Module 2 Exam Chapters 4-7 1
Which of the following is a drawback of using the ten-code system when communicating by radio? A) The codes' meanings vary by jurisdiction B) They disclose too much information C) They are difficult to hear over the radio D) they do not convey accurate information.
A Communicating by Radio, page 146
When relaying medical information to a physician in person, you should: A) include information that you did not provide during your radio report B) provide a lengthy, detailed report that includes all patient information C) routinely give your report at the patient's bedside so he or she can hear D) ensure that another physician or a nurse is present to avoid confusion
A Communicating by Radio, page 148-149
If a paramedic receives an order from a physician that he or she feels is detrimnetal to the patient's best interests, the paramedic should: A) immediately discuss with the physician why the paramedic feels that way. B) carry out order, but factually and carefully document the event C) tell the patient that the physician's order is appropriate for him or her D) not carry out the order and discuss the issue with the physician later.
A Patient Autonomy, page 116
A patient states, "I can't catch my breath," and the paramedic responds, "you say you can't catch your breath, ma'am?" This is an example of: A) reflection B) interpretation C) facilitation D) confrontation
A Therapeutic Communication,
If a patient is unable to tell you who he or she is, where he or she is, and what day of week it is: A) you should suspect decreased blood flow to the brain B) he or she likely has an intracerebral hemorrhage or lesion C) he or she is most likely scared and unable to remember D) you should ask him or her questions that require more thought
A Therapeutic Communication, page 151
If a patient mentions something in passing or avoids answering a specific question, you should: A) politely redirect his or her attention to that question B) ask the patient why he or she did not provide an answer. C) defer the question and continue with your interview D) assume that he or she is intentionally hiding something
A Therapeutic Communication, page 153
If a patient asks for your advice regarding a treatment decision that his or her physician made, you should: A) advise the patient to consult with his or her physician B) only give advice if you disagree with physician C) give your opinion, but state that you are not a physician. D) obtain specific information about the physician's decision.
A Therapeutic Communication, page 154
It is important to remember that if a patient is not personally sensitive to modesty because of an impaired mental state: A) the patient's family likely will be B) then he or she will not care about your treatment C) protecting his or her privacy is of lesser concern D) this will not influence your care
A Therapeutic Communications, pages 151-152
Using the international radiotelephone phonetic alphabet, how should you spell Dr. "Wilson"? A) WHISKEY-INDIA-LIMA-SIERRA-OSCAR-NOVEMBER B) WILLIAM-IDA-LINCOLN-SAM-OCEAN-NANCY C) WHISKEY-IDA-SAM-OSCAR-NANCY D) WILLIAM-INDIA-LINCOLN-SIERRA-OCEAN-NOVERMBER
A Communicating by Radio, page 145
A poorly written patient care report: A) may raise questions by others as to the paramedic's quality of patient care. B) generally results in a lawsuit, even if the patient outcome was favorable C) is unavoidable during a mass-casualty incident and is generally acceptable D) often indicates that the paramedic was to busy providing patient care.
A Completing a PCR, pages 183-184
Biotelemetry is MOST accurately defined as: A) the capability to measure vital signs and ECG tracing and transmit them to a distant terminal. B) a common radio frequency assigned to EMS by the Federal Communications Commission C) linking two frequencies together so that the paramedic and physician can converse directly D) the ability of more than one public safety and agency to share the same radio frequency during a crisis.
