Module 8 Psychology

light illusions

-using light and shadows to form an illusion of depth -we assume the light comes from above

convergence

A binocular depth cue related to the tension in the eye muscles when the eyes track inward to focus on objects close to the viewer

the distorted ____ room causes the viewer to misjudge size and distance

Ames room illusion

when do people develop depth perception?

Birth or early infancy

schemas

Concepts or mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret info about the world

monocular cues

Depth cues that require the use of only one eye.

Grouping: Proximity

If objects are close together, we place them in the same group. Ex) not only do the players from Michigan wear blue shirts, they also sit on the same bench.

phi phenomenon

Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

the ___ illusion causes us to misjudge the length of lines

Muller-Lyer illusion

Grouping: Continuity

Once an object appears to move any particular direction, your brain assumes that the movement continues unchanged. Ex) On some smaller highways, you can easily miss your turned unless you're really paying attention. We tend to assume the highway continues in the direction we've been moving.

grouping closure

Our brain's tendency to look for the whole, not the parts, drives us to fill any gaps in a perceptual field.

gestalt

The "whole," or the organizational patterns that we tend to perceive; the Gestalt psychologists emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

stroboscopic motion

The illusion of movement is produced by showing the rapid progression of images or objects that are not moving at all

Grouping: Similarity

We place items that look similar in the same group. Ex) all the players wearing a blue shirt are from the University of Michigan.

retinal disparity

a binocular cue resulting from slightly different images produced by the retina of the left eye and the retina of the right eye

which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

a door that casts the image of a trapezoid when its partially open it's perceived as rectangular

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

which of the following would probably be considered a figure in a painting of woodland scene?

a large bear in the foreground catching a salmon out of the river

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive something one way and not another

shape constancy

a tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from

the purpose of the visual cliff is to determine if a child?

can perceive depth

monocular depth cue interposition

closer objects partially obstruct the view of more distant objects ex. you know a tree is in front of a house because it blocks your view of part of the house

binocular cues

depth cues that require the use of both eyes

the View-Master toy relies on _____ to produce an exaggerated sense of depth

disparity

monocular cue relative height

distant objects appear higher in your field of vision than close objects do; trees on the far side of a like will appear to be above the lake, which is closer to you

monocular cue relative clarity

distant objects are less clear than nearby objects

monocular cue texture gradient

distant objects usually have smoother texture than nearby objects

true or false? shape constancy relates to our memory of basic shapes (square, circle, etc.)

false

the object that attracts our attention in a visual scene is the ____

figure

which of the following were the gestalt psychologists most interested in?

how we organize objects into groups

martha can tell the tree is closer than the house because her view of the house is partially blocked by the tree. this is called?

interposition

___ depth cues rely on the use of one eye; _____ depth cues rely on the use of both eyes

monocular; binocular

Gestalt Closure Illusion

our brain fills in the gaps to create a perceived whole

monocular cue linear perspective

parallel lines seem to draw together in the distance ex. lines at a highway look like they eventually merge at a point on the horizon

monocular depth cue relative motion

perceived slowness indicates that an object is distant; if close it is going fast

perceptual constancy

perceiving the size, shape, and lightness of an object as unchanging even as the image of the object on the retina of the eye changes

a group of four friends always eats lunch at the same table in the school cafeteria. Someone entering the cafeteria is likely to recognize them as a group because of ?

proximity

7 monocular depth cues

relative size, relative motion, interposition, relative height, texture gradient, relative clarity, linear perspective

we often see faces in objects partially because we have a ___ for faces

schema

we are likely to see faces in many objects because humans have a strong ____ for faces

schemas

which of the following is an example of a perceptual set?

seeing a violent image in a blurry photograph because your friend told you it was a photo of a big fight

why wouldn't you perceive an opening rectangular door magically turning into a trapezoid?

shape constancy

you can easily tell who is on your school's math club because they all wore their club T-shirts today. You put them in the same group because of the grouping principle called______

similarity

4 grouping principles

similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity

without size constancy, we would think objects become ____ the farther they are from us

smaller

light constancy

the ability to see an object as having a constant level of lightness no matter how the lighting conditions change

depth perception

the ability to see in three dimensions and to judge distance

extra-sensory perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

the phi phenomenon relates to?

the illusion of motion when fixed lights are turned on and off in sequence

the Muller-Lyer illusion relates to ?

the length of lines

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).

monocular depth cue relative size

the perceived size of an object;it an object of known size appears large it is probably close, and if the object appears small, it is probably distant

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable units

perception

the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information

size constancy

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

true or false? illusions can help us understand how perception works

true

a gestalt is best described as a?

whole