Morbidly Obese CL Study Guide

Aeneas

1. Trojan Solider who fled during the Trojan War with his father (Anchises) on his back 2. Son of Anchises, Trojan Prince, and Venus 3. Wandered to Italy 4. Had an affair with and abandoned the queen of Carthage, Dido before they were to be married; she cursed him so his people would fight Carthage 5. Aeneas's son Ascanius founds Alba Longa and is directly related to Numitor and therefore Romulus and Remus (that's why people say he founded Rome, when he really only founded Latinium)

Laocoon

1. Trojan priest who warned against receiving the Trojan horse 2. He didn't believe it was dedicated to Athena, and famously said, "beware the Greeks bearing gifts"; the Trojans didn't listen and he, enraged threw a spear at the Horse 3. Minerva sent sea-serpents to kill him and his two sons 4. He and his sons are the subject of a famous statue in the Vatican

Remus

1. Twin brother of Romulus, the founder of Rome 2. Son of Rhea Silvia and Mars 3. Died at the hands of his brother after a dispute about what hill their city would be founded on; he stepped over Romulus's wall jokingly and it was too much 4. Helped his brother in restoring Numitor the the throne in Alba Longa

Horatius (Cocles)

1. An officer in the Roman army during the early Republic 2. During a battle with Lars Porsena of Clusium (aiding Tarquin Superbus), this officer defended the bridge Pons Sublicius long enough for the romans to destroy their side 3. Saved the city from invasion, forcing Porsena to lay in for seige 4. Member of the Horatii family, who defeated the Curiatii

Columns

1. An upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete 2. Supporting an arch or other structure, or standing alone as a monument. 3. Developed in Greece and used extensively in Rome 4. Trajan famously erected a column for his victory over the Dacians

Circe

1. Dread goddess (daughter of Helios) who transforms Odysseus's crew into swine when he lands on her island 2. With Hermes' help (moly), Odysseus resists her powers 3. They become lovers, living in luxury at her side for a year. 4. She tells Odysseus he needs to go to the underworld and get a prophecy from Tiresias but also how to get pass Scylla and Charybdis 5. Sorceress, potion maker, and follower of Hecate

Daedalus

1. Genius Athenian craftsmen and inventor 2. Exiled to Crete for trying to kill his nephew 3. Helped Pasiphae mate with the Cretan bull by making a wooden cow for her to go in 4. Because of this, he was to create the Labyrinth and be imprisoned in the Labyrinth 5. Built wings from feathers and wax for him and his son Icarus to escape

Saturn/Cronos

1. God of Harvest and time 2. Son of Uranus/Gaea and father of 6 of the Olympians (Zeus, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Hestia) with his Sister Rhea 3. Fearing his children would overthrow him, he ate them, but Rhea spared Zeus, and gave him a rock wrapped in cloth instead 4. Zeus would overthrow him and be banished to Tartarus 5. Ruled over the golden age

Janus

1. God of beginnings, gates, transitions, duality, doorways, passages, and ending 2. Depicted with 2 heads; origin of the month January 3. Gates of _____ in Rome were built by Numa Pompilius, open during war and closed during peace

Mercury/Hermes

1. God of boundaries, roads, travelers, thieves, athletes, shepherds, commerce, speed, cunning, wit, sleep 2. Pschopomp, Guided Souls to the underworld 3. Divine messenger 4. Wields the caduceus and wears slippers with wings called Talaria 5. Son of Zeus and Maia

Vulcan/Hephaestus

1. God of fire, metal working, and the forge 2.Lives under the island of Vulcano 3. Ugly son of Jupiter and Juno, cast away from Olympus for being lame and weak, and was let back in after trapping Juno in a chair 4. Husband of Venus though she cheated on him with Ares a lot (he trapped them), made Pandora, chained Prometheus, Split open Zeus's head and got Athena out 5. Works with cyclopes making thunderbolts for Jupiter

Pan

1. God of nature, the wild, shepherds, flocks and mountain wilds 2. Satyr with the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat 3. Made music with a pan flute constructed from hollow reed 4. Erotic in nature 5. Origin of the word "panic", caused distress/terror from his screams when he was disturbed in his naps (origin of woodland noises)

Hercules/Heracles

1. God of strength and Heroes 2. Demigod at birth, son of Zeus and Alcmene 3. Hera didn't like him, so she cursed him to kill his wife and kids, and had to do 12 labors for redemption 4. Died from poison and his mortal body was consumed by Zeus's lightning, and his immortal half was taken to Olympus where he made amends with Hera

Apollo

1. God of sun, light, music, oracles, and healing 2. Son of Zeus and Leto, twin brother of Artemis 3. Patron of Delphi and its oracle, as well has herdsmen 4. Father of Phaeton, pursued Daphne, and killed Niobe's children 5. Encouraged expansion and buildings, and giver of laws, as laws had to be approved by his oracles

Zephyr

1. God of the West wind, the most gentle of the winds 2. Husband of Iris, and father of Karpos and Achilles's horses 3.Lives in a cave in Thrace 4. Abducted goddess Chloris and gave her the domain of flowers 5. Lifts Psyche up and brings her to the abode of Cupid

Neptune/Poseidon

1. God of the seas, storms, earthquakes, and horses 2. Protector of seafarers and patron of Atlantis 3. Consort of Amphitrite and father of Theseus and Polyphemus 4. Raped Medusa and stole her as his wife 5. Was enraged at Odysseus for blinding his son, taking away his ship and men

Bacchus/Dionysus

1. God of wine, festivity, vegetation, the vine, ritual madness, and religious ecstasy 2. Son of Zeus(and Semele), but has many origin stories 3. consort of Ariadne and is the father of the Graces 4. Has many followers, such as the Satyrs and the Maenads 5. Gives King Midas a wish for saving one of his followers

Amphitrite

1. Goddess and queen of the sea 2. Wife of Poseidon 3. Daughter of Nereus and Doris 4. Didn't want to marry Poseidon, so she was hunted down and convinced by a dolphin to do so; Poseidon made the Dolphinus constellation

Iris

1. Goddess of Rainbows, messenger of the gods (purely a messenger) 2. daughter of Thaumos and Electra, mother of Pothos 3. She was Olympian messenger during Titanomachy whilst sister Arke was messenger for titan's; Arke's wings would be ripped off and put on Achilles's shoes 4. Carried water from the river Styx in an ewer for gods' oathtaking 5. Depicted with herald's staff and vase; Married to Zephyr

Nemesis

1. Goddess of Retribution 2. Enacts punishments onto those displaying hubris before the gods 3. Made Narcissus discover his reflection for his hubris against Echo 4. Daughter of Nyx and Erebus 5. Origin of the English word "__________"

Ceres/Demeter

1. Goddess of harvest, agriculture, fertility, sacred law, and the cycle of life and death 2. Daughter of Cronos and Rhea 3. Mother of Persephone 4. She and her daughter are central figures of the religious rites of the Eleusinian Mysteries

Venus/Aphrodite

1. Goddess of love, beauty, sex, and fertility 2. Born from Caelus(R)/Uranus(G)'s severed genitals in the sea. 3. Mother of Aeneas and Cupid 4. Wife of Vulcan/Hephaestus and consort of Mars/Ares 5. Winner of judgement of Paris

Mnemoysne

1. Goddess of memory 2. Mother of the muses w/ Zeus 3. Slept with Zeus, who was disguised as Shepard, for 9 days 4. Presides over pool of memory in Hades

Vesta/Hestia

1. Goddess of the hearth, home, and family 2. Depicted as a fire in her temple 3. Her fire in the temple of Vesta has caretakers called Vestal Virgins 4. Especially important in Roman mythology, where, when the the flame went out, Rome would fall 5. Maiden goddess

Diana/Artemnis

1. Goddess of the hunt, wild animals, archery, virginity, and the moon 2. Daughter of Zeus and Leto 3. Sister of Apollo and mother to none 4. Killed Niobe's children with Apollo, shot her friend Orion, and sent boar to kill Adonis because Aphrodite killed Hippolytus (could've also been Apollo or Ares) 5. Depicted with bow and quiver

Victoria/Nike

1. Goddess of victory 2. Daughter of Styx and Pallas 3. Lives on Mt. Olympus and wears golden sandals, wings, and wreaths 4. Was charioteer during Titanomachy and awarded the victors with fame and glory