A EMS Communications System, page 142
At minimum, sending the 12-lead ECG a patient with chest pain to the emergency department physician via telemetry would: A) decreases the time from diagnosis to treatment B) decreases the likelihood of per-hospital cardiac arrest C) enable the paramedic to being treatment in the field D) allow the physician to choose the appropriate fibrinolytic
A EMS communications Systems, page 143
Generally, the paramedic is not at liberty to disregard a physician's order unless. A) carrying out the order will cause harm to the patient B) the physician is not the paramedic's medical director C) it is documented why the order was not carried out. D) the physician is not a licensed emergency physician
A Legal Accountability of the Paramedic, page 103
A resonsable paramedic should follow the same _______ that another paramedic in a similar situation would. A) standard of care B) scope of practice C) medical practice act D) wishes of the family
A Legal Accountability of the Paramedic, page 104
A patient's wife called 9-1-1 because the patient was complaining of severe headache and nausea. The patient is conscious and alert, but obvious upset that his wife called 9-1-1 without consulting with him first. As you present the blood pressure cuff, the patient folds his arms and tuns away from you, From this patient;s actions, you should conclude that: A) you do not have consent to treat him B) he will only consent to EMS transport C) he is not mentally competent D) consent to treat this patient is implied
A Paramedic-Patient Relationships, page 109
If a patient has a potentially life-threatening illness or injury and there is any doubt as to his or her decision-making capacity, the paramedic should: A) treat and transport, even if it is against the patient's will. B) obtain consent from a family member to treat the patient. C) Obtain a court order and then begin emergency treatment D) have the patient arrested and placed in protective custody
A Paramedic-Patient Relationships, pages 109-111
For purposes of refusing medical care, a patient's mental status may be considered impaired if he or she: A) makes nonsensical statements B) is notably frightened C) is not sure of the exact time D) makes a derogatory comment
A Situations Requiring Additional Documentation, page 175
Criminal laws that most likely apply to paramedics include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) inadequate patient care B) false imprisonment C) battery D) assault
A The Legal System in the United States, page 101
If a patient avoids answering a specific question, your should: A) redirect him or her to the question to elicit a response. B) avoid repeating the question as this may upset the patient. C) document that the patient did not answer the question D) conclude that the patient is trying to hide something.
A Therapeutic Communication, page 153
Which of the following is MOST indicative of a patient who is about to attack you? A) Clenched facial muscles B) disorganized speech C) uncontrolled crying D) Large physical body size
A Therapeutic Communication, page 155
An imaginary plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal portions is called the: A) coronal plane B) axial plane C) lateral plane D) sagittal plane
A Topographic Anatomy, page 199
When asking a patient to supinate his or her hand, you would expect him or her to: A) place the hand palm up B) bend the hand at the wrist C) turn the hand on its side D) place the hand palm down.
A Topographic Anatomy, page 204
The diaphragm resides within the: A) infrathoracic region B) mediastinum C) superior thorax D) retroperitoneal space
A Topographic Anatomy, page 206
Which of the following incident times is NOT commonly documented on the patient care report? A) Time of arrival at the hospital B) Time of primary assessment C) Time of medication administration D) Time of departure from the scene
B Documenting Incident Times, pages 185-186
Automatic crash notification (ACN) systems can provide all of the following information about a car crash, EXCEPT: A) the geographic location of the crash B) the principle direction of force at the impact point C) the speed of the other vehicle at the time of the crash D) whether or not seat-belts were in use at the time of the crash
B EMS Communication System, page 142
Compared to lower frequency bands, higher frequency bands: A) have a longer transmission range. B) generally have less interference C) are not effective for public safety use D) are not regulated by the FCC
B EMS Communications System, page 139
Mobile transceivers: A) are hand-carried devices used for on-scene operations. B) can have a line of sight range of up to 15 miles C) have transmission output power of less than 5 watts D) do not require an externally-mounted antenna
B EMS Communications System, page 140
Which of the following statements regarding emergency vehicle laws correct? A) The Star of Life insignia permits an ambulance to run a red light or stop sign if it is safe B) All state statutes require emergency vehicles to be operated in a safe and prudent manner. C) Most states allow an emergency vehicle to exceed the speed limit by 20 MPH if it is safe to do so. D) An ambulance must use its lights and siren when transporting any acutely ill or injured patient
B Legal Accountability of the Paramedic, page 107
