money
"As citizens of Manchester [England], assembled at the Free- Trade Hall, we beg to express our fraternal sentiments toward you and your country. We rejoice in your greatness as an outgrowth of England, whose blood and language you share, whose orderly and legal freedom you have applied to new circumstances, over a region immeasurably greater than our own. We honor your Free States, as a singularity happy abode for the working millions where industry is honored. One thing alone has, in the past, lessened our sympathy with your country and our confidence in it; we mean the ascendancy of politicians who not merely maintained Negro slavery, but desired to extend and root it more firmly. Since we have discerned, however, that the victory of the free north, in the war which has so sorely distressed us as well as afflicted you, will strike off the fetters of the slave, you have attracted our warm and earnest sympathy. We joyfully honor you, as the President, and the Congress with you, for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders: 'All men are created free and equal.'" "Address from Working Men to President Lincoln," official letter sent to Lincoln, printed in the Manchester Guardian (UK), January 1st, 1863 Which of the following best describes how the political development alluded to in the letter directly affected the role of African Americans in the Civil War? A. African American enlistment and recruitment into the Union army and navy increased rapidly. B. The president could finally employ former slaves as soldiers. C. African American slaves could more easily liberate themselves by fleeing northward. D. Organization of African American fighting units was finally allowed.
a
"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military." "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607 - 18," published in 1971 Compared to New England, early English settlement in Virginia and Maryland was characterized by A. Lower life expectancy, a larger population of indentured servants, and a greater gender imbalance B. Lower life expectancy, many immigrants from Spanish colonies, and a diversified economy C. Higher life expectancy, government organized at the village level, and an established church D. Higher life expectancy, greater population diversity, and rapid urbanization
a
"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party emphasized (A) social deference to the elite and a strong national government (B) a pro-British foreign policy and Hamilton's economic plans. (C) the development of manufacturing and the chartering of a national bank (D) social equality among white male citizens, instead of social hierarchy, and limited government.
a
"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to ght the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. us, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision by the United States to fight in the Mexican-American War? (A) The idea of Manifest Destiny (B) The overcultivation (soil exhaustion) of land in the Southeast (C) The efforts of the federal government to assert authority over American Indians
a
"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, First issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 Opponents of Garrison's ideas expressed in the excerpt would most likely have argued that (A) slavery was a positive social institution and should not be changed (B) Garrison was too conservative in his vision of social change (C) new discoveries about racial equality had made Garrison's ideas obsolete (D) African Americans were already guaranteed basic rights
a
"The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year. . . . [I]t would seem. . . . that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race. . . . [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs. . . . that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola." Bartolome de Las Casas, 1552 In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to: A. organize and regulate Native American labor B. Improve trade relations with the Native Americans C. Draft Native Americans in the Spanish military D. Limit intermarriage between Spaniards and Native Americans
a
"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indian's eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of INdian peoples on the plains. Europeans also bought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America" Colin G. Colloway, historian, First Peoples: A documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 The excerpt describes effects of the A. Columbian Exchange B. Great Awakening C. Middle Passage D. European Enlightenment
a
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to Christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoying them the strict observation of their laws, which, to a people so rude and licentious, hath they proved even tolerable, and that the more, for that while the magistrates, for their profit, put the laws severely in execution against the Indians, the people, on the other side, for lucre and gain, entice and provoke the Indians to the breach thereof, especially to drunkenness, to which those people are so generally addicted that they will strip themselves to their skin to have their fill of rum and brandy. . . . . . . . the English have contributed much to their misfortunes, for they taught the first Indians the use of arms, and admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and showed them how to handle, mend and fix their muskets, and have been furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government. . . ." Edmund Randolph, firsthand account of King Philip's War, 1675 The New England colonists' general idea of "civilizing" the Native American, as alluded to in the above excerpt, most directly reflects which of the following Puritan ideals? A. That the Puritans were establishing a conscientious community of holiness, which would serve as a beacon and model to others around the world B. That the Puritans were establishing a community based on separation of Church and State, which model the Native American tribal societies did not follow C. That moral societies were based on strict judicial systems, and the Native Americans enforced their laws in too random a manner D. That at birth, people were predestined for either salvation or damnation