Minerva/Athena

1. Goddess of wisdom, handicraft, and warfare 2. Daughter of Zeus and Metis 3. Patron of Heroic behavior and Athens, having bested Poseidon over the cities patronage 4. Virign goddess 5. Transformed Medusa into a gorgon, and Arachne into a spider

Golden Age

1. Good and Noble era of humanity ruled by Cronus 2. men lived really old, looked young, were pious, and died peacefully 3. Humans lived among gods and they mingled 4. No work; peaceful; Food from the Earth provided in abundance 5. The spirits of these men became guardians

Plutarch

1. Greco-Roman biographer, historian, philosopher, and essayist; 46-119CE 2. Most famous for writing "Parallel Lives" biographies comparing Republican Romans and Ancient Greek 3. Also wrote Moralia, collections of essays and speeches 4. Was a priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi 5. Became a Roman citizen

The Odyssey

1. Greek Epic Poem 2. Attributed to Homer 3. Describes the 10 year Journey of Odysseus back home from the Trojan War and his reclamation of his throne in Ithaca 4. Origin of the word "Odyssey" meaning a long trek

The Iliad

1. Greek Epic Poem 2. Attributed to Homer 3. Describes the siege of Troy

Aesop

1. Greek Fabulist and story teller (620-564BCE); his existence is disputed 2. Was a slave who by cleverness becomes free and an advisor of kings and cities 3. Wrote 725 fables, short stories (usually with talking animals) that illustrates a moral 4. Wrote the scorpion and the frog, tortoise and the hare, fox and the grapes, and grasshopper and the ant

Polis

1. Literally "City" in Greek 2. Refers to Greek city states like Athens, Sparta, Delphi, and Thebes 3. Centered on one town, which was walled, but included the countryside 4. The town was made up of the Agora, and the Acropolis, raised land with a citadel and important structures 5. Ideally, citizens live all throughout, and contribute in government, religion, defense, and the economy

Magnum Opus

1. Literally "Great Work" 2. Usually used to describe an artist's greatest work 3. Major and important work given much critical praise 4. In alchemy it means to create a philosopher's stone

Ars longa vita brevis

1. Literally "Long Art, Short Life" 2. Latin Adaptation of Greek Aphorism meaning, "skillfulness takes time, life is short" 3. Taken from Hippocrates Aphorismi (1st 2 lines) 4. Latin phrase reverses the original Greek, order, emphasizing arts importance and longevity

Semper Fidelis

1. Literally "always faithful" 2. From Latin, semper "Always" and fidelis fidele (faithful) 3. Originated from Roman senators, who declaimed it after their term 4. Used throughout the middle ages and even today, as the motto of the Marine Corps.

Vice Versa

1. Literally "with position turned" 2. Other way around 3. Describes a list of 2 terms

Semper Paratus

1. Literally, "Always Prepared" 2. Comes from Latin semper (always), and paratus perfect passive participle meaning (prepared) 3. Unkown origin, but is used as a motto for the scouting movement and the US Coast Guard

Pro Tempore

1. Literally, "For the time" 2. Describes someone who acts as locam tenes (placeholder) in US Government in absence of Superior, 3. Someone made an official for the time being 4. Most famously done for the senate, where a President pro tempore is elected in the absence of the Vice President

Mea Culpa

1. Literally, "by my fault" 2. An acknowledgment of one's fault or error that could've been avoided 3. May be accompanied by the beating of the breast 4. Originates from Catholic confession of sinfulness

Habeas Corpus

1. Literally, "that you have the body" 2. a petition by the prisoner requiring a person under arrest (w/out evidence) to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention. 3. The prisoner must be brought to court supervised 4. We, a court, command that you have the body of the detainee brought before us

Epic Poem

1. Long Narrative Poem 2. Extraordinary feats of an Exceptional Hero 3. Supernatural Elements 4. Goes to the underworld 5. Includes the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Aeneid

Stentorian

1. Loud and powerful 2. Used to describe someone's voice 3. Greek origin; Stentor was the Herald of the Greek forces in the Iliad, noted for his strong and loud voice (voice of 50 men); died in shouting contest with Hermes

Amor Omnia Vincit

1. Love conquers all 2. Coined by Virgil in 10th Eclogue; published around 37BCE 3. Used by Shakespeare in Romeo and Juliet 4. Uttered by the love-sick Gallus as he dies in the poem

Pyramus and Thisbe

1. Lovers in Babylon who live in a connected house 2. Forbidden to marry so they profess their love through a hole in the wall 3. They go to a tomb to meet, but Thisbe is scared by lion with blood in mouth and leaves her cloak 4. Pyramus sees the bloodstained cloak and kills himself, Thisbe sees dead Pyramus and kills herself 5. This is why mulberry fruits are red

Censor

1. Magistrate who took the census, kept track of finances, and supervised public morality 2. elected by the Comitia Centuriata 3. 2 officials were elected every 5 years 4. a decision could only be made when both agreed 5. The census they took was used to determine the class a citizen belonged to for both military and tax purposes. It provided a register of citizens and their property from which their duties and privileges could be listed.

Arachne

1. Maiden from Lydia and daughter of Idmon, a purple dyer 2. She was an exceptional spinner/weaver and her hubris grew to big 3. She challenged Athena to a spinoff, and won 4. Athena, enraged, turned her into the first spider to weave forever 5. The scientific name for spider, "_______nid" comes from her name

Via Sacra

1. Main road of Ancient Rome 2. Led from the Capitoline Hill, through the forum and by it's important religious sites, and to the Colosseum 3. Route of triumphs, daily life, prostitutes, and the deification of emperors 4. It's route passed the Julia Basilica

Artemis and Actaeon

1. Man is a huntsman and Theban hero who was trained by Chiron 2. Man saw goddess of hunting bathing and was turned into a stag 3. Man's hounds kill man whom they thought was regular stag

The Ides of March

1. March 15, the middle of the month 2. A day for settling debts 3. The day on 44BCE that Caesar was assassinated 4. A soothsayer told Caesar to beware the ___________

Cohort

1. Military units that replaced maniples 2. Introduced by the Marian Reforms of 107BCE 3. 480 soldiers in a cohort 4. 10 cohort make up a legion, with the first being most experienced and tenth being least experienced 5. its use was cemented during the gallic war

Castor and Pollux

1. Twin gods, patrons of sailors, and connected to horsemanship; called the Dioscuri 2. Sons of Leda 3. Half-brothers, brothers of Clytemnestra and Helen, (First term) is the son of King Tyndareus of Sparta while (second term) was the son of Zeus 4. (second term) asks Zeus if he can share immortality with castor after he dies, and Zeus turns them into the Gemini constellation , saving Pollux and uniting the brothers 5. One lives in Olympus half the time and the other lives in Hades half the time

Sub rosa

1. Under the rose 2. something done in secret 3. meaning derived from a story where Cupid gives Harpocrates, god of silence, a rose to not tell the secrets of Aphrodite

Clytemnestra

1. Unfaithful wife of Agamemnon 2. Had an affair with Aegisthus and had her husband killed when he returned 3. Sister of Helen; daughter of Tyndareus and Leda 4. Mother of Iphigenia

Maniple

1. Unit of the Roman Army adopted during the Samnite Wars 2. Replaced by Cohorts during the military reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BCE 3. Typically organized in to 3 lines of 40 men 4. In a legion, there were 4 rows of 10 _________, with the most experienced soldiers being in the back

Distopia

1. Unjust, apocalyptical, totalitarian, and suffering society 2. From Greek dys- (not) and utopia (ideal state) 3. Imaginary place that is bad, opposite of a Utopia

Magnanimous

1. Virtue of being great in mind and heart 2. From Magnanimitas, meaning "relating to a great mind/soul" 3. Related to Aristotelian philosophy 4. Willingness to face danger, not being petty, being noble, etc.

