Mol Cell Midterm
Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model. (a) insect (b) bird (c) amphibian (d) mammal
A
A covalent bond between two atoms is formed as a result of the ____________________________. (a) sharing of electrons (b) loss of electrons from both atoms (c) loss of a proton from one atom (d) transfer of electrons from one atom to the other
A
Although covalent bonds are 10-1000 times stronger than noncovalent interactions, many biological processes depend upon the number and type of noncovalent interactions between molecules. Which of the noncovalent interactions below will contribute most to the strong and specific binding of two molecules, such as a pair of proteins? (a) electrostatic attractions (b) hydrogen bonds (c) hydrophobic interactions (d) Van dew Waals attractions
A
Aromatic carbon compounds such as benzene are planar and very stable. Double bond character extends around the entire ring, which is why it is often drawn as a hexagon with a circle inside. This characteristic is caused by electron ____________. (a) resonance (b) pairing (c) partial charge (d) stacking
A
By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess ___. a) a nucleus b) replication machinery c) ribosomes d) membrane bilayers
A
During respiration, energy is retrieved from the high-energy bonds found in certain organic molecules. Which of the following, in addition to energy, are the ultimate products of respiration? (a) CO2, H2O (b) CH3, H2O (c) CH2OH, O2 (d) CO2, O2
A
Each nucleotide in DNA and RNA has aromatic base. What is the principle force that keeps the bases in a polymer from interacting with water? (a) hydrophobic interactions (b) hydrogen bonds (c) covalent bonds (d) van der Waals interactions
A
Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular detail in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology? (a) E. coli (b) D. melanogaster (c) S. pombe (d) C. elegans
A
Oligosaccharides are short sugar polymers that can become covalently linked to proteins and lipids through condensation reactions. These modified proteins and lipids are called glycoproteins and glycolipids, respectively. Within a protein, which of the amino acids is the most probable target for this type of modification? (a) serine (b) glycine (c) phenylalnine (d) methionine
A
Oxidation is a favorable process in an aerobic environment, which is the reason cells are able to derive energy from the oxidation of macromolecules. Once carbon has been oxidized to __________, its most stable form, it can only cycle back into the organic portion of the carbon cycle through ____________________. (a) CO2, photosynthesis (b) CH3, combustion (c) CO2, respiration (d) CO, reduction
A
The amino acids glutamine and glutamic acid are shown in the figure. They differ only in the structure of their side chains (circled). At pH 7, glutamic acid can participate in molecular interactions that are not possible for glutamine. What types of interactions are these? (a) ionic bonds (b) hydrogen bonds (c) van der Waals interactions (d) covalent bonds
A
The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions that result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino acids. Choose the correct series biochemical reactions from the options presented here. a) replication, transcription, translation b) replication, translation, transcription c) translation, transcription, replication d) translation, replication, transcription
A
The mitochondrial proteins found in the inner membrane are involved in the conversion of ADP to ATP, a source of energy for the cell. This process consumes which of the following substances? (a) oxygen (b) nitrogen (c) sulfur (d) carbon dioxide
A
The net distance a molecule travels through the cytosol via diffusion is relatively short in comparison with the total distance it may need to travel. This is because movement governed by diffusion alone is a ___________________ process that is most efficient for the dispersion of small molecules over short distances. (a) slow (b) random (c) regulated (d) complicated
A
The study of enzymes also includes an examination of how the activity is regulated. Molecules that can act as competitve inhibitors for a specific reaction are often similar in shape and size to the enzyme's substrate. Which variable(s) used to describe enzyme activity will remain the same in the presence and absence of a competitive inhibitor? (a) Vmax (b) Vmax and Km (c) V (d) Km
A