a
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to Christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoying them the strict observation of their laws, which, to a people so rude and licentious, hath they proved even tolerable, and that the more, for that while the magistrates, for their profit, put the laws severely in execution against the Indians, the people, on the other side, for lucre and gain, entice and provoke the Indians to the breach thereof, especially to drunkenness, to which those people are so generally addicted that they will strip themselves to their skin to have their fill of rum and brandy. . . . . . . . the English have contributed much to their misfortunes, for they taught the first Indians the use of arms, and admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and showed them how to handle, mend and fix their muskets, and have been furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government. . . ." Edmund Randolph, firsthand account of King Philip's War, 1675 The above excerpt best supports which of the following arguments regarding warfare between the Native Americans and American colonists, in general? A. The colonists' supplying arms and alcohol to Native Americans made Native Americans more destructive in warfare. B. The colonists were well-disciplined in their warfare, while Native American warfare became more disorganized and undisciplined. C. The increased precision of firearms and the dependency of many Native Americans on alcohol made warfare less ferocious. D. More truces occurred, as the colonists found they could build wealth in their trade with the Native Americans.
a
"Whereas notwithstanding divers acts made for the encouragement of the navigation of this kingdom, . . . . great abuses are daily committed to the prejudice of the English navigation, and the loss of a great part of the plantation trade to this kingdom, by the artifice and cunning of ill-disposed persons; for remedy whereof for the future. . . . II. Be it enacted, . . . . no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation. . . . or carried from any one port o place in the said colonies or plantations to any other, . . . . in any ship or bottom but what is or shall e of the built of England, . . . . or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof." Navigation Act of April 10, 1696 Which of the following activities from the mid- to late 18th century most closely parallels the motivations in the document above? (A) The passage of colonial taxes by Parliament after the Seven Years' War (B) The colonists moving onto American Indian lands in defiance of Parliamentary law (C) The persecution of British loyalists by colonial rebels during the American Revolution (D) The organization of the colonies around Enlightenment ideals such as the rights of the individual
a
By 1790, the population trend depicted on the graph led to the A. creation of new settlements on the western edge of territory occupied by European Americans B. expansion of French influence in the Great Lakes region and in the Mississippi River valley C. contraction of Spanish mission settlements in California and the Southwest D. reduction of conflicts between Native Americans and European Americans
a
By the 1860s, the long-term effects of the population trends depicted on the graph most directly contributed to the A. increased political tensions between the Northern and Southern states B. relocation of the remaining American Indian groups to reservations in the Dakotas C. faster population growth in the Southern states than in the Northern states D. redistribution of land in the South to African Americans who cultivated it
a
"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military." "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607 - 18," published in 1971 In the first half of the 1600s, American Indians in Virginia and Maryland most typically responded to the English colonization described in the excerpt by A. Organizing communities to adopt English customs B. By defending their territory against the English C. By voluntarily moving farther west, away from the English D. Allying with the French to counter English encroachment
b
"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to ght the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. us, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 The "acquisition of a new empire" referenced in the excerpt most directly fostered sectional division through the (A) extension of trade westward toward Asia (B) renewed debate over the expansion of slavery (C) rise of anti-immigrant sentiment (D) decline of the Democratic Party
b
"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to ght the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. us, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 Which of the following historical developments during the nineteenth century best supports Potter's argument about the underlying cause of sectional conflict? (A) The expansion of voting rights for White males (B) The increase in economic opportunities in the West (C) The influx of Irish and German immigrants to Northern cities (D) The increasing prominence of the Whig Party in national politics
b
"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 In the decade following the ratification of the Constitution, divisions emerged between Hamilton's political party, the Federalists, and their rivals, the Democratic-Republicans, over all of the following issues EXCEPT the (A) relationship between national and state governments (B) relationship between religion and the federal government (C) federal government's degree of support for manufacturing and finance (D) United States policy toward the French Revolution
b