Chaos

1. Void state preceding the creation of the universe 2. The state from which Gaea, Tartarus, Nyx, and Erebus emerged 3. Oldest and most powerful of the Primoridals 4. Origin of the English word "______" - a state of complete disorder

Vestal Virgins

1. Priestesses who worshipped the goddess of the hearth Vesta/Hestia 2. They keep the sacred fire in the Temple of Vesta alight, if it were to go out, Rome would fall 3. swore chastity for 30 years 4. Devoted to the study and correct observance of state rituals that were forbidden to the colleges of male priests 5. The college of the ________ was oversaw by the Pontifex Maximus

Phrixus

1. Prince of Boetia 2. Hated by Stepmother, who hatched a plot to have him and his sister sacrificed 3. Nephele, the biological mother, a sky nymph, sent a ram with a golden fleece named Chrysomallus to save them 4. He alone landed in Colchis, the ram was sacrificed to Zeus, and King Aeetes hung the fleece in the grove of Ares

Pyrrhic Victory

1. a victory with such vast losses that it isn't really an achievement 2. Acts more as a loss, damages foreseeable progress, and wastes time and resources 3. coined from Pyrrhus, a Greek general/king of Epirus who fought the Romans 4. Won early battles at a really high cost, eventually lost the the Romans 5. Used war elephants before they were cool

Affidavit

1. a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation 2. Used as evidence in a court, in conjunction with witness statements (which aren't sworn upon) 3. Derives from Laitin affidare "to state on oath", _________ is the perfect tense (he swore/stated on oath)

In Memoriam

1. adverbially used as "in memory (of)" 2. Literally "Into Memory" 3. Also an announcement or composition etc. in memory of a deceased person (noun)

Vs./Versus

1. against; used for comparison, opposition, or contrast 2. abbreviated as vs. 3. "Facing" or "turned towards"

Causa Belli

1. an action or event that justifies a war effort 2. Literally "Cause of war" in latin 3. Included in declarations of war

Plebeian

1. an ordinary citizen, especially one of the lower class 2. in the early republic, the highest office one of these could hold is Tribune 3. anyone who is not a patrician 4. hereditatry 5. Seceded 5 times, forcing patricians to give them first the office of Plebian Tribunal (494 BCE) and finally the right to pass all laws (287BCE)

Helle

1. Princess of Boetia 2. Hated by Stepmother, who hatched a plot to have her and her brother sacrificed 3. Nephele, the biological mother, a sky nymph, sent a ram with a golden fleece named Chrysomallus to save them 4. While flying, this sibling fainted and drowned in the strait between Asia and Eruope i.e. ________pont (now the Dardanelle) 5. The ram was sacrificed to Zeus, but he gave it to King Aeetes who hung the fleece in the grove of Ares

Athena and Arachne

1. Protagonist is a really good spinner/weaver and claimed she was better than the gods 2. A goddess called for a contest and while she made a tapestry of all the achivments of the gods, the protagonist made a tapestry of all the wrondoings of the gods 3. The goddess, enraged that she lost, turned the protagonist into a spider to weave webs forever 4. Origin of the word "arachnid", explains where spiders come from, and provides a cautionary tale against hubris

Livy

1. Roman historian from Patavium, Italy; 59BCE-17CE 2. Wrote the history of Rome and its people in, "Ab Urbe Condita Libri", Books from the founding of the city 3. Details earlies legends from 756 BCE, to the reign of Augustus 4. Friend of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, encouraged Claudius to write, 5. Included morals in his history, liked the old republic

Horace

1. Roman lyricist and poet during the time of Augusts; lived from (65-8BCE) 2. Wrote Hexameter and Iambic verses, with serious yet amusing tones 3. Wrote the Odes, in which he coins the phrase "Carpe Deim" - seize the day 4. one of the 3 poets of Canonical Latin literature, with Virgil and Ovid

Corvus

1. Roman naval boarding device 2. Used in the first Punic war against Carthage 3. Means crow or raven in Latin 4. Effective, since Rome's forte was land warfare, so boarding enemy ships was advantageous to the Romans

Pax Romana

1. Roman peace; 2 century period of no major wars 2. Golden age of roman imperialism, prosperous stability, territorial expansion, relative peace and order as well as hegemonial power 3. Started by Augustus in 27BCE and ended when Marcus Aurelius died in 180CE

Virgil

1. Roman poet of the Augustan period (70-19BCE) 2. Wrote the poems The Aeneid (epic poem), Eclogues, and Georgics 3. Master of Language 4. Tried to explain the animosity between Rome and Carthage 5. Connected Rome's founder Romulus to the Greeks (Aeneas)

Augury

1. Roman practice of interpreting omens from birds 2. An auger followed this practice, "Taking the Auspices"; origin of the word Auspicious 3. Auspices can be good or bad; some augers fabricated lies to delay functions 4. Famously used by Romulus and Remus to see where to found Rome 5. Frequently used in the Odyssey of Homer

Hector

1. Son of King Priam and Hecuba of Troy 2. Elder brother of Paris 3. Fought in the Trojan war for the Trojans; greatest warrior of the Trojans (their Achilles) 4. Killed many Greeks and Patroclus, thinking it was Achilles 5. Killed by Achilles, avenging Patroclus; his body was tied to a chariot and dragged across Troy for days

Paris

1. Son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy 2. Nobleman who made the judgement of _______ 3. Eloped with Helen, the immediate cause of the Trojan war 4. Fought with the Greeks, fatally wounding Achilles after he killed his older brother Hector 5. Painted as a coward in the Iliad, not doing hand to hand combat, and preferring bow and arrow

Adonis

1. Son of a king, Cinyras and his daughter Myrrha, who was turned into a Myrrh tree after having sex with her father; born from this tree 2. Found by Aphrodite who gave him to Persephone to be raised 3. When he grew up, they both wanted him, so Zeus decided that he would spend 1/3 of a year with each, and a 1/3 of the year with his choosing; he chose Aphrodite 4. While hunting he was gashed by a boar (either sent by Ares, Artemis, or Apollo) and died in Aphrodite's arms, her tears mixing with his blood 5. Origin of Anemone flowers, and the Adonia festival, being named the god of beauty and desire

Oblivio/Lethe

1. Spirit of forgetfulness and oblivion with whom an underworld river was often identified 2. Drinking water from this river erases the drinkers memory 3. The dead are required to drink from this river in order to be reincarnated according to the Aeneid 4. River flows around the cave of Hypnos, the embodiment of sleep

Polyphemus

1. The cyclops that trapped Odysseus in his cave; son of Poseidon 2. He lives in a big cave; Odysseus went inside and made camp and ate his cheese 3. Polyphemus comes in and decides to eat them all, but Odysseus cleverly said his name was "Nobody" 4. Drunkened and put to sleep by Odysseus's men and blinded; Odysseus escaped by hiding under the sheep's belly 5. Cursed Odysseus after he said his name to the cyclops to return without his men and ship

April 21, 753 BCE

1. The day Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus at the site they were suckled by the She-wolf as infants 2. Romulus wants the City to be on the Palatine hill whereas Remus wanted it to be on the Aventine Hill 3. They used augury to decide which hill, and while Remus saw 6 vultures first, Romulus saw 12 4. They still argued and Romulus ( or his men) killed Remus; Romulus would soon found the city on the Palatine hill on April 21

Nectar

1. The drink of the gods 2. Like ambrosia, could give mortals longevity and immortality 3. Closely linked with ambrosia

Status quo

1. The existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues 2. Literally "The state in which" 3. Also included in the phrase, "Status quo ante", the State before which, to denote preexisting states of affiars

Charon

1. The ferrymen of Hades who helps the dead cross the Rivers Acheron and Styx 2. Psychopomp, who helps souls get to the afterlife 3. Needs to be paid a gold coin to ferry you across the river 4. Carried many mortal heroes across the rivers as well

Romulus

1. The mythical founder of Rome 2. Son of Mars and Rhea Silvia 3. Twin brother of Remus, whom he killed in a dispute over which hill to put the city on 4. First of Seven Kings of Rome 5. Built the wall of Rome around the Palatine, Allowed all classes of people in Rome, Stole the Sabine Women, and Founded the senate

"friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears..."

