Module 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing ____.​

Synethesia

To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?​

Temporal

The eardrum is also known as the ____.​

Tympanic membrane

The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called ____.​

absolute pitch

Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as ____.​

across-fiber

Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____.​

analyzing the meaning of sounds

Each spinal nerve has ____.​

both a sensory and motor component

Large-diameter pain axons ____.​

carry sharp pain information

In adult humans, the taste buds are ____.​

concentrated on the outside of the tongue

Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____.​

cross-adaptation

Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to ____.

different areas of the body

Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____.​

emotion areas in the brain

Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____.​

endopiriform cortex

The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following?​

frequency period only

Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____.​

frequency theory; place theory

Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes ____.​

hair cells to displace

Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ____.​

labeled-line

What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?​

loudness and timing

In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____.​

mechanical displacement

Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear?​

more force is needed to create waves in fluid

What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?​

nerve

The taste nerves initially project to the ____.​

nucleus of the tractus solitarius

Where are the auditory receptor cells located?​

on the basilar membrane

The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the ____. ​

oval window

Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences. ​

phase; loudness

Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on ____.​

pheromones

The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the ____.​

pinna

​What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?

pitch gets higher

In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that ____.​

push against hair cells when moved

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ____.​

rapid mechanical pressure

Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane ____.​

reduce the intensity of salty tastes

The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex.​

somatosensory; cingulate

Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ____.​

sudden-onset sounds

The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____.​

the body and its movements

Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?​

the contralateral side

The eardrum vibrates at ____.​

the same frequency as the sound wave that hits it

We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because ____.​

we have many different bitter receptors

If you are a supertaster, then ____.​

you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes

Olfactory information is coded in receptor cells through ____.​

​hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical

Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ____.​

​mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located ____

​near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors

Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by ____.​

​reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues

Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?

​semicircular canals and otolith organs

Pain receptors of the skin are ____.​

​simple, bare neuron endings

When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle, ____.​

​the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases

The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____.​

​where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly

What dimension determines the intensity of a sound wave?​

Amplitude

The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.​

Frequency

A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____.​

Glutamate; substance P

Itching is primarily the result of ____.​

Histamine release

How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?​

Hundreds

What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?​

Loudness

What does the vestibular system detect?​

Movement of the head

Olfactory receptors carry their message to the ____.​

Olfactory bulb

The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance?​

Opiates

Olfaction also plays a subtle role in ____.​

Social behavior

What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?​

Substance P

Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____.​

V1; A1

A tonotopic map refers to a(n) ____.​

auditory cortex map of sounds

Conductive deafness is also known as ____.​

middle ear deafness

The receptors for taste are ____.​

modified skin cells

Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active.​

more regular menstrual cycles

Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of ____.​

movement of objects and sounds

Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex?​

parietal lobe

Taste perception in the brain depends on ____.​

relative activity of different taste neurons

What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?​

they are replaceable when old neurons die

The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body.​

ventral posterior

Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?​

visually tracking an object while dancing

How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials?​

​Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane.

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?​

​Non-pain information can inhibit pain information

Which statement is TRUE of various types of somatosensation?​

​They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.

Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones?​

​They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure

An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with ____.​

​ability to locate where they are being touched

What is a dermatome?​

​an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve

Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in ____.​

​difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds

Tinnitus may be ____.​

​due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb

A sound shadow refers to ____.​

​how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound