Module 2 Respiratory System A&P

23. The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (in mmHG) if nitrogen is 300 mmHg and carbon dioxide is 350 mmHg? To receive full credit you must show your work.

110 mmHG 1atm= 760 mmHg 300 mmHg + 350 mmHG + X = 760 mmHg OR: 760 - 300-350= 110 mmHG

Answer the following essay question (10 points): 1. Muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular disease which restricts the lungs from fully expanding due to muscular weakness. If a person is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy: 1) Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary function would be true? 2) Explain your answer. A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low B. Vital capacity would abnormally high C. Total lung capacity would remain the same

A. Inspiratory capacity would be abnormally low. Vital capacity would decrease because there is a decreased ability to bring in as much air compared to normal values because of muscular weakness.

28. The purpose of alveolar macrophages is to: A. Produce a lipoprotein B. Form a thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli C. Produce mucous in order to trap bacteria D. Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli

Act as the primary immune defense within the alveoli.

3. Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following would cartilage NOT be found? A. Trachea B. Larynx C. Bronchi D. Alveoli

Alveoli.

Which one of the following tracheal cartilages are paired? a. Thyroid b. Cricoid c. Arytenoid d. Epiglottal e. Hyaline

Arytenoid. Rationale: Epiglottis, Cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage are single cartilages. Arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage are paired cartilages.

A premature baby is having difficulty producing surfactant. Explain what problems may occur and why.

Breathing difficulty is likely to occur.

Which one of the following is not true of the bronchioles? A. Bronchioles can contain respiratory epithelium B. Bronchioles can contain simple squamous cells C. Bronchioles can contain fossae and mucus D. Bronchioles contain cartilage and goblet cells E. Bronchioles can contain cilia and mucus

Bronchioles can contain fossae and mucus.

True or False: Positive pressure is used to move air into the lungs.

False.

19. True or False: The vestibule is lined with typical respiratory epithelium.

False. Rationale: Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the vestibule.

True or False: During inhalation the rib cage is lowered pull the lungs open.

False. Rationale: The rib cage is lifted upward during inhalation.

17. True or False: Typical respiratory epithelium contains cells where only some of the pseudostratified columnar cells touch the basement membrane.

False. Rationale: All pseudostratified cells touch the basement membrane.

True or False: As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filing the lungs increases.

False. Rationale: Density of gases decreases.

20. True or False: The fossae is another name for the pleural cavities.

False. Rationale: The "fossae" is also known as the Nasal Cavity.

21. True or False: The bronchioles are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange.

False. Rationale: The Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange, not the Bronchioles.

8. True or False: During exhalation the diaphragm contracts to actively push air out of the lungs.

False. Rationale: During inhalation the diaphragm contracts to actively push air out of the lungs.

25. Explain why incomplete ventilation is important for effective gas exchange.

Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature within the lungs. The increased temperature allows for greater gas exchange.

Explain what helps to maintain constant temperature within the lungs. Why is it important for effective gas exchange

Incomplete ventilation helps to maintain a constant temperature within the lungs. The increased temperature allows for greater gas exchange.

12. Boyle's law states that gas volume is: A. Directly proportional to temperature B. Inversely proportional to temperature C. Directly proportional to pressure D. Inversely proportional to pressure E. Both A and B

Inversely proportional to pressure.

24. Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange?

It would expand the air to make it more available for gas exchange.

Label the following five items from the diagram: Label B- Label D- Label E- Label F- Label G-

Label A: Nasal cavity Label B: Oral cavity Label C: Soft Palate Label D: Epiglottis Label E: Glottis Label F: Trachea Label G: Esophagus Label H: Tongue

13. Typical respiratory epithelium contains all of the following, except which one? A. cilia B. layers C. tall, narrow cells D. mucus producing cells E. goblet cells

Layers.

14. Which cells are most abundant within the alveoli? A. Macrophages B. Type 1 alveolar cells C. Type 2 alveolar cells D. Erythrocytes E. Ciliated columnar cells

Macrophages.

2. Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas: a. Esophagus b. Nasopharynx c. Oropharynx d. Both A. and C.

Nasopharynx

27. In gas exchange (external respiration): A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into alveoli B. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles C. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli D. Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli.

26. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

In the respiratory system, gas exchange occurs in the:

Pulmonary Alveoli and Respiratory Bronchioles.

Which part of the respiratory system is surrounded by capillaries? Why

The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. This is where oxygen passes from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the lungs

22. Matching: 1.The pleural space fills with air, pus or blood. 2. This condition results from fluid-filled alveoli. 3. This condition results in a loss of alveoli. 4. This hereditary illness results in excess mucus. a. Cystic fibrosis b. Pleurisy c. Pulmonary edema d. Emphysema

The pleural space fills with air, pus or blood. D. Pleurisy This condition results from fluid-filled alveoli. C. Pulmonary edema This condition results in a loss of alveoli. A. Emphysema This hereditary illness results in excess mucus. B. Cystic Fibrosis

5. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why?

The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Rationale: A posterior and superior movement of the soft palate covers the entrance of the nasal passages; the upward movement of the soft palate prevents food from entering the nasal passages during the swallowing process.

1. How many lobes does the right human lung have?

Three lobes.

15. Which one of the following is not true of the respiratory physiology? A. Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation B. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing C. Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation D. Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation

Tidal volume is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation. Rationale: Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath, during quiet breathing.

16. Which one of the following is true of the respiratory physiology calculations? (You may find it helpful to draw the respiratory physiology diagram on a piece of scratch paper.) A. Vital Capacity (VC) = ERV+TV B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV C. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+RV D. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = IRV + TV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV

10. True or False: As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filling the lungs decreases.

True.

18. True or False: The vestibule is the most external portion of the nasal cavity.

True.

7. True or False: Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs.

True.

9. True or False: During inhalation the rib cage lifts in an upward motion to open and expand the lungs.

True.

11. True or False: When the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and air naturally flows out of the lungs.

True. Rationale: Air naturally flows out of the lungs because of the pressure difference.

How many lobes does the left human lung have?

Two lobes.

6. Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells.

Type I form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries. Make up roughly 95% of alveolar epithelial cells. Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells. Make up roughly 5% of alveolar epithelial cells.