Module 7 World History

French Revolution

- The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. - The enlightenment created ideas with the old system - The French were in debt from the War of Austrian Succession and American Revolution - 1789: Louis XVI calls Estates-General- he wants to appears nobility about taxes - There was a misunderstanding from the Third Estate - They wanted to end the privilege system about the Estates - Declaration of the Rights of Man And Citizen = They wanted equality and it was the basis for the French Constitution - Bastille Prison = Common people get involved because of the food shortages and they storm this prison and kill a guard and 200 people die, it starts off the revolution 1789-1793: Attempts to compromise - The Royal family tries to flee, they are caught and guillotine for treason

American Revolution

- War lasted from 1776-1781; constitution created in 1787 Reasons for rebellion - Economic interest "No taxation without representation" - Great Britain increased their tax because of the French-Indian War, which upset Americans - America wanted to keep their local self-government and their identity as "true Englishmen" and not colonial subjects They were different from England - They had more land so more people can become farmers, and they didn't have a class hierarchy Both Revolutionary and Conservative: - Break with Great Britain - But trying to preserve existing self government Impacts: - Created a Democratic society, but without major social upheaval - Created Representative Republic - Inspired future revolutions

Great Jamaica Revolt (1831-1832)

-60,000 slaves rebelled against slavery but lost and it let to a public outcry to end slavery in Britain

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Third Estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. - Occurred because of the Atlantic Revolution and how people want authority to govern from the people and not from God or from tradition - Occurred because of the Enlightenment

Feminism

A female movement for gender equality. - The enlightenment caused people to question patriarchy - Increase in education and less housework for women --> women get more involvement in community - 1848: Women's Rights Convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Transatlantic movement

Haitian Revolution

- A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. - 1791-1804 - It had a population of 0.5 million slaves with 40,000 whites - The Declaration of Man and Citizen declared all men free and equal, and the slaves and blacks wanted freedom - Toussaint Louverture = Led a slave rebellion, he defeated whites and French - however, they remained in debt because of the money they had to pay back and gained independence in 1947

1848

- European revolutions/Marx & Engles write Communist Manifesto - Seneca Falls Convention

Napoleon Bonaparte

- Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. - He brings peaces to France and conquers most of Europe--> largest empire in Europe since the Romans - He created a legal system - However, he faced resistance in conquered areas because of nationalism, and he tried to unite a diverse group of people - 1815: Defeated in Waterloo, and the French monarchy is restored

Congress of Vienna (1815)

- Royal families were restored and there was a balance of power after Napoleon got exiled

Civic Nationalism

A nation is defined by a particular territory (Land). People can assimilate (become part of) the dominant culture (Inclusive)

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country - Revolutions occurred for the creation of a NEW nation - Napoleon's conquest: unity against French invader - A decline in older identities/loyalties - increase in literacy and created standardized languages and people spoke the same language which created a community - The idea of the nation was INVENTED, not awakened - Shift in government roles to provide "Acting on behalf of the nation"

Americano Identity

A type of nativism created by Simon Bolivar to get South American to itself

Creole

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

Maximillen Robespierre

He established the Committee of Public Safety and had more beheadings of the "enemies of the Revolution

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery - Pressure on Great Britain to end slavery - Opinion shift: Boycotts of stuff like sugar to petitions; testimony from former slaves to tell how bad slavery is Big moments: - 1807: Slavery trade abolished in Great Britain - Great Jamaica Revolt = 60,000 slaves rebelled against slavery but they lost --> led to public outcry in Great Britain - 1833: Slavery is abolished in Great Britain --> countries follow them later Impacts: - Land redistribution in Haiti, Jamaica, but not in the U.S. because they had sharecropping - Rise in indentured servitude - Economic dependence > Equality

Latin American Revolutions

Political revolutions in various Latin American countries beginning in the late 18th century. These revolutions were aimed at overthrowing the European powers that controlled these nations. Many were successful, but few achieved the success of the American Revolution. - Creoles got mad about the taxes and tariffs - Latin America had whites as a minority 1808: Napoleon kicked from monarchies in Spain and Portugal --> Disruption - Led by Simon Bolivar Big Picture Results: - Dictatorship - No rights to women or lower classes - Divisions because of geography, power struggles, and regional identities

Olympe de Gouges

She was a butcher's daughter who spoke out against patriarchy. She wrote "Declaration of the Rights of Women" and called for women's inclusion in the French Revolution, she was later guillotined for her thoughts

Toussant L'Ouverture (Haiti)

Was a former slave who lead a slave rebellion in Haiti. Rebellion was against Haiti's colonial Assembly who had resisted French orders that decreed that free property-owners on Haiti should enjoy the same rights as white owners. He and his followers took up arms against the white plantation owners, with the French backing them up. Later, he achieved dominance in Hispanola, there he imposed a consitution on Haiti and made himself Governor-General for life while keeping his ties to the French. Later, Napoleon comes into reign, and distrusting him, sends troops to capture him and execute him.

Ethnic Nationalism

nations are defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry (Exclusive)

Independence Debt

the money Haiti was forced to pay France after Haiti became independent from France (after Haiti's successful Revolution)