There are 20^100 different possible sequence combinations for a protein chain with 100 amino acids. In addition to the amino acid sequence of the protein, that other factors increase the potential for diversity in these macromolecules? (a) free rotation around single bonds during synthesis (b) noncovalent interactions sampled as protein folds (c) the directionality of amino acids being added (d) the planar nature of the peptide bond
A
Which elements form stable but reactive diatomic gases? (a) nitrogen, oxygen (b) helium, neon (c) sodium, potassium (d) magnesium, calcium
A
Which of the following are examples of isomers? (a) glucose and galactose (b) alanine and glycine (c) adenine and guanine (d) glycogen and cellulose
A
Which of the following elements is least abundant in living organisms? (a) sulfer (b) carbon (c) oxygen (d) nitrogen
A
Which of the following factors do not influence the length of a covalent bond? (a) the tendency of atoms to fill the outer electron shells (b) the attractive forces between negatively charged electrons and positively charged nuclei (c) the repulsive forces between the positively charged nuclei (d) the minimization of repulsive forces between the two nuclei by the cloud of shared electrons
A
When elemental sodium is added to water, the sodium atoms ionize spontaneously. Uncharged Na becomes Na^+. This means that the Na atoms have been ___________. (a) protonated (b) oxidized (c) hydrogenated (d) reduced
B
Although there are many distinct prokaryotic species, most have a small range of shapes, sizes, and growth rates. Which of the following characteristics are not observed in prokaryotes? a) a highly structures cytoplasm b) endoplasmic reticulum c) the ability to divide rapidly d) a cell wall
A&B
In the first stage of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into what other form of energy? (a) electrical (b) chemical (c) potential (d) kinetic
A&D
A. thaliana, or Arabidopsis, is a common weed. Biologists have selected it over hundreds of thousands of other flowering plant species to serve as an experimental model organism because __________________. (a) it can withstand extremely cold climates (b) it can reproduce in 8-10 weeks (c) it produces thousands of offspring per plant (d) Both (b) and (c) are true.
B
Because there are four different monomer building blocks that can be used to assemble RNA polymers, the number of possible sequence combinations that can be created for an RNA molecule made of 100 nucleotides is ____________. (a) 100^4 (b) 4^100 (c) 4x100 (d) 100/4
B
Both DNA and RNA are synthesized by covalently linking a nucleoside triphosphate to the previous nucleotide, constantly adding to a growing chain. In the case of DNA, the new strand becomes part of a stable helix. The two strands are complementary in sequence and antiparallel in directionality. What is the principal force that holds these two strands together? (a) ionic interactions (b) hydrogen bonds (c) covalent bonds (d) van der Waals interactions
B
Brewer's yeast, apart from being an irreplaceable asset in the brewery and in the bakery, is an experimental organism used to study eukaryotic cells. However, it does face some limitations. Which of the processes below cannot be studied with yeast? (a) DNA replication (b) cell motility (c) exocytosis (d) cell division
B
C. elegans is a nematode. During its development, it produces more than 1000 cells However, the adult worm only has 959 somatic cells. The process by which 131 cells are specifically targeted for destruction is called (a) directed cell pruning. (b) programmed cell death. (c) autophagy. (d) necrosis
B
Carbon 14 is an unstable isotope of carbon that decays very slowly. Compared to the common, stable carbon 12 isotope, carbon 14 has two additional _______________________. (a) electrons (b) neutrons (c) protons (d) ions
B
Catalysts are molecules that lower the activation energy for a given reaction. Cells produce their own catalysts called ____________. (a) proteins (b) enzymes (c) cofactors (d) complexes
B
Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of ___. a) mutation b) evolution c) heredity d) reproduction
B
Chemical reactions carried out by living systems depend on the ability of some organisms to capture and use atoms from nonliving sources in the environment. The specific subset of these reactions that break down nutrients in food can be described as _________________. (a) metabolic (b) catabolic (c) anabolic (d) biosynthetic
B
DNA and RNA are different types of nuclei acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but NOT true of RNA? (a) it contains uracil (b) it contains thymine (c) it is single-stranded (d) it has 5'-to-3' directionality
B