"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indian's eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of INdian peoples on the plains. Europeans also bought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America" Colin G. Colloway, historian, First Peoples: A documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 American Indian societies most commonly reacted to the changes described in the excerpt by A. Embracing European religious and agricultural practices B. Adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy C. Borrowing European political structures to organize their own society D. Encouraging European colonists to accept American Indian cultural practices
b
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to Christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoying them the strict observation of their laws, which, to a people so rude and licentious, hath they proved even tolerable, and that the more, for that while the magistrates, for their profit, put the laws severely in execution against the Indians, the people, on the other side, for lucre and gain, entice and provoke the Indians to the breach thereof, especially to drunkenness, to which those people are so generally addicted that they will strip themselves to their skin to have their fill of rum and brandy. . . . . . . . the English have contributed much to their misfortunes, for they taught the first Indians the use of arms, and admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and showed them how to handle, mend and fix their muskets, and have been furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government. . . ." Edmund Randolph, firsthand account of King Philip's War, 1675 The above excerpt best provides evidence of which of the following deep concerns of Native Americans against the New England colonists? (A) English fur traders' continuing efforts to cause drunkenness among the Native Americans to cheat them (B) Efforts by the New England governments to impose English law on Native Americans (C) New England settlements' strategy to "divide and conquer" by pitting rival Native American tribes against each other (D) Continuing conflict between the New Englanders and the Dutch and French colonists threatening the peace and stability of relations between rival tribes
b
"Whereas notwithstanding divers acts made for the encouragement of the navigation of this kingdom, . . . . great abuses are daily committed to the prejudice of the English navigation, and the loss of a great part of the plantation trade to this kingdom, by the artifice and cunning of ill-disposed persons; for remedy whereof for the future. . . . II. Be it enacted, . . . . no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation. . . . or carried from any one port o place in the said colonies or plantations to any other, . . . . in any ship or bottom but what is or shall e of the built of England, . . . . or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof." Navigation Act of April 10, 1696 The ideas in the document most clearly show the influence of which of the following? (A) The decline of monarchy as a viable system of government (B) The growing autonomy of the colonists (C) The increasing influence of England over all of the colonies (D) The expanding importance of the Atlantic World
b
The creator of the image would most likely agree with which of the following statements? (A) Jackson's natural leadership skills made him an ideal president. (B) Jackson's political actions were unconstitutional. (C) Jackson would have accepted internal improvements if Congress had consulted him. (D) Jackson was celebrated by the people because his foreign policies bene ted the nation.
b
The trend in total population from 1670 to 1700 depicted on the graph is best explained by A. food scarcity and extensive malnutrition among African Americans B. the spread of epidemic diseases among Native Americans C. large-scale European migration D. increases in life expectancy
b
Which of the following events could best be interpreted as reecting the exercise of power depicted in the image? (A) The completion of the transcontinental railroad despite concerns about costs (B) American Indian removal despite the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (C)The publication of the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which explained nullificatio
b
"As citizens of Manchester [England], assembled at the Free- Trade Hall, we beg to express our fraternal sentiments toward you and your country. We rejoice in your greatness as an outgrowth of England, whose blood and language you share, whose orderly and legal freedom you have applied to new circumstances, over a region immeasurably greater than our own. We honor your Free States, as a singularity happy abode for the working millions where industry is honored. One thing alone has, in the past, lessened our sympathy with your country and our confidence in it; we mean the ascendancy of politicians who not merely maintained Negro slavery, but desired to extend and root it more firmly. Since we have discerned, however, that the victory of the free north, in the war which has so sorely distressed us as well as afflicted you, will strike off the fetters of the slave, you have attracted our warm and earnest sympathy. We joyfully honor you, as the President, and the Congress with you, for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders: 'All men are created free and equal.'" "Address from Working Men to President Lincoln," official letter sent to Lincoln, printed in the Manchester Guardian (UK), January 1st, 1863 This letter offers evidence of which of the following consequences of the significant political development referred to in the letter, which contributed to the North's victory? A. Northern leaders became morally fortified, which led to a psychological advantage. B. The North was able to gain diplomatic support from the European powers. C. The Confederacy was prevented from gaining full support from European powers. D. The resultant pressure from the British populace led Britain's government to provide naval assistance to the North.