While attempting to resuscitate a middle-aged woman in cardiac arrest, you perform effective CPR but do not evaluate the patient's cardiac rhythm until 10 minutes into resuscitation attempt. When the cardiac monitor is finally applied, the patients is asystole. The patient is transported but is pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is correct? A)Your inaction reflects gross negligence and it easily could be established that the patient would have survived if the cardiac monitor had been applied earlier. B) The delay in evaluating the patient's cardiac rhythm constitutes a breach of duty and could be proven to be the proximate cause of her death. C) Simple negligence can be established because of the delay in applying the cardiac monitor, but your inaction did not proximate cause her death D) Although there was a delay in applying the cardiac monit
B Negligence and Protection Against Negligence Claims, page 115
Abandonment occurs when: A) a patient is released and did not require further medical care B) care of a patient was terminated without his or her consent C) an emergency nurse takes a verbal report from a paramedic D) a patient refuses care and subsequently dies of his condition
B Negligence and Protection Against Negligence Claims, page 16
If a paramedic is attacked by a violent patient: A) the law allows the paramedic to use a knife or firearm as a means of self-defense against the attacker B) the paramedic may respond with force that is equal to or slightly greater than the force offered by the patient C) the paramedic will not be held legally accountable if the attack was the result of patient provocation D) the paramedic is legally permitted to defend himself with the use of deadly force
B Paramedic-Patient Relationships, page 113
A DNR order is MOST accurately defined as a: A) legal document signed by at least two physicians that prohibits resuscitation efforts in terminally ill patients. B) Written order designed to tell health care providers when resuscitation is or not appropriate. C) legal document that is executed by the patient while he or she still has decision-making capacity D) written or oral directive that stipulates the care that a patient should receive at the end of his or her life
B Patient Autonomy, pages 118-119
Which of the following data would a state EMS office be the LEAST likely to require an EMS agency to report? A) Call volume B) Patient gender C) Types of calls D) Patient outcome
B Purposes of Documentation, pages 171-172
Which of the following is an example of slander? A) asking a family member if the patient uses drugs B) telling the receiving facility that a patient is drunk C) documenting that you noted the possible smell of alcohol D) asking a patient if he or she is under psychiatric care
B The Legal System in the United States, page 102
If a patient provides an inappropriate response to a paramedic's question, it should be assumed that the patient: A) dose not wish to communicate B) has impaired cerebral function C) is frighted by the situation D) is not willing to cooperate
B Therapeutic Communication, page 151
Which of the following the statements is an example of providing false reassurance? A) "I can see that you are obviously upset, but I will provide the best care possible to you." B) "I'm sure that you will be fine, but let us take you to the hospital just to be on the safe side." C) "I don't see any abnormalities on your ECG, but you should be evaluated by a physician." D)"Your condition dose not appear to be life threatening at the present time, but that could change."
B Therapeutic Communication, page 154
During the course of your interview, your patient begins making sexual innuendos to you. You should: A) ask a paramedic of the opposite sex to interview the patient B) ensure that another paramedic or EMT is present at all times. C) defer further questioning and simply transport the patient. D) stop the interview until the patient's behavior is less aggressive
B Therapeutic communication, page 155
If a conscious patient with decision-making capacity refuses care for potentially life-threatening condition: A) implied consent will allow you to treat the patient. B) he or she cannot be treated without a court order. C) you must begin lifesaving treatment at once D) medical direction can overrule the patient's decision
B Paramedic-patient Relationships, pages 109-110
Assault on a patient occurs when the EMS provider: A) carries out a harmful physical act against a patient. B) instills the fear of immediate bodily harm in a patient. C) touches another person without obtaining consent. D) defames a patient's character in his or her report
B The legal System in the United States, page 101
After asking a patient a question about how she is feelings today, you sense that she is having difficulty putting her feelings into words. You should: A) offer suggested responses to facilitate the patient's answer. B) be patient and give the patient time to express her feelings. C) repeat the question, but ask it differently the second time D) ask another question and revisit the previous question later
B Therapeutic Communication, page 153
When transmitting date over the radio, you should NOT disclose the patient's: A) cheif complain B) age and sex C)date of birth D) vital signs
C Communicating by Radio, page 145
If the paramedic is unable to complete his or her patient care report before departing the emergency department, he or she should: A) advise the receiving provider that he or she will return to the emergency department with the completed patient care report within 24 hours. B) leave, at a minimum, the patient's name and age, but recognize that the physician will perform his or her own exam C) leave an abbreviated from with pertinent data with the receiving provider and complete the patient care report as soon as possible D) obtain the emergency department fax number and transmit the completed patient care report within 12 hours after delivering the patient.