Enzymes facilitate reactions in living systems. The figure presents an energy diagram for the reaction X→Y. The solid line in the energy diagram represents changes in energy as the reactant is converted to product under standard conditions. The dashed line shows changes observed when the same reaction takes place in the presence of a dedicated enzyme. Which equation below indicates how the presence of an enzyme affects the activation energy of the reaction (catalyzed versus uncatalyzed)? (a) d-c versus b-c (b) d-a versus b-a (c) a+d versus a+b (d) d-c versus b-a
B
Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit? a) DNA b) cell c) organelle d) protein
B
Oxidation is the process by which oxygen atoms are added to a target molecule. Generally, the atom that is oxidized will experience which of the following with respect to the electrons in its outer shell? (a) a net gain (b) a net loss (c) no change (d) an equal sharing
B
Photosynthesis enables plants to capture the energy from sunlight. In this essential process, plants incorporate the carbon from CO2 into high-energy __________ molecules, which the plant cell mitochondria use to produce ATP. (a) fat (b) sugar (c) protein (d) fiber
B
Seed oils often dehydrogenated and added back into processed foods as partly unsaturated fatty acids. In comparison with the original oil, the new fatty acids have additional double carbon-carbon bonds, replacing what were once single bonds. This process could also be described as _______________. (a) reduction (b) oxidation (c) isomerization (d) protonation
B
The cytoskeleton provides support, structure, motility, and organization, and it forms tracks to direct organelle and vesicle transport. Which of the cytoskeletal elements listed below is the thickest? (a) actin filaments (b) microtubules (c) intermediate filaments (d) none of the above (all the same thickness)
B
The first task you are assigned in your summary lab job is to prepare a concentrated NaOH stock solution. The molecular weight of NaOH is 40. How many grams of solid NaOH will you need to weigh out to obtain a 500 mL solution that has a concentration of 10 M? (a) 800 g (b) 200 g (c) 400 g (d) 160 g
B
The nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the __________, keeping them separated from other components of the cell. (a) lysosomes (b) chromosomes (c) peroxisomes (d) ribosomes
B
The potential energy stored in high-energy bonds is commonly harnessed when the bonds are split by the addition of __________ in a process called ___________. (a) ATP, phosphorylation (b) water, hyrdolysis (c) hydroxide, hydration (d) acetate, acetylation
B
The second law of thermodynamics states that the disorder in any systems is always increasing. In simple terms, you can think about dropping NaCl crystals into a glass of water. The solvation and diffusion of ions is favored because there is an increase in ________________. (a) pH (b) entropy (c) ions (d) stored energy
B
The synthesis of glutamate from glutamic acid requires the production of an activated intermediate followed by a condensation step that completes the process. What molecule is added to glutamic acid in the activation step? (a) phosphate (b) NH3 (c) ATP (d) ADP
B
The variety and arrangement of chemical groups on monomer subunits contribute to the conformation, reactivity, and surface of the macromolecule into which they become incorporated. What type of chemical group is circled on the nucleotide shown? (a) pyrophosphate (b) phosphoryl (c) carbonyl (d) carboxyl
B
When atoms are held together by ______________ _____________m they are typically referred to as __________. (a) hydrogen bonds, molecules (b) ionic interactions, salts (c) ionic interactions, molecules (d) double bonds, nonpolar
B
Which elements are chemically inert? (a) carbon, sulfur (b) helium, neon (c) sodium, potassium (d) magnesium, calcium
B
Which of the following monomer building blocks is necessary to assemble selectively permeable boundaries around and inside cells? (a) sugars (b) fatty acids (c) amino acids (d) nucleotides
B
Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane? (a) endoplasmic reticulum (b) mitochondrion (c) lysosome (d) peroxisome
B
Which of the following statements would not be true of a favorable binding equilibrium? (a) the free-energy change is negative for the system (b) the concentration of the complex remains lower than the concentration of the unbound components. (c) the complex dissociation rate is slower than the rate for component association (d) the binding energy for the association is large and negative
B
Which subatomic particles contribute to the atomic mass for any given element? (a) protons (b) protons and neutrons (c) protons and electrons (d) neutrons
B