c
"As citizens of Manchester [England], assembled at the Free- Trade Hall, we beg to express our fraternal sentiments toward you and your country. We rejoice in your greatness as an outgrowth of England, whose blood and language you share, whose orderly and legal freedom you have applied to new circumstances, over a region immeasurably greater than our own. We honor your Free States, as a singularity happy abode for the working millions where industry is honored. One thing alone has, in the past, lessened our sympathy with your country and our confidence in it; we mean the ascendancy of politicians who not merely maintained Negro slavery, but desired to extend and root it more firmly. Since we have discerned, however, that the victory of the free north, in the war which has so sorely distressed us as well as afflicted you, will strike off the fetters of the slave, you have attracted our warm and earnest sympathy. We joyfully honor you, as the President, and the Congress with you, for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders: 'All men are created free and equal.'" "Address from Working Men to President Lincoln," official letter sent to Lincoln, printed in the Manchester Guardian (UK), January 1st, 1863 Which of the following groups of the mid-1800s in the U.S. had most in common with the writers of the above letter? (A) The romantic literary writers of the South in the mid-1800s (B) The Abolitionists (C) Free laborers promoting ideals of individualism and advancement
c
"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military." "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607 - 18," published in 1971 Which of the following was a long-term result of the situation in Jamestown described in the excerpt? A. The rapid growth of family-centered towns and villages B. The prioritizing of trade and shipbuilding over agricultural production C. The rise of the plantation system and the use of African slaves D. The removal of Spanish and French military threats to regional control
c
"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 The excerpt from Jefferson's speech most clearly suggests which one of the following ideas? (A) The nation is unable to come together because the differences of opinion are too great. (B) Religious intolerance always leads to political intolerance. (C) Although there may be different opinions on policies, Americans share a fundamental belief in representative government. (D) Republican governments are the weakest form of government.
c
"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, First issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 The type of views expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from which of the following trends? (A) Growing nativism (B) Opposition to industrialization (C) The Second Great Awakening (D) Support for the idea of Manifest Destiny
c
"The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year. . . . [I]t would seem. . . . that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race. . . . [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs. . . . that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola." Bartolome de Las Casas, 1552 An implication of Las Casas' argument is that a major cause of the decline of the native populations in the Americas after 1492 was the: A. importation of European and African wildlife to the Americas. B. large-scale clashes between native armies and the Spanish. C. resistance of indigenous groups to religious conversion. D. epidemics brought to the Americas by Europeans.
