
participant observation, interviews, and focus groups.
If you begin speaking, but realize midsentence that the other person is already speaking, you can repair this awkward situation by...
pausing until the original speaker finishes his or her turn, and then restart your turn.
Agents of socialization are ____ groups and ____ groups.
peer; reference
Agents of a similar age and social standing. -religion -organized sports -peers -schools
peers
According to Goffman, people in their everyday lives are concerned, similar to actors on a stage, with the...
presentation to self.
Socialization at every stage of life occurs...
primarily through social interaction.
Which of the following are forms of mass media? -Snapchat, movies, Facebook -movies, Facebook, new papers -radio, movies, television -television, Snapchat, movies
radio, movies, television
Agents with shared values and beliefs. -religion -organized sports -peers -schools
religion
Even when an institution is initially successful at resocialization, individuals who return to their original social environments often...
revert to earlier behavior.
Agents of both formal and hidden curricula. -religion -organized sports -peers -schools
schools
The basis of socialization is ______. -spoken language -the reference group -social interaction -the peer group
social interaction
According to sociologists like Émile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons, what are the functions of religion? -the distribution of power and maintenance of social order -integration and the acquisition of knowledge -the production and distribution of goods and services and health maintenance -social solidarity and socialization
social solidarity and socialization
Erving Goffman and George Herbert Mead sees the social self as an outcome of...
society and social interactions.
The way online gamers coordinate their individual actions with one another and through the user interface to...
succeed at games (such as World of Warcraft).
The hidden curriculum can also...
teach students lessons about gender, race, sexuality, and social class.
George Herbert Mead proposed that the self is comprised of two parts. Which of the following are those parts? -the "I" and "ego" -the "I" and "me" -the "ego" and "id" -the "id" and "me"
the "I" and "me"
What institutions isolate individuals from the rest of society to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives? -comprehensive institutions -total institutions -whole institutions -complete institutions
total institutions
Elements of conversation analysis include analyzing how people engage in repairing conversational breakdowns, using power in conversations, and ______. -social learning -turn taking -presenting the self -resocializing
turn taking
Conversation includes about any form of...
verbal communication (from small talk to as fraught as police crisis negotiators dealing with a suicidal person, and from events as procedural and scripted as congressional hearings and court proceedings).
Who linked religion to a strong sense of collectivity and social solidarity?
Émile Durkheim