1. The opening of the speech that Mark Antony gave at Caesar's funeral 2. In Shakespeare's play, not historically accurate 3. The conspirators let Antony make this oration, on the basis that he wouldn't bad mouth them, which he did through implied rhetoric, making the people mad at the conspirators

Prometheus

1. Titan god of foresight; hero and trickster 2. He and his brother Epimetheus fought for the Olympians and got to design life on Earth for their efforts. 3. ________ molds humans out of clay 4. The humans were shunned from Olympus and denied fire, which ________ stole from Hephaestus and gave the the humans 5. As punishment, __________ must have his liver eaten by an eagle everyday; freed by Heracles

Oceanus

1. Titan god of the river __________ that encircled the Earth 2. Father of the river gods and the Oceanids 3. Brother/Husband of Tethys 4. Regulated the heavenly bodies that rose and fell into his domain (clouds/rain) 5. His river is the origin of all freshwater

Veritas/ Aletheia

1. Titan goddess of truth 2. Name literally means truth 3. Daughter of Saturn, and mother of Virtus 4. Either depicted as a robed virgin or the "naked truth" 5. Name is typically used a motto, like for Harvard

Atlas

1. Titan who's punishment for the Titanomachy is holding up the Heavens for eternity 2. Gets tricked by Heracles to get the Apples of Hesperides 3. Some sources designate him as the father of Calypso 4. Origin of the name Atlantic Ocean, a world ______, and City of Atlantis

Consul

1. Title of the 2 chief magistrates in the Roman republic 2. 1 year elected office; appointed by senate and elected by Comitia Centuriata (a popular assembly) 3. The highest magistrates 4. Absolute imperium, but they could veto eachother; after serving, they would usually become provincial governors

Suum Cuique

1. To each their own, may all get their due 2. Popularized by Cicero 3. Used by Justinian in his Institutiones 4. Derives from old Greek principle derived by Plato 5. Lets everyone have their own opinion

Ad infinitum

1. To infinity 2. Used to describe how something is repeated over and over again 3. Commonly used in English; borrowed from Latin for "to infinity"

Errare est humanum

1. To make mistakes is human 2. Attributed to Seneca the Younger, but Virgil and Cicero both said something similar before 3. Part of a larger phrase that says "To err is human, but to persist (in making such mistakes) is diabolical) 4. Says that making mistakes is ok, but don't pursue mistakes

Veto

1. To reject a law from being passed 2. A form of government check, developed by Romans during the Republic 3. Consuls and tribunes could veto in the Republic 4. The US president can veto a bill from being passed, which can be overturned by congress 5. From Latin Veto "I forbid"

Ad Nauseam

1. To sickness 2. Indicates something has been done to the extent that everyone is sick of it 3. Usually refers to a topic of discussion or argument

Ad astra per aspera

1. Towards the stars through hardship 2. One of many "ad astra" phrases 3. Motto of Kansas coined in 1861 by John Ingalls 4. Motto of UHS

Via

1. Traveling through a route to a destination (go _____ this street) 2. Derives from via in Latin, meaning street 3. More generally means by way of

Interregnum

1. literally (between reigns) 2. A period of discontinuity in government/social order 3. describes periods between elections 4. Usually accompanied by civil war 5. Name derives from the 7 kings of Rome, when Romulus died, there was a period where each senator ruled for 12 hours and rotated until Numa Pompilius became king; in the Republic, this term referred to when both consuls died, and patricians were chosen to be Interrexes who would run the next election

Corpus delicti

1. literally, "Body of Crime" 2. Principle that a crime most be proved to have occurred before a person can be convicted 3. An example of this principle is that a person can't be charged with larceny if property isn't proven to be stolen

In absentia

1. literally, "in absence" 2. While not present at the even being referred to (i will be tried ___________) 3. Usually used to describe whoever the proceeding is about (defendant) in criminal court

Sui Generis

1. literally, "of its own kind" 2. Derives from Latin _____ (of his, her, its own) and _______ (of a kind) 3. means that something is unique, or one of a kind

Sine die

1. literally, "without a day" 2. Legal term 3. Used to say there nothing left to do, and no date for further proceedings, so adjourned _________

Papyrus

1. material similar to thick paper used as writing surface in ancient times 2. Made using the pith of the _________ plant 3. Originated in Egypt, used all over the Mediterranean, including Rome for books, scrolls, legal documents, and correspondence 4. Used for writing, painting, rope, sandals, and boats

Quorum

1. minimum number of members in an assembly to make proceedings valid 2. From latin "______" meaning Whose/of whom 3. Used in a middle English, commission for justices of peace, and the term stuck; though the practice has existed long before the name of this term

Sine qua non

1. not without which 2. Indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient 3. Occurs in the work of Boethius and derives from Aristotelian expressions 4. Entered Latin as a legal term (but-for causation)

Antebellum

1. occurring or existing before a war 2. derives from Latin ante (before) and bellum (war) 3. Mostly used to describe the __________ south during the American Civil War

Posthumous

1. occurring or published after author's death 2. "after burial" 3. While usually used to describe something published after author's death, it can also be used more generally, and even for winning an award

Per Os (P.O.)

1. route of administration of a substance into the body through the mouth 2. Literally "Through the Mouth" 3. Medication prescriptions to be taken orally are labeled _________, whereas suppositories are not

Otiose

1. serving no practical use or result, worthless 2. Also insolent and idle 3. Derives from Latin Otium, meaning leisure

Placebo

1. sham substance which has no therapeutic value, but affects how patients perceive their condition, making them feel better; psychological but not physical effect 2. Commonly used to test drugs as a control 3. Derives from Latin "_________" "I will please" 4. Differs from a nocebo, which uses the same principle but has a negative effect

C.V. (curriculum vitae)

1. short written summary of a person's career, qualification, and education 2. Essentially a resume, but it details the whole course of a career and education so it tends to be longer than the more concise resume 3. "Course of life"

Bellicose

1. showing willingness to battle 2. Derives from Latin word bellum meaning war 3. Entered English through the derivatives bellicus/bellicosus meaning "warlike" 4. Mars/Ares would be considered _______________

Terra firma

1. solid land 2. Planet's solid surface and interior 3. Land distinct from the hydrosphere and atmosphere

Rara Avis

1. something rare, unique, or hard to find 2. Literally "rare bird", _____ (rare) ______ (bird) 3. From Juvenal's satires

Sedentary

1. spending much time sitting down and inactive 2. Derives from Latin (sedeo, sedere) meaning to sit 3. Also used to describe animals that don't migrate 4. Entered English in the late 16th century, and the word is more popular than ever, as many people sit down all day, having a _______ lifestyle

Caduceus

1. staff carried by Hermes with 2 snakes and wings 2. Symbolizes commerce, negotiation, and logistics, and thievery 3. Gift of Apollo to Hermes 4. Wrongly used, especially in the US, to symbolize healthcare. The rod of Asclepius with one snake and no wings is the correct symbol

Mellifluous

1. sweet and musical; pleasant to hear 2. Describes a voice sound, or even writing or someone's writing style 3. Derives from latin mel, mellis (honey), and fluere (to flow); mellifluus in latin 4. Translates to "flowing like honey"

Dictator

1. temporary magistrate with complete imperium; 6 month term 2. Appointed by consul in times of crisis to solve an issue 3. Cincinnatus, Pompey, Sulla, and Caesar all held this office 4. Abolished after Caesar's assassination

Amphora

1. type of container 2 handles, pointed bottom, and narrow neck used all over Eurasia 2. Used predominately to carry wine; also used for solids and other liquids 3. Popular with Greek and Romans for storage or transport via land and sea 4. Could be made ornate with inscriptions and depictions 5. usually ceramic but some are metal

Terra incognita

1. unknown land 2. Land that hasn't been discovered yet 3. Used in cartography for undiscovered land 4. Originally used in Ptolemy's geography

In situ

1. varied use; describes how measurements are taken in physics, geology, chemistry, and biology 2. Literally "on site" or "in [original] place/position" 3. Measurements _____________ are where the phenomena is occurring, not isolated from local systems and have no altered condition; Measurements not __________ are isolated from local systems 4. An archaeological artifact or biological specimen _________ is where they were found/naturally occur; not taken out of it's place 5. antonym of ex [insert 2nd word]

Cum grano salis

1. with a grain of salt 2. means to look at something with skepticism 3. Anglified grammar of a term in Pliny the Elder's Natrulalis Historiae, "addito salis grano"

Summa Cum Laude

1. with highest praise 2. Award given to the top 1,2, of 5 percent of the class during graduation, depends on the school 3. Higher academic honor than both cum laude and magna cum laude 4. The highest honor of the system put in place by Harvard

Romance Languages

1.Any of the languages derived from vulgar Latin 2. Includes Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian 3. Part of the Indo-European language family

