Module 24

_____ occurs when something learned now interferes with one's ability to recall something learned earlier.

Retroactive interference

_____ is a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.

Amnesia

According to _____, one reason that people forget is because they are repressing painful memories.

Freud

Loftus and Palmer conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of a car described as either hitting or smashing into one another. The _____ variable in this experiment was _____.

dependent; speed estimates

If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.

encoding

If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of:

encoding

Which technique is NOT a way to improve memory?

minimizing retrieval cues

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:

proactive interference.

With respect to interference, _____ is to forgetting new information as _____ is to forgetting old information.

proactive; retroactive

Every time one replays a memory, one replaces the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this _____.

reconsolidation

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates a defense mechanism called _____.

repression

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates:

repression

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

retrieval failure.

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing _____ interference.

retroactive

In _____ interference, information learned recently disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

retroactive

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

Which course of forgetting BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memories.

implicit

With respect to amnesia, antero- is to retro- as _____ is to ______.

after; before

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

the misinformation effect.

The controversy regarding claims of repressed and recovered memories is BEST described as involving:

whether repressed memories of childhood abuse that are recovered using hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false memories or memories of actual experiences.