Module 3 Biology EVOLUTION W16 HW

The _ functions to attach the SARS-CoV-2 virion to a host cell. a S protein b N protein c E protein d both b and c

a S protein

A botanist sees that some of her orchids with a black fungus growing on their leaves also have small rotting spots, while other orchids in the atrium that lack the fungus appear healthy. What is the most likely conclusion the botanist can make about the virus that is found to be infecting her orchids? a The orchids became infected by horizontal transmission. b The fungus is responsible for the rot spot disease. c The fungus likely attracted diseased aphids or flies. d The orchids were infected by the process of verticaltransmission.

a The orchids became infected by horizontal transmission.

Which statement is true of viroids? a They are single-stranded RNA particles. b They reproduce only outside of the cell. c They produce proteins. d They affect both plants and animals.

a They are single-stranded RNA particles.

Most vaccines being developed for the SARS-COV-2 virus use the a spike protein as the target antigen. b membrane protein as the target antigen. c capsid as the target antigen. d nuclear protein as the target antigen.

a spike protein as the target antigen.

Which statement is false about reverse transcriptase? a It is an enzyme. b It is produced by the genome of some host cell and makes them vulnerable to viruses. c It transcribes RNA to make DNA. d It never occurs in uninfected host cells.

b It is produced by the genome of some host cell and makes them vulnerable to viruses.

Oncogenic virus cores can be___. a only ss+ RNA b RNA or DNA c single stranded RNA or single stranded DNA d all of the above

b RNA or DNA

Which of the following statements about virusstructure is true? a All viruses are encased in a bilayer membrane. b The capsid is made up of small protein subunits called capsomeres. c Double stranded DNA or single stranded RNA is the genetic material in all viruses. d Fat receptors help viruses attach to the host cell bilayer lipid membrane.

b The capsid is made up of small protein subunits called capsomeres.

Which of the following statements is false? a In the lytic cycle, new phages are produced and released into the environment. b In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome. c An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. d Cell

c An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle.

Which of the following is not associated with prions? a Replicating shapes b Mad cow disease c DNA d Toxic proteins

c DNA

SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the. a alpha coronavirus family. b Group II in the Baltimore classification. c Group IV in the Baltimore classification. d Group V in the Baltimore classification.

c Group IV in the Baltimore classification.

Which of the following hypotheses proposes that viruses were the first replicating genome on earth, and predated the prokaryotes? a Progressive b Regressive c Self-replicating d Virus-first

c Self-replicating d Virus-first

Which statement is false in regards to viral replication? a In the process of apoptosis, the cell dies. b During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface. c The viral capsomeres are produced at the same time and during the same process as the viral genome. d mRNA works inside the host cell to produce enzymes and proteins.

c The viral capsomeres are produced at the same time and during the same process as the viral genome.

Viruses a all have a round shape. b cannot have a helical shape. c can have a capsid with a helical, polyhedral or complex shape. d have shapes that can be used to determine the diseases they are likely to produce.

c can have a capsid with a helical, polyhedral or complex shape.

Adenoviruses are being used to develop a viral vector vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and a are introduced as live virions. b are a replication-competent vector. c carry a sequence that codes for the spike antigen. d use the original bat adenovirus as a vector.

c carry a sequence that codes for the spike antigen.

The strategy for inducing cells in humans to produce spike proteins that occur in the SARS-CoV-2 virus is that the proteins will a directly kill the virus. b stop the virus from replication. c induce the immune system to recognize the spike protein and kill the virus if it is encountered. d interfere with the production of capsomeres during virus replication.

c induce the immune system to recognize the spike protein and kill the virus if it is encountered.

Many viruses that cause disease in humans can be treated but (choose the best answer) a are rarely controlled by vaccinations. b no effective vaccinations or medical treatments have yet been developed to prevent the spread of any viral infection. c may evolve through mutations to become resistant to the antiviral drug or vaccine treatment. d so far no antiviral drugs have been developed.

c may evolve through mutations to become resistant to the antiviral drug or vaccine treatment.

Which of the following cannot be affected by a bacteriophage? a Escherichia coli b many bacteria c prions d a and b

c prions

Which portion of the coronavirus spike protein anchors the virus to the ACE-2 protein binding site? a the central nucleotide portion. b the base of the spike next to the membrane layer. c protomers in the receptor binding domain. d all of the above

c protomers in the receptor binding domain.

Which statement is true? a Most virions contain double-stranded DNA and a single strand of mRNA. b Viruses have most of the machinery to produce their own proteins. c Viruses replicate in (or near) the nucleus of the host cell. d Most viruses can be visualized with electron microscopy techniques.

d Most viruses can be visualized with electron microscopy techniques.

Which statement is false about viral replication? a The host cell is killed in a lytic cycle. b Replication of the virus genome uses ribosomes, enzymes and other molecules in the host's cytoplasm. c Viral replication affects host cell function. d Newly produced virions always have the same genome as the invading parent.

d Newly produced virions always have the same genome as the invading parent.

The use of mRNA as a genetic vaccine a introduces the genetic sequence that codes for the spike protein. b causes the production of the spike protein by the host cells. c is introduced into cells by being encased in lipid nanoparticles. d all of the above

d all of the above

Which of the following approaches can be used to develop vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 without handling the virus in the lab? a live-attenuated virus b whole-inactivated virus c protein subunit d genetic and viral vector vaccines

d genetic and viral vector vaccines

One hypothesis is that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a genetic chimera which a is identical to the SARS virus found in one species of bat. b is a mutated form of the virus genome found only in pangolins. c has a genetic composition identical to SARS-CoV-1. d has a recombinant genetic code that resulted from a virus that inhabited a species of bat, and then invaded a species of pangolin which contained a different coronavirus.

d has a recombinant genetic code that resulted from a virus that inhabited a species of bat, and then invaded a species of pangolin which contained a different coronavirus.