Mt. Vesuvius

1. Active volcano 2. Exploded in 79CE and destroyed Pompeii(covered it in ash) and its sister city, Herculaneum 3. The mountain where the third slave revolt was fought 4. buried the cities in Ash, killing many 5. Happened during Titus's reign who aided the survivors

Elysian Fields/Elysium

1. Afterlife given to the righteous, heroic, and those chosen by the gods 2. separate part of Hades, where men live happily and enjoy their mortal jobs 3. originally for heroes granted immortality by the gods, but by Roman times was for blessed dead 4. On the bank of Oceanus

Omniscient

1. All knowing, knowing everything 2. Derives from latin Omnis (all) and sciens (knowing) 3. Used to describe god, and also used to describe certain types of narrators in the 3rd person

Utopia

1. An ideal, perfect society 2. From Greek uo (not) and topos (place), showing that a Utopia doesn't exist, but is imagined 3. An imaginary society that possesses perfect qualities for its members, Plato made up Utopia (ancient Athens) 4. Coined was termed by Thomas More in his book Utopia

Cave Canem

1. Beware the dog 2. Warning sign indicates dangerous dog is within 3. Deters burglary, even with no dog 4. Found in many Roman homes, even in mosaics

Homer

1. Blind Greek Poet; lived around 850 BCE 2. Resided in Chios; existence/portfolio is debated 3. Orally transmitted poems 4. The Odyssey and Iliad are both attributed to him

Ichor

1. Blood of the gods 2. What Talos was filled with 3. Toxic to humans and kills them instantly

Ipso Facto

1. By the fact itself 2. Denotes that a phenomenon is a direct result of an act in question; basically a "therefore" 3. contrasts with Per Se (through/by itself)

Hannibal Barca

1. Carthaginian general/statesmen and son of Hamilcar Barca 2. Leader of Carthaginian soldiers in the second Punic war 3. Swore an oath "to never be a friend to the romans" by his father 4. Scored many early victories against Rome 5. Marched war elephants across the Alps in invasion of Italy

Aegis

1. Device worn by Athena and Zeus 2. Depicted as a goatskin shield 3. Sometimes Bears a gorgon head 4. Origin of the phrase, under one's ______________

Festina Lente

1. literally "make haste slowly"; classical adage and oxymoron 2. illustrated by dolphin wrapped around anchor 3. phrase used by Augustus and Titus 4. reflects Augustus's views on how a military commander should be i.e. not rash 5. Popular phrase during the renaissance and Shakespearean era

Aeolus

1. Divine ruler of winds, lives in moving, flying island called Aeolia 2. Has wife, and 6 each of sons and daughters, who are to marry each other 3. Releases the violent winds when the gods ask him to 4. Approached by Odysseus and gave him a bag of winds to carry him home, but the crew opened it out of greed and the winds took them back

M.D. (Medicinae Doctor)

1. Doctor of Medicine 2. A medical degree 3. Professional degree; denotes a professional practitioner

Ph.D (Doctor Philosophiae)

1. Doctor of Philosphy 2. Most common degree at the highest academic degree 3. Requires research to obtain 4. Can be awarded to students of all fields of study, earning them the title Dr.

Edict of Milan

1. A proclamation made by Constantine and Licinius that gave religious freedom to all Romans 2. Allowed Christians to freely practice their religion and build churches 3. Gave all seized property back to the Christians 4. Passed in 313CE

Cyclops

1. A race of one eyed giants 2. Described by Hesiod to make Zeus's thunderbolts (son of Gaia and Uranus) 3. Described by Homer to be Shepherds and sons of Poseidon 4. Polyphemus, a famous cyclops, was blinded by Odysseus and Cursed him

Alma Mater

1. A school that is attended, typically college or university 2. Means Nourishing mother 3. Feeds into the allegory that school is the nourishing mother of knowledge to the alumni "nurslings" 4. Also the name of a school's fighting song

Fasces

1. A symbol of an ax surrounded by a bundle of wood 2. Signified the power of the magistrates 3. Originated from the Etruscans 4. Carried by the Lictors, bodyguards of Patricians

Corrigenda

1. A thing to be corrected, typically an error in a printed book 2. A list of corrected errors inserted into a publication 3. This is for the author's mistake, not publication errors 4. From Latin, "errata corrige" "fix the mistakes"

Nolo contendere

1 a plea in which the defended accepting conviction as though guilty without accepting guilt 2. Alternative to guilty/not guilty plea, in criminal court, but is often restricted in use 3. Literally, "I wish not to contend"

The Die is Cast

1. "Alea iacta est" 2. Said by Julius Caesar in 49 BCE before crossing the Rubicon, Marching on Rome, starting a civil war against Pompey 3. A phrase which means "there is no turning back", "one must press on" 4. A similar meaning is applied to the phrase, "crossing the Rubicon"

Necropolis

1. "City of the Dead" in Greek 2. Large designed cemetery 3. Includes elaborate tomb monuments 4. Planned burial site separate from city, not large city tombs and Mausoleums 5. Examples include the Victorian Glasgow Necropolis and the Giza Necropolis

Cf/Confer

1. "Compare" 2. Used to tell reader to refer with other material and make a comparison 3. Short for Conferatur/Confer 4. typically used in an academic context

Ex officio

1. "From [the virture/right] the office" 2. A member of a body that is part of it by virtue of holding another office 3. Use dates back to the Roman Republic 4. Example is how the Count of Foix and Prince of Urgell are appointed ex officio as co-princes of Andorra

"Nos morturi te salutetem"

1. "Hail, Emperor, those who are about to die salute you" 2. Suetonius and Dio records that this was said by gladiators to emperor Claudius in a mock naval battle in 59 CE 3. Claudius responded with "aut non" or not 4. Not used anywhere else, and this salute probably was made up

Veni Vidi Vici

1. "I came, I saw, I conquered" 2. Written by Julius Caesar to the Senate in 47 BCE 3. Describes a quick and conclusive victory against Pontus in the Battle of Zela

"Eureka"

1. "I have found [it]" 2. Shouted by the Greek Mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse 3. Shouted the phrase because when he discovered that you can find the volume of irregular objects by the water they displace; he found this out when he was in the tub and the water went up, so he shouted Eureka naked in the streets 4. Used as the state motto of California, referencing the discovery of gold at Sutter's mill

In loco parentis

1. "In the place of a parent" 2. Legal responsibility of a person/organization to take on some of the functions as a parent 3. Affects teachers and other adults responsible for children

In hoc signo vinces

1. "In this sign you will conquer" 2. Seen in Greek by Constantine and his army below a cross in the sky before the Battle of Milvian bridge against Maxentius (the battle that would have the praetorian guard disbanded) 3. Constantine had a dream where Jesus explained to put the chi-ro sign on the shields of the soldiers 4. The battle was a decisive victory for Rome, this made Constantine believe 5. The motto is on the Scala Regia in the Vatican next to the statue of Constantine

Iustitia Omnibus

1. "Justice for all" 2. also preceded by "libertas et" 3. Motto of Washington DC, and the phrase is found in the pledge of allegiance

Iota

1. A very small quantity or degree; a jot 2. Ninth letter of the Greek Alphabet (transliterated as i) 3. smallest letter in the Greek alphabet, hence its meaning 4. "Jot", originally this word, entered English through Latin (same meaning)

Exit

1. A way out, especially a public building, room, or passage 2. Derives from latin, ex (out from) and eo (go) 3. Stage direction used to say that a performer "goes out"

Oedipus Rex

1. "King ______" 2. Athenian Tragedy; 1st of 3 Theban plays written by Sophocles; performed in 429BCE 3. ______ is the king of Thebes who unwittingly accidentally a prophecy by killing his dad and marrying his mom 4. Born to the King/Queen of Thebes and he was fated to kill his father and marry his mother, so they sent the baby to die, a shepherd took pity, and the baby survived; as a man, he Killed a Laius (his father) on his way to Thebes, to enter, he answers the riddle of the Sphinx and marries the queen 5. For the entire play, he tries to figure out who killed the King, his father, and at the end, he came to the realization that it was him; his mom killed herself and he blinded himself

"Arma togae cedant"

1. "Let arms yield to the toga" 2. Means that military power leads to civil power 3. Said by Cicero 4. A motto of Wyoming, featured on the territorial flag