c
"The slaves' weapons were many, and after a century in the tobacco fields they extended beyond revolt, maroonage [running away to live in secret communities], and truancy, for slaves understood the processes of tobacco cultivation as well as any owner. That many [slave] quarters took their names from the slave patriarchs or matriarchs who were their central figures and who often served as their foreman and occasionally as their forewoman suggests the degree to which black people had gained control over their work and lives. As knowledgeable agriculturalists, these men and women appreciated how their strategic interventions could destroy a season's crop and ruin their owners." Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, published in 1998 Which of the following best describes the social attitude of the Chesapeake colonists, which most enabled them to establish perpetual slavery of African Americans? A.) A strong desire to compete with other European nationalities B.) Strong resentment of the individual freedoms enjoyed by Africans within their original societies C.) A strong belief in European racial and cultural superiority D.) A belief in the need for Christian conversion and salvation of Africans
c
"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 Hamilton's views expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following? (A) The process of electing members of the House of Representatives (B) The method of counting slaves for representation and taxation (C) The establishment of the Supreme Court (D) The addition of the Bill of Rights
c
"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indian's eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of INdian peoples on the plains. Europeans also bought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America" Colin G. Colloway, historian, First Peoples: A documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 Europeans most typically explained the process described in the excerpt in which of the following ways A. Denying that such changes had taken place B. Interpreting it as evidence of a need to protect the rights of artisans and farmers C. Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans D. Asserting that all people were equal and deserving of the same rights
c
"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indian's eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of INdian peoples on the plains. Europeans also bought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America" Colin G. Colloway, historian, First Peoples: A documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 The process described in the excerpt most affected Europeans through A. An increase in cooperation by European Nations B. A decline in religious activity and the seculariztion of Europe C. Significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe D. Widespread epidemics of American diseases that decreased Europe population
c
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to Christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoying them the strict observation of their laws, which, to a people so rude and licentious, hath they proved even tolerable, and that the more, for that while the magistrates, for their profit, put the laws severely in execution against the Indians, the people, on the other side, for lucre and gain, entice and provoke the Indians to the breach thereof, especially to drunkenness, to which those people are so generally addicted that they will strip themselves to their skin to have their fill of rum and brandy. . . . . . . . the English have contributed much to their misfortunes, for they taught the first Indians the use of arms, and admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and showed them how to handle, mend and fix their muskets, and have been furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government. . . ." Edmund Randolph, firsthand account of King Philip's War, 1675 The above excerpt most directly reflects which predominant view of the Native American by the New England colonists by the mid- to late 1600s? (A) Native Americans were a free people from whom much could be learned. (B) Native Americans had an admirable system of law. (C) Native Americans were crude and ungodly. (D) Native Americans were civilized, but incapable of abiding by their own laws.
c
All of the following groups would have been likely to agree with the image's depiction of Andrew Jackson EXCEPT (A) South Carolinians who opposed federal tariffs (B) American Indians such as Cherokees (C) western farmers who opposed the national bank (D) advocates of federally funded internal improvement projects
c
"As citizens of Manchester [England], assembled at the Free- Trade Hall, we beg to express our fraternal sentiments toward you and your country. We rejoice in your greatness as an outgrowth of England, whose blood and language you share, whose orderly and legal freedom you have applied to new circumstances, over a region immeasurably greater than our own. We honor your Free States, as a singularity happy abode for the working millions where industry is honored. One thing alone has, in the past, lessened our sympathy with your country and our confidence in it; we mean the ascendancy of politicians who not merely maintained Negro slavery, but desired to extend and root it more firmly. Since we have discerned, however, that the victory of the free north, in the war which has so sorely distressed us as well as afflicted you, will strike off the fetters of the slave, you have attracted our warm and earnest sympathy. We joyfully honor you, as the President, and the Congress with you, for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders: 'All men are created free and equal.'" "Address from Working Men to President Lincoln," official letter sent to Lincoln, printed in the Manchester Guardian (UK), January 1st, 1863 Which of the following best describes the South's strategy on which it depended to gain overseas support, in contrast to the above letter? (A) The promise of the South to purchase British naval ships at a premium price (B) The direct familial ties between the Southern elite and the British ruling class (C) The North's anger at the European governments' declaration of neutrality (D) The supplying of Southern cotton to the British and French textile industries
d
"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 The "Revolution of 1800" refers to which of the following? (A) The Federalists revolted against the pro-British policy of the Democratic-Republicans. (B) The election of Jefferson triggered a revolution of western Pennsylvania farmers against taxes on their grain. (C) The Democratic-Republicans refused to allow new Federalists to take their fairly-won seats in Congress. (D) The election of Jefferson was the first transfer of governmental power from one political party to another in U.S. history.