You wish to explore how mutations in specific genes affecting sugar metabolism might alter tooth development. Which organism is likely to provide the best model system for your studies and why? (a) horses (b) mice (c) E. coli (d) Arabidopsis
B
Your body extracts energy from the food you ingest by catalyzing reactions that essentially "burn" the food molecules in a stepwise fashion. What is another way to describe this process? (a) reduction (b) oxidation (c) dehydration (d) solvation
B
At first glance, it may seem that living systems are able to defy the second law of thermodynamics. However, on closer examination, it becomes clear that although cells create organization from raw materials in the environment, they also contribute to disorder in the environment by releasing _________. (a) water (b) radiation (c) heat (d) proteins
C
Chemical reactions that lead to a release of free energy are referred to as "energentically favorable" Another way to describe these reactions is: ________________. (a) uphill (b) uncatalyzed (c) spontaneous (d) activated
C
Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ______________________. (a) create a new arrangement of electron shells (b) change the reactivity of the bonded atoms (c) limit the rotation of the bonded atoms (d) prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms
C
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted into other types of energy. Cells use potential kinetic energy to generate stored chemical energy in the form of activated carrier molecules, which are often employed to join two molecules together in ________________ reactions. (a) oxidation (b) hydrolysis (c) condensation (d) reduction
C
Even though cellular macromolecules contain a large number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, they are not all spontaneously converted into CO2 and H2O. This absence of spontaneous combustion is due to the fact that biological molecules are relatively ___________ and an input of energy is required to reach lower energy states. (a) large (b) polar (c) stable (d) unstable
C
If the isotope 32 S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35 have, respectively? (a) 16, 20, 15 (b) 16, 19, 15 (c) 16,19, 16 (d) 16, 19, 17
C
Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different timeline from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are (a) viruses. (b) parasites. (c) endosymbionts. (d) anaerobes.
C
Most types of molecules in the cell have asymmetric (chiral) carbons. Consequently there is the potential to have two different molecules that look much the same but are mirror images of each other and therefore not equivalent. These special types of isomers are called stereoisomers. Which of the four carbons circled in the figure is the asymmetric carbon that determines whether the amino acid (threonine in this case) is a D or an L stereoisomer? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
C
Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for metal ions, because there is a measurable net charge. In the case of carbon compounds, oxidation and reduction depend on the nature of polar covalent bonds. Which of the following is the best way to describe these types of bonds? (a) hydrogen bonds in a nonpolar solution (b) covalent bonds in an aqueous solution (c) unequal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond (d) equal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond
C
Protein are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the same 20 ____. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistry, and therefore different functions. a) nucleotides b) sugars c) amino acids d) fatty acids
C
The equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction Y→X can be expressed with respect to the concentrations of the reactant and product molecules. Which of the expressions below shows the correct relationship between K, [Y], and [X]? (a) K=[y]/[x] (b) K=[y]*[x] (c) K=[x]/[y] (d) K=[x]-[y]
C
The equilibrium constant for complex formation between molecules A and B will depend on their relative concentrations, as well as the rates at which the molecules associate and dissociate. The association rate will be larger than the dissociation rate when complex formation is favorable. The energy that derives this process is referred to as ______________. (a) dissociation energy (b) association energy (c) binding energy (d) releasing energy
C
The graph in the figure illustrates the change in the rate of an enzymecatalyzed reaction as the concentration of substrate is increased. Which of the values listed below is used to calculate the enzyme turn over number? (a) 1/2Vmax (b) Km (c) Vmax (d) Vmax-Km