C Completing a PCR, page 183
Which of the following constitutes minimum data that must be included on every patient care report? A) Chief complaint, vital signs, assessment, tentative field diagnosis, and patient's ethnic background B) Scene size-up, detailed assessment, blood glucose reading, vital sings, and patient's age C) Chief complain, level of consciousness, vital signs, assessment and patient's age and gender D) Level of consciousness, field impression, vital signs, assessment, and patient's name and address
C Documentation of Every EMS call, page 173
A paramedic who was trained and certified to perform a surgical cricothyrotomy successfully performs the procedure a patient in the field. However, because the EMS system's medical director dose not permit paramedics to perform a needle cricothrotomy, the paramedic: A) did not follow the national standard of care B) will likely be sued by the medical director C) performed outside his or her scope of practice. D) has committed an act of gross negligence
C Legal Accountability of the Paramedic, page 164
Costohondritis is inflammation of the: A) inner lining of the chest B) sternoledionastoid muscles C) cartilage part of the ribs D) tendons of the quadriceps.
C Master Tables, page 210
An endogenous chemical is one that: A) occurs only in small amounts B) is in one part of body C) occurs inside the body D) occurs outside the body
C Master Tables, page 211
A paramedic's actions are considered to be grossly negligent if he or she: A) only provides basic life support to a critical patient. B) does not consult with online medical control first C) willfully or wantonly deviates from the standard of care D) makes a simple mistake that causes harm to the patient.
C Negligence and Protection Against Negligence Claims, page 115
Implied consent is based on the premise that a patient: A) is of legal age and is able to make rational decisions regarding his or her care. B) would refuse any emergency medical care if he or she were unconscious. C) would consent to care because of the seriousness of his her injury D) will die unless emergency medical treatment is provided immediately.
C Paramedic-Patient Relationships, page 109
Most civil cases are resolved during a settlement process because: A) trial juries can be very unpredictable and are often misinformed. B) the plaintiff is typically awarded a larger amount of money C) it is expensive and time consuming to take the case to trail D) the paramedic is found responsible during the discovery phase.
C The Legal System in the United States, page 102
When attempting to interview a potentially violent patient, you should: A) avoid eye contact with the patient, as this may agitate him or her B) use closed-ended questions to obtain his her medical history. C) ensure that you are positioned between the patient and the door. D) set "ground rules" regarding what you expect from him or her.
C Therapeutic Communications, page 155
Statements such as, "Please say more," or, "please feel welcome to tell me about that," are examples of: A) clarification B) sympathy C) facilitation D) reflection
C Therapeutic Communication, page 153
When communicating with older patients, it is MOST important to remember that: A) Older patients are generally poor historians regarding their medical history, and the paramedic should interview a family member or friend instead B) many older patients lose the ability to understand simple terminology, thus requiring the paramedic to gear his or her questions accordingly C) Their illnesses may be more complex because they may have more than one disease process and may be taking several medications concurrently D) the ability to hear and see is naturally impaired due to the process of aging, and the paramedic must accommodate these disabilities appropriately
C Therapeutic Communication, page 155
When the paramedic encounters a patient who has difficulty communicating, he or she should: A) try to use sign language when asking a specific question B) suspect that the patient may have a psychiatric condition C) enlist the help of a family member or primary caregiver D) transport the patient and advise the hospital of the situation.
C Therapeutic Communication, page 156
Which of the following statements contains objective and subjective information? A) "The patient's pulse was rapid and weak and he was diaphoretic." B) "The patient's behavior was consistent with alcohol intoxication." C) "The patient appeared confused and stated that he has a headache." D) "The patient's wife stated that he began feelings ill a few hours ago."
C introduction, page 170
It would be appropriate to ask a patient a closed-ended question when: A) the question requires the patient to think B) you are using complex medical terminology C) you are trying to obtain medical history information D) you are attempting to establish the quality of a patient's pain
C therapeutic Communication, page 152
Which of the following patient data is NOT typically communicated during your radio report to the hospital? A) underlying medical conditions B) Brief, pertinent history C) The patient's ethnicity D) ECG findings
C Communicating by Radio, page 148
What color does the root word poli/o describe? A) Yellow B) Green C) Gray D) Blue
C Components of Medical Term, page 197
Which of the following prefixes are synonymous? A) Coron/o; mast/o B) Mamn/o; pulmon/o C) Angi/o; pulmon/o D) Nephr/o; pneum/o
C Origins, page 194
Current bio-ethical guidelines regarding the decision not the initiate resuscitation efforts rely mainly on the use of: A) criteria established by local coroner B) the personal beliefs of paramedic C) common sense and ressonable judgement D) flexible algorithms and protocols
C Patient Autonomy, page 119
Data collected from the state EMS office for the purpose of research would likely NOT include: A) call volume per month B) patient outcomes C) average cost per call D) the nature of all calls.