Ex Tempore

1. "Out of the moment" 2 A court decision made after immediately after hearing the case 3. Decision made without preparation

Q.E.D./Quod erat demonstratum

1. "That which was demonstrated" 2. Put at the end of math proofs an philosophical arguments, to prove that a proof or argument is complete 3. Used to show that a situation or fact proves what someone's trying to say 4. Shows that an idea or theory is complete

Sic semper tyrannis

1. "Thus always to Tyrants" 2. Suggests bad, but justified outcomes always befall tyrants 3. Said to have been used by the Brutuses who killed Tarquin Superbus and Caesar 4. Has extensive use in the US, for government and military emblems and seals

Quid pro quo

1. "What for what" 2. An exchange of goods or service in which one transfer is contingent of the other (tit for tat, favor for favor) 3. In civil law, it just means that something has been exchanged for something else w/value 4. Contracts are sometimes necessary to prove that a transaction was _______________

post mortem

1. "after death" 2. Essentially an autopsy 3. Examination of a body to determine cause of death

Ca. (circa)

1. "around" or "approximately" 2. Used w/ dates to show that they're an approximation 3. Used since Roman times and entered English, still commonly used today

Prima facie

1. "at first sight"; obvious 2. Based on first impression; accepted as correct until proven otherwise 3. The party with the burden of proof must present the __________ evidence to be discussed

Maenad

1. "mad women" who follow Dionysus 2. Wear fox skins and go into ecstatic frenzy 3. A group of Maenad's killed Orpheus for being and infidel to Dionysus 4. Would devolve into a frenzy during Bacchanalia

Non compos mentis

1. "of unsound mind", literally, "not having control of the mind" 2. Legal term used to describe people affected w/ madness in life 3. Origin of the English insult "nincompoop"

Per diem

1. "per day" 2. Rates how much a traveler is allowed to spend per day on lodging, meals, and incidental expenses 3. Daily allowance; being paid daily

Per capita

1. "per head" 2. used in many administrations/statistics in place of per person and its used in wills 3. Commonly used in the GDP ________ analytic, dividing a countries wealth per person

Per annum

1. "per year" 2. Used in financial contexts 3. Someone paid every year is paid _________

Modus Operandi (M.O.)

1. "way of operating" 2. A particular way or method of doing something 3. Especially a well established way 4. Used specifically for business or criminal investigations (They figure out criminals' method of operation)

Bona Fide

1. "with good faith" 2. Sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest regardless of outcome 3. In law it's the devotion of mental and moral states of honesty and conviction, not deception

Fiat

1. (judicial) an order or decree, especially an arbitrary one which is entered on a court record 2. Also refers to a decree detailing scheduling 3. Dervies from 3rd sg pres active sub of fieri to become/be done, ___________ (let it be done)

Nominal

1. (of a person or status) in name only, not in fact 2. Very small amount (money) 3. Derives from nomen (name); nominalis "relating to a name"

Saturnine

1. (of a person) having a tendency to be sad, bitter, gloomy, sarcastic, and slow 2. Derives from "Satruninus" relating to Saturn 3. References the planet, not the deity; medieval latin 4. Some are born under the astrological effects of Saturn to have these traits

Trojan War

1. 10 year war fought between the Mycenaean Greeks and the city of Troy; described in the Iliad 2. Started by the Judgment of Paris, after which Aphrodite let him elope with Helen of Troy 3. Menelaus wanted this war, but his more popular brother Agamemnon gathered the men to fight 4. Ended in a victory for the Greeks and the sack of Troy 5. This war would cause Aeneas to wander to Italy and found Rome

P.M. (post meridiem)

1. 12 hours after noon/before midnight 2. Literally "after midday" 3. Used to denote which half of the day the clock is describing

A.M. (ante meridiem)

1. 12 hours before noon/after midnight 2. Literally "before midday" 3. Used to denote which half of the day the clock is describing

Sub poena

1. A witness summons 2. literally, "under penalty" 3. a writ issued by a government agency (court) to have testimony by a witness or production of evidence under a penalty for failure

SPQR

1. Abbreviation of "Senatus PopulusQue Romanus" 2. Translates to "The Roman Senate and People" 3. Found on coins, monuments, the battle standard, speeches, laws and public and civil works 4. Used from the late republic to the reign of Constantine

Sophocles

1. Acclaimed Athenian Playwright (497-405BCE) 2. Wrote Oedipus Rex, Ajax, and Antigone 3. Wrote around 120 plays, but only 7 survive in full 4. One of 3 ancient Greek tragedians

Achilles Heel

1. Achilles, the greatest of the Greeks in the Trojan war, was shot by Paris's arrow in this spot 2. This is his weak spot, as he was held by this body part and dipped into the river Styx 3. Nowadays more broadly refers to a fatal flaw/weakspot

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

1. 2 brothers that are the sons of a former consul Gracchus the elder, and the daughter of Scipio Africanus 2. Bother were populares tribunes of the plebs; the people who first pronounced the divide between the populists(populares) and the aristocrats(optimates) in senate 3. The older brother, seeing that the Roman soldiers are losing their land to the aristocrats and their slave labor, and the general disparity of the Roman people, pushed for agrarian land reforms (giving public land to the people, from the aristocrats who had illegally taken it) 4. Pushed for other social and constitutional reforms, but was constantly pushed back and was eventually killed by the conservative faction of the government, who thought he had kingly aspirations (illegal since tribune of plebs were sacrosanct); thrown in Tiber river (made violence commonplace in senate) 5. the younger brother, elected tribune twice, made laws that justified his older brothers deposition of a tribune (the one that was vetoing him), and a law against banishment w/out trial; advocated for agrarian reforms, for the republic pay for some of the soldier's stuff (the state's negligence over caring for the army ultimately doomed it), for the equites to be judges, for italic people to be Roman citizens(unpopular) and for a cap on the price of grain and the regular distribution of it for the poor

Scylla and Charybdis

1. 2 monsters on opposite ends of the Messina Strait 2. Passed by heroes like Odysseus, Jason, and Aeneas 3. One is a 6 headed monster who will always eat 6 men; the other is a whirlpool monster that can take out an entire ship 4. Circe advised Odysseus to go past Scylla and only lose 6 men rather than risk everything 5. Between two equal dangers; avoiding one means getting closer to the other.

Battle of Trasimene

1. 2nd major battle of the 2nd Punic war; took place after the victory of the Carthaginians at Trebia, and after many Gallic recruits defected to Hannibal 2. Carthaginians moved south and ambushed the army of Flaminius at lake ________ 3. Completely destroyed the Romans, and a second roman cavalry army 4. Flaminius himself was killed by the Gallic Tribesmen Ducarius, who was fighting for Carthage

Fates

1. 3 Embodiments of destiny 2. Spinners and weavers, life is a string and cutting it symbolizes death 3. Clotho spun the "thread" of human fate, Lachesis dispensed it determining the events of life, and Atropos cut the thread (thus determining the individual's moment of death).

Graces

1. 3 Goddesses of Brightness, joyfulness, and bloom 2. bestowed beauty, charm, and goodness on young women and to give joy to people in general 3. Attended the gods, especially Aphrodite

Furies

1. 3 sister Subterranean deities of vengeance; live in a nest 2. Listen to complaints of mortals and hound them unto wrongdoers brought by harpies 3. Associated with night and darkness 4. Tisiphone (avenger of murder), Megaera (jealously), and Alecto (constant anger) are the names of the spirits 5. Sometimes depicted as a bird human hybrid that lives in a nest, but they have claws unlike Harpies (Downer said this, but I've never heard it anywhere else)

Cerberus

1. 3-headed Hound of hades 2. Guard of the Underworld 3. Keeps the dead from leaving 4. Captured by Hercules as one of the 12 labors

Tarquin Superbus

1. 7th and final king of Rome, whos overthrowing started the republic; Etruscan 2. Evil, terrorizing, tyrant who killed the last king 3. His son Sextus raped Lucretia, the wife of a guy named Collatinus 4. Collatinus and Brutus overthrew this king, becoming the first consuls of the republic 5. This king would flee and come back and fight with the Etruscans but failed numerous times to get his throne back