C
The graph in the figure illustrates the relationship between reaction rates and substrate concentration for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. What does the Km value indicate with respect to enzyme-substrate interactions? (a) the maximum rate of cataylsis (b) the number of enzyme active sites (c) the enzyme-substrate binding affinity (d) the equilibrium rate of catalysis
C
The maximum velocity of an enzymatic reaction is an important piece of information regarding how the enzyme works. What series of measurements can be taken in order to infer the maximum velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? (a) the rate of substrate consumption after the system reaches equilibrium, for several reactant concentrations (b) the rate of product consumption shortly after mixing the enzyme and substrate (c) the rate of substrate consumption shortly after mixing the enzyme substrate, for several substrate concentrations
C
The small molecule cyclic AMP(cAMP) takes about 0.2 second to diffuse 10umm on average in a cell. Suppose that cAMP is produced near the plasma membrane on one end of the cell; how long will it take for this to diffuse through the cytosol and reach the opposite end of a very large cell, on average? Assume that the cell is 200um in diameter. (a) 4 seconds (b) 16 seconds (c) 80 seconds (d) 200 seconds
C
When there is an excess of nutrients available in the human body, insulin is released to stimulate the synthesis of glycogen from glucose. This is a specific example of a(n) _______________ process, a general process in which larger molecules are made from smaller molecules. (a) metabolic (b) catabolic (c) anabolic (d) biosynthetic
C
Which elements will form ions with a net charge of +1 in solution? (a) carbon, sulfur (b) helium, neon (c) sodium, potassium (d) magnesium, calcium
C
Which subatomic particles can vary between isotopes of the same element, without changing the observed chemical properties? (a) electrons (b) protons and neutrons (c) neutrons (d) neutrons and electrons
C
You are studying a biochemical pathway that requires ATP as an energy source. To yourdismay, the reactions soon stop, partly because the ATP is rapidly used up and partlybecause an excess of ADP builds up and inhibits the enzymes involved. You are about togive up when the following table from a biochemistry textbook catches your eye. Rxn 1. creatine + ATP ==> creatine phosphate + ADP (+3 kcal/mole) Rxn 2. ATP + H2O ==> ADP + phosphate (-7.3 kcal/molecule Rxn 3. pyrophosphate + H2O ==> 2 phosphate (-7kcal/mole) Rxn 4. glucose 6-phosphate + H2O ==> glucose +phosphate (-3.3 kcal/mole) Which of the following reagents are most likely to revitalize your reaction? (a) a vast excess of ATP (b) glucose 6-phosphate and enzyme D (c) creatine phosphate and enzyme A (d) pyrophosphate
C
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are especially useful in the study of early development because their embryos ______________. (a) are exceptionally large (b) develop slowly (c) are transparent (d) are naturally fluorescent
C
__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location. (a) nucleosomes (b) lysosomes (c) peroxisomes (d) endosomes
C
A chemical reaction is defined as spontaneous if there is no net loss of free energy during the reaction process. However, spontaneous reactions do not always occur rapidly. Favorable biological reactions require ______________ to selectively speed up reactions and meet the demands of the cell. (a) heat (b) ATP (c) ions (d) enzymes
D
Acitivated carriers are small molecules that can diffuse rapidly and be used to drive biosynthetic reactions in the cell. Their energy is stored in a readily transferable form such as high-energy electrons or chemical groups. Which of the molecules is the most widely used activated carrier? (a) FADH2 (B) NADH (c) NADPH (d) ATP
D
An ionic bond between two atoms is formed as a result of the __________________. (a) sharing of electrons (b) loss of electrons from both atoms (c) loss of a proton from one atom (d) transfer of electrons from one atom to the other
D
Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies? (a) amenability to genetic manipulation (b) ability to grow under controlled conditions (c) rapid rate of reproduction (d) all of the above
D
Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the ___ of light. a) absorption b) intensity c) filtering d) wavelength
D
Cells require one particular monosaccharide as a starting material to synthesize nucleotide building blocks. Which of the monosaccharides below fills this important role? (a) glucose (b) fructose (c) ribulose (d) ribose