C Purposes of Documentation, pages 171-172
If the paramedic is unable to defuse a hostile patient's anger, the paramedic should: A) obtain in signed refusal and depart the scene B) administer Valium or Haldol for sedation C) request law enforcement personnel at the scene D) restrain the patient and transport at once
C Therapeutic Communication, page 155
Which of the following statements is LEAST descriptive when documenting the events of a cardiac arrest call on your patient care report? A) "Inserted 18-gauge IV in the right forearm." B) "Gave 1 mg of epinephrine at 1002." C) "Intubated with a 7.5-mm ET tube." D) "Followed ACLS protocols"
D Completing a PCR, page 179
Islamic and Hindu cultures avoid: A) sitting with their legs crossed B) touching the head C) clapping their hands together D) touching with the left hand
D Cross-Cultural Communication, page 158
Cellular telephones are more advantageous than regular two-way radios because cellular telephones: A) enable laypeople to call 9-1-1 for a minimal service charge B) do not utilize computer technology and are less likely to fail. C) can transmit long distances with the use of a mobile antenna D) incorporate GPS technology to help rescues find the patient
D EMS Communications Systems, page 142
An accurate and legible patient care report: A) is a relatively reliable predictor of the quality of care that the paramedic provided to the patient during the call. B) provides immunity to the paramedic if the patient decides to pursue legal action against the paramedic C) is not possible on every call, especially if there is more than one patient or the patient is critically ill or injured. D) should be complete to the point where anyone who reads it understand exactly what transpired on the call
D Errors and Falsification, page 185
If you make an error when completing a written patient care report, you should: A) leave the error, but write the correct information in parentheses next to it. B) not alter the original patient care report and write the correct information on an addendum C) circle the error, initial it, and write the correct information next to it D) use different colored ink when drawing a single line through the error.
D Errors and Falsifications, page 184
All of the following are subjective findings, EXCEPT: A) a feeling of impending doom B) acute and severe nausea C) a persistent dull headache D) visible blood in the ear canel
D Introduction, page 170
Provisions of the medical practice act include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) establishing a means of certification for the paramedic B) defining the skills that the paramedic legally can perform C) defining minimum qualifications of the paramedic D) assigning medical directors to EMS systems.
D Legal Accountability of the Paramedic, page 104
When determining whether or not a paramedic's actions were consistent with the standard of care, the court would be LEAST likely to: A) request a copy of the paramedic's standard operating procedures. B) subpoena the paramedic's instructor and the text he or she used. C) speak with other paramedics who have the same training. D) talk to patients to whom the paramedic has provided care in the past.
D Negligence and Protection Against Negligence Claims, pages 114-115
The concept of consent refers to all of the following, EXCEPT the: A) patient's age B) patient's ability to make rational decisions C) patient's mental capacity D) severity of the patient's injury
D Paramedic-Patient Relationships, page 109
General criteria for determining a patient's mental competence include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) blood glucose levels within normal limits B) the absence of a head injury or other trauma. C) an appropriate response to questions D) the absence of cardiac dysrhythmias.
D Paramedic-Patient Relationships, pages 109-111
Although the technicalities of EMS DNR orders vary from state to state, they all: A) require the patient to wear a DNR insignia such as a bracelet or necklace B) are completely irrevocable by patient's immediate family members. C) must be renewed every 5 years or they will expire and become a null and void D) are designed to tell EMS providers when resuscitation is or not appropriate.
D Patient Autonomy, pages 118-199
If the EMD suspects that your patient has a life-threatening emergency, the EMD should make you aware of the situation and then: A) obtain the caller's name and physical address. B) dispatch law enforcement to the scene. C) ask the caller to put the patient on the phone D) give prearrival instructions to the caller.
D Response to the Call for Emergency Medical Services, page 137-148
Most EMS agencies require a double signature system any time a: A) patient is given more than one dose of any medication B) patient's condition warrants diversion to a closer hospital C) medication that alters a patient's physiology is given D) controlled substance is checked, used, discarded, or replaced.