Tarpeian Rock

1. 80ft, tall, steep cliff off Capitoline hill 2. Site of the execution of murderers, perjurers, and larcenous slaves, but especially traitors 3. Convicted by quaestors parricidii, the crime solving quaestors before the normal classical ones 4. Got it's name from Tarpeia, a woman who betrayed the romans by letting the Sabines in; she wanted jewelry, but was instead buried by their shields

Flavian Dynasty

1. A Dynasty, founded by Vespasian, that ruled from 69-96 CE 2. Vespasian Titus and Domitian 3. Brought stability to Rome after the year of the 4 emperors 4. The dynasty that completed the Colosseum 5. Made economic reforms and enacted massive building programs for Rome after the fire and civil war

Mosaic

1. A Pattern or Image made from small regular or irregular pieces 2. Made of colored glass, stone, or ceramic 3. Held together with Mortar 4. Started in Mesopotamia, and was Popular in Greece, Rome, and Byzantium

Pompeii

1. A city built at the base of Mt. Vesuvius, an active volcano 2. After an eruption in 79 CE, the city was destroyed and buried in ash, which preserved it 3. Biggest city destroyed by the eruption, and many died 4. It's preservation makes it a unique and important archaeological site

Referendum

1. A general vote by the electorate on a single important political question or proposed law 2. Referred to the people for directly democratic voting 3. Used for questions too important for representatives to vote on, like brexit 4. Derives from Latin referre (to carry back)

Troy

1. A great and powerful walled kingdom ruled by Priam at the time of the Trojan War (heroic age) 2. Located on the coast of Asia Minor 3. Fought with a Greek alliance under Agamemnon over Helen of Troy 4. Was invaded by the Greeks in the Trojan horse and sacked 5. The father of the Romans, Aeneas came from this city

Labyrinth

1. A huge maze created by Daedalus to contain the Minotaur 2. Located under the court of King Minos in Crete 3. Entered by Theseus, who kills the Minotaur 4. The center of the maze houses the Minotaur

Ovation

1. A lesser triumph 2. For generals who fought lesser opponents 3. Proceeded alone without army, and only gets magistrate garbs/Venus Myrtle Crown 4. Famously given to Crassus for 3rd slave rebellion as well as to Caesar, Augustus, and Mark Antony

Errata

1. A mistake in a publication 2. Also a list of corrected errors inserted into a publication 3. Usually bound to the back of a book 4. Literally "error/mistake" in Latin 5. Usually issued for printing mistakes

Etruscans

1. A people living in Italia, north of Rome 2. Rome came to have three Kings from this people 3. The last king of Rome, Tarquin Superbus was a member of these people 4. During the regal and republican eras, Rome fought with these people and eventually won 5. Emperor Claudius heavily researched these people

Euripides

1. Ancient Athenian playwright and Tragedian (480-406BCE) 2. One of the 3 Tragedians who have surviving full works, with Sophocles and Aeschylus 3. Wrote Medea and Hippolytus (Theseus kills his son because he thought he did his mom) 4. Wrote 95 plays, but only 18/19 survived complete 5. Pioneered many theatrical innovations and developments and was a cornerstone of ancient literary Education; called "the most tragic of the poets" by Aristotle, (______ focused on the inner lives and motives of his subjects)

Herodtus

1. Ancient Greek historian and Geographer from Halicarnassus; 484-425BCE 2. Wrote histories of Greece and the Persian Wars 3. Describes the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae, etc., with cultural, ethnographical, and historiographical background 4. didn't mention divine intervention and just used facts, though he was accused of including legends, fanciful accounts, and fake stories by Thucydides; said he only wrote what he saw/heard 5. Dubbed, "The father of History" by Cicero

Thucydides

1. Ancient Greek historian; Picks up where Herodotus left off; 460-400BCE 2. Wrote about the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta 3. Dubbed, "The father of scientific history" 4. Didn't include morals, culture, and human nature like Herodotus; just war and war alone

Alias

1. Another identity, typically used by criminals 2. an assumed name 3. Meaning comes from Latin "Alius" meaning another, other

Alter Ego

1. Another, alternative self, distinct from normal 2. "The other self" 3. Coined by Cicero, describing it as "another self, a trusted friend" 4. Researched by Freud

Apple of Discord

1. Apple throw by Eris (goddess of discord) at the wedding of Thetis and Peleus 2. Inscribed with "to the fairest" 3. Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed it, but Zeus didn't want to decide so Paris, a mortal was chosen to make the judgment 4. Aphrodite won the apple, which was won through bribery 5. Became a colloquial phrase meaning something that causes a dispute

Gaius Marius and Sulla

1. Arch rivals; fought the first civil war against each other 2a. Roman general and politician; won consul 7 times (unheard of and illegal), received 2 triumphs (for Jugurthine and Cimbrian wars); uncle of Julius Caesar 2b. Subordinate of the former, caused dispute for who deserved the triumph for capturing Jugurtha, starting a long lasting rivalry; after the Cimbrian war, they were enemies 3a. Reformed and restructured the army, introducing cohorts; now you don't have to own land to be a solider and while the landowning soldiers before felt indebted to the state and fought for it, the new peasants solders expected payment and demobilization coverage from the state; this laid the groundwork for the professional army of the empire, and the shift of loyalty from state to general, ending the republic 3b. Used the reforms of the former to gather an army of veterans (6 legions and march on Rome); won the civil war against his enemy 4a. lost the civil war to his enemy 4b. became dictator of Rome, and used his full imperium to make constitutional reforms and strengthen the senate, making it difficult to re-do his actions, but the damage was done, and the days of Roman allegiance to the senate was over 5. this rivalry paved the way for the Cataline conspiracy and the end of the republic, through Julius Caesar

Io

1. Argive princess, priestess to Hera, and ancestor of many heros 2. Zeus consumated her and transformed her into a cow to hide her from Hera 3. Hera figured it out and got 100-eyed argus to watch her 4. Zeus got Hermes to slay Argus and he saved her, Hera got mad and made a gadfly sting her forever 5. As a cow, Io wandered, giving the Bosporus strait its name, she eventually made it to Egypt where her human form was returned

Gladiators

1. Armed combatant who entertained republic/empire by fighting other _________s, animals and criminals; 105BCE to 2nd Century CE 2. Some volunteered, most were slaves; taught in _________ schools and were to live and die by the sword 3. They showed fighting ethics and were highly celebrated; said Avē Imperātor, moritūrī tē salūtant ("Hail, Emperor, those who are about to die salute you") 4. These types of entertainers were usually found in the Colosseum 5. Spartacus was member of this type of entertainer

Ars gratis artis

1. Art for Art's Sake 2. Latin adaption of the French phrase "l'art pour l'art" by Victor Cousin 3. Describes the philosophical value of "true" art 4. Used in the MGM logo above Leo the Lion

Demosthenes

1. Athenian Orator, Statesmen, lawyer, and logographer 2. Learned rhetoric from old speeches 3. Opposed Macedonian expansion; Denounced Philip II and encouraged resistance against Alexander using rhetoric 4. His resistance fails, and he was hunted down by Alexander's son and he killed himself 5. Claimed by Cicero to be the perfect orator who stands along among all; Cicero models his style after him

Theseus

1. Athenian hero, son of Poseidon/Aegeus (king of Athens) 2. Did 6 labors (killed 6 bandits at the entrances of Hades) while going to Athens to claim throne 3. Captured the Cretan/Marathonian bull and sacrificed it 4. Killed the Minotaur, eloped with Ariadne but left her on Naxos 5. Unites Attica under Athens as king

Antigone

1. Athenian tragedy; last of the Theban Plays written by Sophocles 2. First performed in 441 BCE 3. Play about the aftermath of the civil war between Oedipus's sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, who both die fighting; step bro becomes king; the former brother was venerated and the latter shamed as traitor 4. The title of the play is the protagonist, the daughter of Oedipus who spends the length of the play trying to bury Polyneices, sentenced to death by Creon, the new king 5. The second oldest of Sophocles's works, though it's the 3rd installment of this series

Ovid

1. Augustan poet 2. Ranked as one of the 3 poets of canonical Latin literature with Virgil and Horace 3. Wrote the Metamorphoses, recounting the history of the world from its beginning to the deification of Caesar 4. Banished to a remote city near the black sea by Augustus for unknown reasons

Ecce Homo

1. Behold, the man! 2. A depiction of Jesus in the Crown of Thorns, subject of many paintings 3. Said by the soldier Pontius Pilate in the Vulgate Bible, when he brought the scourged Jesus in front of a hostile crowd