D
Chemical reactions in living systems occur in an ____________________ environment, within a narrow range of temperatures. (a) optimal (b) organic (c) extracellular (d) aqueous
D
Chloroplasts are found only in eukaryotic cells that carry out photosynthesis: plants and algae. Plants and algae appear green as a result of the presence of chlorophyll. Where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast? (a) in the first, outer membrane (b) in the space between the first and second membranes (c) in the second, inner membrane (d) in the third, innermost membrane
D
Cholesterol is an essential component of biological membranes. Although it is much smaller than the typical phospholipids and glycolipids in the membrane, it is a(n) ________________ molecule, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. (a) polar (b) oxygen-containing (c) hydrophobic (d) amphipathic
D
Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, procaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton? (a) cell motility (b) vesicle transport (c) membrane support (d) cell division
D
In the case of a simple conversion reaction such as X↔Y, which value of ∆G° is associated with a larger concentration of X than Y at equilibrium? (Hint: How is ∆G° related to K?) (a) G=-5 (b) G=-1 (c) G=0 (d) G=1
D
Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactiosn also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable? (a) the size of each molecule (b) the concentration of each molecule (c) the rate of synthesis (d) surface complementarity between molecules
D
Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets? (a) cholesterol (b) palmitic acid (c) isoprene (d) triacylglycerol
D
Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds? (a) molecular oxygen (b) methane (c) propane (d) water
D
The __________ __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (a) plasma membrane (b) Golgi network (c) mitochondrial membrane (d) nuclear envelope
D
The cell constantly exchanges materials by bringing nutrients in from the external environment and shuttling unwanted by-products back out. Which term describes the process of by which external materials are captured inside vesicles and brought into the cell? (a) degradation (b) exocytosis (c) phagocytosis (d) endocytosis
D
The energy used by the cell to generate specific biological molecules and highly ordered structures is stored in the form of ___________________. (a) Brownian motion (b) heat (c) light waves (d) chemical bonds
D
The pH of an aqueous solution is an indication of the concentration of available protons. However, you should not expect to find lone protons in solution: rather, the proton is added to a water molecule to form a(n) _______________ ion. (a) hydroxide (b) ammonium (c) chloride (d) hydronium
D
The study of enzyme kinetics is usually performed with purified components and requires the characterization of several aspects of the reaction, including the rate of association with the substrate, the rate of the catalysis, and _________________. (a) the enzyme's structure (b) the optimal pH of the reaction (c) the subcellular localization of the enzyme (d) the regulation of the enzyme activity
D
What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typically human cell? a) centimeters b) nanometers c) millimeters d) micrometers
D
Which equation below provides the correct calculation for the amount of free-energy change when X is converted to Y? (a) a+b-c (b) a-b (c) a-c (d) c-a
D
Which of the following characteristics would not support the idea that the ancestral eukaryote was a predator cell that captured and consumed other cells? (a) dynamic cytoskeleton (b) large cell size (c) ability to move (d) rigid membrane
D
You have a concentrated stock solution of 10 M NaOh and want to use it to produce a 150mL solution of 3 NaOH. What volume of water and stock solutions will you measure out to make this new solution? (a) 135 mL of water, 15 mL of NaOH stock (b) 115 mL of water, 35 mL of NaOH stock (c) 100 mL of water, 50 mL of NaOh stock (d) 105 mL of water, 45 mL of NaOH stock
D
∆G measures the change of free energy in a system as it converts reactants (Y) into product (X). When [Y]=[X], ∆G is equal to _____________. (a) ∆G°+RT (b) RT (c) ln[X]/[Y] (d) ∆G°
D
∆G° indicates the change in the standard free energy as a reactant is converted to product. Given what you know about these values, which reaction below is the most favorable? (a) ADP+pi→ATP kcal/mole (b) glucose 1-phosphate→glucose 6-phosphate kcal/mole (c) glucose+fructose→sucrose (d) glucose→CO2+H2O kcal/mole
D