d
"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to ght the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. us, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 Which of the following most directly helped maintain the "balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States" before the Mexican-American War referenced in the excerpt? (A) The federal government's policies on a national bank and tari s (B) The emergence of reform movements during the Second Great Awakening (C) The outlawing of the international slave trade (D)The passage of the Missouri Compromise
d
"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, First issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 A person who agreed with Garrison's views expressed in the excerpt would most likely have advocated for (A) paying slaveholders to gradually free enslaved people (B) encouraging free Black people to migrate to Africa (C) the preservation of the Missouri Compromise (D) immediate emancipation of enslaved people
d
"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, First issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 The excerpt was likely to have found the most support among which of the following groups? (A) Immigrants from Ireland (B) Members of Congress (C) Justices on the Supreme Court (D) Advocates for women's rights
d
"The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year. . . . [I]t would seem. . . . that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race. . . . [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs. . . . that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola." Bartolome de Las Casas, 1552 Which of the following most directly resulted from the change in Native American population described by Las Casas? A. The Spanish introduced new crops into the Americas, altering the native diet. B. The Spanish imported Africans as a new source of labor. C. Laborers on Hispaniola launched a large-scale rebellion against their Spanish oppressors. D. The remaining native groups established alliances with the Spanish colonists.
d
"The slaves' weapons were many, and after a century in the tobacco fields they extended beyond revolt, maroonage [running away to live in secret communities], and truancy, for slaves understood the processes of tobacco cultivation as well as any owner. That many [slave] quarters took their names from the slave patriarchs or matriarchs who were their central figures and who often served as their foreman and occasionally as their forewoman suggests the degree to which black people had gained control over their work and lives. As knowledgeable agriculturalists, these men and women appreciated how their strategic interventions could destroy a season's crop and ruin their owners." Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, published in 1998 The evidence in the excerpt about the nature of slavery in the Chesapeake region is most closely tied to the early 1700s because A.) the slave patriarchs and matriarchs sharing power equally with the owners regarding plantation operations during this period B.)the slaves were native to America and not imported from Africa or the West Indies C.)the development of mechanized farming techniques and crop rotation D.)the emerging importance of commodities to sell in Europe, such as tobacco
d
"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 Based on the excerpt, Hamilton would most likely support (A) the abolition of slavery (B) reconciliation with Great Britain (C) a weak central government (D) property qualifications for voting
d
"Whereas notwithstanding divers acts made for the encouragement of the navigation of this kingdom, . . . . great abuses are daily committed to the prejudice of the English navigation, and the loss of a great part of the plantation trade to this kingdom, by the artifice and cunning of ill-disposed persons; for remedy whereof for the future. . . . II. Be it enacted, . . . . no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation. . . . or carried from any one port o place in the said colonies or plantations to any other, . . . . in any ship or bottom but what is or shall e of the built of England, . . . . or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof." Navigation Act of April 10, 1696 The passage of the Navigation Act of 1696 and other similar legislation by the English Parliament most directly resulted from (A) successful continuance of the English mercantilist system (B) an effort to control the transatlantic slave trade (C) open rebellion and disobedience by Royally appointed colonial governors (D) widespread, but unorganized, colonial resistance to English economic policies
d
"Whereas notwithstanding divers acts made for the encouragement of the navigation of this kingdom, . . . . great abuses are daily committed to the prejudice of the English navigation, and the loss of a great part of the plantation trade to this kingdom, by the artifice and cunning of ill-disposed persons; for remedy whereof for the future. . . . II. Be it enacted, . . . . no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation. . . . or carried from any one port o place in the said colonies or plantations to any other, . . . . in any ship or bottom but what is or shall e of the built of England, . . . . or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof." Navigation Act of April 10, 1696 Which of the following groups would most likely have supported the Navigation Acts? (A) Colonial loyalists (B) New England merchants (C) Southern plantation owners (D) English mercantilists
