Module 23 Questions

Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of: a. the spacing effect. b. implicit memory. c. deep processing. d. the "peg-word" system.

c. deep processing.

Studying for your psychology test requires _______________. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories. a. mood-congruent memory b. implicit memory c. effortful processing d. automatic processing

c. effortful processing

While you probably wish that your study time was automatic, unfortunately successful studying for Introductory Psychology requires attention and conscious effort known as: a. effortless encoding. b. implicit memory. c. effortful processing. d. linguistic determinism.

c. effortful processing.

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their: a. reconstruction. b. recognition. c. recall. d. relearning.

c. recall.

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using: a. relearning. b. recall. c. recognition. d. reconstruction.

c. recognition.

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model we record information in which order? a. short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory b. short-term memory, sensory memory, encoded memory c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory d. sensory memory, encoded memory, long-term memory

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by: a. Ebbinghaus. b. Sperling. c. Loftus and Palmer. d. Atkinson and Shiffrin.

d. Atkinson and Shiffrin.

___________ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ___________ memory refers to memory for facts and experiences. a. Implicit; procedural b. Explicit; declarative c. Explicit; procedural d. Implicit; explicit

d. Implicit; explicit

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store ____________ in our short-term memory. a. twelve bits of information b. auditory stimuli c. visual images d. about seven bits of information (give or take two)

d. about seven bits of information (give or take two)

A group of 50-year-old adults is asked to think about their high school classmates. Although they have difficulty recalling their classmates, when presented with their yearbooks they can recognize about _____ percent of their pictures and names. a. 90 b. 75 c. 35 d. 50

a. 90

___________ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory. a. Working memory b. Iconic memory c. Spacing effect d. Automatic processing

a. Working memory

Herman Ebbinghaus' learning experiments using nonsense syllables show that: a. additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention. b. individuals recall more than they can remember. c. humans' recognition memory is relatively slow. d. overlearning decreases retention when practice is distributed over time.

a. additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention.

Encoding is to _____________ as storage is to _____________. a. data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive b. data on a flash drive; the computer screen c. data printed on a page; key strokes d. data stored on the hard drive; data printed on a page

a. data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: a. of the automatic processing of space. b. of the effortful processing of space. c. women are better at remembering their place in a book than are men. d. she is extremely bright.

a. of the automatic processing of space.

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is: a. permanent. b. brief. c. explicit. d. fleeting.

a. permanent.

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _______________ to encode information for storage. a. rehearsal b. long-term potentiation c. automatic processing d. the serial position effect

a. rehearsal

Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with other unseen slides, and they were able to recognize _______ percent of the slides they had seen before. a. 75 b. 90 c. 100 d. 60

b. 90

You hear a familiar word in your native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of: a. iconic memory. b. automatic processing. c. flashbulb memory. d. the spacing effect.

b. automatic processing.

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of the following measures of retention EXCEPT: a. retrieval of information. b. categorizing information. c. relearning information. d. storage of information.

b. categorizing information.

As opposed to automatic processing, ______________ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. a. linguistic determinism b. effortful processing c. implicit memory d. consciousness

b. effortful processing

The three steps in memory information processing are: a. input, storage, output. b. encoding, storage, retrieval. c. input, processing, output. d. input, storage, retrieval.

b. encoding, storage, retrieval.

The processing of information into the memory system is called: a. rehearsal. b. encoding. c. storage. d. retrieval.

b. encoding.

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory: a. explains how consciousness works. b. helps us to understand how memory works. c. makes us realize that it is impossible to study memory. d. is not useful to psychologists who study normal memory.

b. helps us to understand how memory works.

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of: a. the serial position effect. b. hierarchical organization. c. implicit memory. d. the method of loci.

b. hierarchical organization.

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This ____________ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second. a. echoic memory b. iconic memory c. explicit memory d. long-term potentiation

b. iconic memory

Imagine you have to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as: a. reconstruction. b. recognition. c. recall. d. relearning.

b. recognition.

In Craik and Tulving's experiment, the deeper, ___________ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques. a. visual b. semantic c. acoustic d. episodic

b. semantic

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information with respect to all of the following EXCEPT: a. space. b. size. c. time. d. frequency.

b. size.

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is using the: a. serial position effect. b. spacing effect. c. semantic effect. d. next-in-line effect.

b. spacing effect.

Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of: a. the serial position effect. b. the method of loci. c. a mnemonic device. d. implicit memory.

c. a mnemonic device.

We _______________ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears. a. mirror b. forget c. automatically process d. use echoic memory to encode

c. automatically process

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same coworker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, is she following me? Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as: a. the next-in-line effect. b. the sensory memory. c. the serial position effect. d. automatic processing.

d. automatic processing.

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as: a. implicit memory. b. proactive interference. c. retroactive interference. d. chunking.

d. chunking.

Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but really he is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to: a. implicit memory. b. iconic memory. c. declarative memory. d. echoic memory.

d. echoic memory.

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because: a. it is easier for adults to learn a language. b. of the implicit memory effect. c. of the serial position effect. d. it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

d. it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system. a. sensory memory b. immediate memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory

d. long-term memory

Which of the following measures of retention is the LEAST sensitive in triggering retrieval? a. relearning b. recognition c. They are all equally sensitive. d. recall

d. recall

A multiple-choice test is a good example of: a. retrieval. b. relearning. c. recall. d. recognition.

d. recognition.

One way to test memory is to check the speed of ___________ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten. a. priming b. proactive interference c. retroactive interference d. relearning

d. relearning

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial it on his landline. For this task, which memory is most important? a. echoic memory b. flashbulb memory c. long-term memory d. working memory

d. working memory