D Situations Requiring Additional Documentation, page 179
Sitting a chair next to patient when conducting your interview promotes: A) empathy B) professionalism C) authority D) trust
D Therapeutic Communication, page 151
Which of the following questions would be appropriate to ask a patient who has no medical training? A) "Have you ever had an acute myocardial infarction?" B) " Do you have any endocrine-related illnesses?" C) "Have you ever experienced a syncopal episode?" D) "Do you have any breathing or heart problem?"
D Therapeutic Communication, page 152
When touching a patient as a form of reassurance, the paramedic should: A) touch the patient in the center of the chest or on the thigh B) not touch the patient if he or she leans toward the paramedic C) remember that most patients take offense to being touched D) touch the patient on a neutral part of his or her body.
D Therapeutic Communication, page 154
If a parent insists on monitoring your conversation with his or her adolescent son or daughter, you should: A) refuse the parent's prerogative and move the patient to the ambulance to continue your conversation B) explain to the adolescent that he or she is a minor and that you cannot converse without parental presence C) suspect that the adolescent has been physically or emotionally abused and confront the parent. D) Communicate the situation to the emergency department physician document it accurately
D Therapeutic Communication, page 156
Stereotyping an elderly, very young, or hostile patient during your attempt to communicate with him or her: A) is proper under certain circumstances B) yields relatively accurate information C) is an effective means of communicating D) works against effective communication
D Therapeutic Communications, pages 154-155
Which of the following directional terms describes the front surface of the body? A) Dorsal B) Superior C) Inferior D) Ventral
D Topographic Anatomy, page 203
The accuracy of your patient care report depends on all of the following factors, EXCEPT: A) documenting any extenuating circumstances. B) the thoroughness of the narrative section C) including all pertinent event times. D) the severity of the patient's condition
D Completing a PCR, pages 181-182
The combining form encephala/o refers to the: A) tongue B) head C) face D) brain
D Components of Medical Term, page 197
A(n) ______________ receives a weak signal and re-transmits it at a higher power on another frequency A) encoder B) duplex C) simplex D) repeater
D EMS Communication Systems, pages 140-141
Health care powers of attorney are also called "durable" powers of attorney because they: A) do not require anyone to make decisions on the patient's behalf. B) must be in the patient's possession at all times. C) can only be revoked by the patient's personal physician D) remain in effect once a patient loses decision-making capacity
D Patient Autonomy, page 117
In which of the following situations would the documentation on a patient care report MOST likely by limited? A) Physical abuse B) Cardiac arrest C) Injury to a paramedic D) Mass-casualty incident
D Situations Requiring Additional Documentation, page 175
If the wife of a critically ill man asks you if her husband is going to die, the MOST appropriate response should be: A) "That question is best answered by the physician at the hospital." B) "It is possible, and you should prepare yourself for the worst." C) "The situation appears grim, but you should not lose all hope." D) "He is very sick, but we are doing everything we can to help him."
D Therapeutic Communication, Page 154
An elderly man states that he is sad and depressed because his wife recently died of cancer. Which of the following statements from the paramedic demonstrates empathy? A) " I'm sorry to hear about your wife, but you should take comfort in the fact that she is in a better place." B) "I understand why you are sad, and I am sad for you. Is there anything I can do to make you feel better?" C) " Your wife's death is very tragic, but perhaps going to hospital will provide you with some relief." D) "I'm sorry sir. I don't know how I would feel in your situation, but I am sure it would be similar."
D Therapeutic Communication, page 153
A vertical plane that is parallel to the median plane and divides the body into unequal left and right parts is called the: A) caudal plane B) median plane C) transverse plane D) midsagittal plane
D Topographic Anatomy, page 199
Which of the following scenarios is considered by most states to be a medical examiner case? A) Any patient who dies outside the hospital B) Death of a criminal who is probation C) Death of person under 45 years of age D) Any violent or unexpected death
D) Any violent or unexpected death Legal Accountability of the Paramedic, page 108
What is the main legal risk of providing a tiered- response EMS system? A) Ambulance crashes at intersections as ALS and BLS providers simultaneously respond to the scene B) Premature canceling of a BLS crew by an on-scene paramedic who performs an improper assessment of the patient C) Lengthy response times for the BLS crew if ALS providers wait to long before determining that they need help D) Exposure to liability if the BLS crew makes an improper determination that a patient dose not need ALS care.
D) Exposure to liability if the BLS crew makes an improper determination that a patient dose not need ALS care Negligence and protection Against Negligence Claims, page 116