d
"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. they were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted." Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 Which of the following contributed most directly to the end of Reconstruction? (A) The political struggles to pass the thirteenth Amendment (B) The waning commitment to reform in the North (C) The distribution of patronage jobs by Republican politicians (D) The growing in uence of the federal government over the state 38 questions, Okay
d
"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. they were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted." Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 Which of the following later historical developments is most similar to the actions of the governments described in the excerpt? (A) The United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 (B) The passage of immigration legislation during the 1920s (C) The creation of New Deal job programs in the 1930s (D) The desegregation of the United States military in 1948
d
"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. they were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted." Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 Which of the following provides the best evidence in support of the argument in the excerpt? (A) Political corruption in Southern state governments (B) The emergence of the sharecropping system during Reconstruction (C) Divisions within the women's movement over the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments (D) Changes in voting patterns and office holding that occurred during Reconstruction
d
The population trend for African Americans depicted on the graph resulted most directly from which of the following? A. A decline in the birth rate among enslaved people B. The increased use of White indentured servants as a labor force C. The outlawing of the international slave trade D. The development of an economy based on growing crops for export
d
"As citizens of Manchester [England], assembled at the Free- Trade Hall, we beg to express our fraternal sentiments toward you and your country. We rejoice in your greatness as an outgrowth of England, whose blood and language you share, whose orderly and legal freedom you have applied to new circumstances, over a region immeasurably greater than our own. We honor your Free States, as a singularity happy abode for the working millions where industry is honored. One thing alone has, in the past, lessened our sympathy with your country and our confidence in it; we mean the ascendancy of politicians who not merely maintained Negro slavery, but desired to extend and root it more firmly. Since we have discerned, however, that the victory of the free north, in the war which has so sorely distressed us as well as afflicted you, will strike off the fetters of the slave, you have attracted our warm and earnest sympathy. We joyfully honor you, as the President, and the Congress with you, for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders: 'All men are created free and equal.'" "Address from Working Men to President Lincoln," official letter sent to Lincoln, printed in the Manchester Guardian (UK), January 1st, 1863 Which of the following best describes how the political development alluded to in the letter directly affected the role of African Americans in the Civil War? E. African American enlistment and recruitment into the Union army and navy increased rapidly. F. The president could finally employ former slaves as soldiers. G. African American slaves could more easily liberate themselves by fleeing northward. H. Organization of African American fighting units was finally allowed.
e
"As citizens of Manchester [England], assembled at the Free- Trade Hall, we beg to express our fraternal sentiments toward you and your country. We rejoice in your greatness as an outgrowth of England, whose blood and language you share, whose orderly and legal freedom you have applied to new circumstances, over a region immeasurably greater than our own. We honor your Free States, as a singularity happy abode for the working millions where industry is honored. One thing alone has, in the past, lessened our sympathy with your country and our confidence in it; we mean the ascendancy of politicians who not merely maintained Negro slavery, but desired to extend and root it more firmly. Since we have discerned, however, that the victory of the free north, in the war which has so sorely distressed us as well as afflicted you, will strike off the fetters of the slave, you have attracted our warm and earnest sympathy. We joyfully honor you, as the President, and the Congress with you, for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders: 'All men are created free and equal.'" "Address from Working Men to President Lincoln," official letter sent to Lincoln, printed in the Manchester Guardian (UK), January 1st, 1863 This letter offers evidence of which of the following consequences of the significant political development referred to in the letter, which contributed to the North's victory? E. Northern leaders became morally fortified, which led to a psychological advantage. F. The North was able to gain diplomatic support from the European powers. G. The Confederacy was prevented from gaining full support from European powers. H. The resultant pressure from the British populace led Britain's government to provide naval assistance to the North.
g