Polytheism

1. Belief in multiple gods 2. Includes religions like the pagan Greek and Roman belief systems 3. Official and Dominant religious system in the Empire before Constantine

Monotheism

1. Belief in only 1 god 2. Examples are Christianity, Judaism, and Islam 3. Became the dominant belief system in the Empire after Constantine and following emperors encouraged it

Hamilcar Barca

1. Carthaginian statesman and father of Hannibal Barca 2. fought against the Romans in the first Punic War 3. last of the 4 Carthaginian generals; led land troops in Sicily (247-241 BCE) 4. Small mercenary army didn't have many supplies, though Romans lacked supplies too; this general tried maintaining a stalemate, and was successful through guerilla tactics, returned with intact army after Carthage sued for peace 5. Quelled a rebellion of mercenary soldiers near Carthage and did conquest in Spain, getting lots of money

Circus Maximus

1. Chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue (festivals, religious events, and public games) 2. 150,000 seats 3. Between the Aventine/Palatine hill 4. Biggest stadium in Rome; Model for all circuses 5. Built by Tarquinius Priscus but took its iconic shape under Julius Caesar

Jovial/Jove

1. Cheerful and Friendly 2. Dervies from latin "Jovialis" meaning "of Jupiter" 3. Since Jupiter is the source of joy and happiness, being the chief god of the Roman Pantheon, someone of Jupiter is happy

Calliope

1. Chief of the 9 muses 2. Goddess of epic poetry and eloquence 3. Mother of Orpheus and Linus; consort of Apollo 4. Daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne

Patroclus

1. Childhood friend and close wartime companion of Achilles 2. When Achilles left, he put his armor on to inspire the Greeks 3. Killed by Hector who thought he was the real Achilles 4. His death inspires Achilles to come back and fight; killing Hector

Puerile

1. Childish, silly, and trivial 2. derives from "puer", boy/children 3. especially used to describe humor, synonym to Sophomoric

Ithaca

1. City in Greece 2. Home of Odysseus and ruled by him 3. The city Odysseus is trying to return to in the Odyssey, and the city that the Suitors are trying to take over

Triumph

1. Civil ceremony given as the highest honor to victorious Roman Generals; A big parade which granted a general 1 day to march soldiers into the Pomerium 2. To be eligible, a general most by hailed imperator, gain territory, and be approved by the senate and plebeian council 3. Takes place across 3 stages; everyone gets off work 4. First stage is the dioramas (propoganda), money, slaves(captured soldiers and leaders), and animals from conquered lands (the more exotic the better), stage 2 was the _______ator's appearance in all purple, laurel crown (slave holds it above head repeating "you are mortal"), chariot, and red Jupiter face, the last stage is the army's entrance singing rude songs 5. Took the via sacra, went through the forum, and up the Capitoline hill to the Temple of Jupiter; many festivities

Centaur

1. Creature with the bottom of a horse and the torso of a man 2. Fought with the Lapiths(who were aided by Theseus) in the centauromachy and were defeated 3. Chiron with the most prominent of the centaurs and tutored the god of medicine, Asclepius as well as heroes like Hercules, Achilles, and Jason

Leda

1. Daughter of Aetolian king Thestius; queen of Sparta 2. Consumated by Zeus as a swan 3. Bore Helen of Troy, Clytemnestra, and Castor and Pollux from eggs

Iphigenia

1. Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra 2. Sacrificed to Artemis for good wind to get to Troy 3. Princess of Mycenae

Medea

1. Daughter of King Aeetes of Colchis 2. Sorceress, niece of Circe, and granddaughter of Helios 3. Hera convinces Aphrodite to make Eros make her fall in love with Jason, so she'll help him complete the tasks King Aeetes is making Jason do to get the fleece (she uses potions) 4. Colchis with Jason by cutting up her brother, and back at Iolcos she tricks Pelias's daughters into cutting him up 5. Cheated on by Jason in Corinth, kills his bride, princess Creusa, and her father, King Creon; Kills her and Jason's children, takes Helios's chariot to run away

Ariadne

1. Daughter of Pasiphae and King Minos 2. Disobeyed father by helping Theseus kill the minotaur 3. Gave Theseus ball of string so he wouldn't get lost in the Labyrinth 4. Elopes with Theseus 5. Gets abandoned on Naxos by Theseus and become the wife of Dionysus

Cassandra

1. Daughter of Priam cursed by Apollo for not returning his love; he left her with the gift of prophecy but made it so no one would believe her 2. Taken by Agamemnon to Mycenae as a war prize after the Trojan War 3. Predicted her and Agamemnon's death 4. Brutally raped by Ajax at the temple of Athena, causing her displeasure with the Greeks causing them hard journey home 5. nowadays used as a person who continually predicts misfortune but often is not believed

Niobe

1. Daughter of Tantalus 2. Mother of 7 boys and 7 girls; bragged to the gods since Apollo/Artemis were only one pair of twins 3. Leto, the mother of Apollo/Artemis punished her for her hubris 4. Apollo killed the 7 boys and Artemis killed the 7 girls

Helen

1. Daughter of Zeus and Leda 2. The wife of Menelaus, the King of Sparta 3. Stolen by Paris after his judgement, starting the Trojan War; promised by Aphrodite to Paris 4. The Trojan War was fought to recover her 5. Recovered by Menelaus at the end of the Trojan War

Andromeda

1. Daughter of the King and Queen of Ancient Aethiopia 2. Her mother claims that she is more beautiful than the Nereids, so Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to wreak havoc 3. She is chained on a sea cliff as a sacrifice, but is saved by Perseus 4. Becomes the bride of Perseus and his queen

Latona/Leto

1. Daughter of the titans Coeus and Phoebe 2. Mother of twins Artemis and Apollo from Zeus 3. Incurred the wrath of Hera, she sent a python against _________, and she had to give birth on the island of Delos 4. Goddess of motherhood

Ex Libris

1. Decorative label that shows ownership of a book 2. Essentially a bookplate; especially stamped by libraries, or left blank for personal copies to be filled in by the owner 3. Literally "from the books" meaning, from [this] library

Facta non Verba

1. Deeds, not words 2. Essentially means actions speak louder than words 3. Unknown origin, used as the motto for merchant marine academy

In vitro

1. Designates that an experiment is performed outside natural biological contexts i.e. in a lab with labware 2. Literally "in glass" 3. Usually for biology for microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules, which are experimented on in a lab

Emperor Diocletian

1. Ended the crisis of the third century; reigned from 284-305CE 2. Restructured defense and reformed the empire that Aurelian put together; built stable government and oversaw the recovery of the empire 3. Persecuted the Christians; claimed he and his co-ruler were associated with gods (Jupiter/Hercules) 4. Made imperative fiscal, administrative, and military reforms 5. Established the tetrarchy, which didn't really work after he withdrew from Rome (first emperor to voluntarily abdicate)

The Aeneid

1. Epic Poem written by Virgil (masterpiece) 2. Describes Aeneas, the father of the Romans 3. Written between 29-19BCE 4. Took the disconnected stories and wanderings of the existing character Aeneas and forged a masterfully written story linking Romans to the Greeks, explaining the Punic Wars, glorifying Roman virtues, and Justifying the rule of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty 5. National epic of Rome

Silver Age

1. Era of humanity ruled by Zeus 2. Men lived to 100, were men for a short time and spent most of it in strife 3. when they died they became the blessed spirits of the underworld 4. Zeus destroyed the men of the age for impiety

Excelsior!

1. Ever upward 2. Used in names to indicate superior quality 3. Derives from __ (from) and _______ (loftier) 4. State motto of New York 5. Catch Phrase of comicbook writer Stan Lee

Julio-Claudian Dynasty

1. Family line consisting of the first 5 emperors, including emperors from the Julii Cesares and Claudii Nerones 2. Plagued by succession issues, power struggles with the military (praetorian guard and legions), and the consolidation of power into one position 3. Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero 4. Adopted sons counted for succession 5. Ended with Nero's Suicide in 68 CE after he was made a public enemy

Sibyl

1. Female prophet or oracle 2. Shared prophecies influenced by the gods 3. The Pythia of the temple of Apollo in Delphi is a prominent ________, among many in the ancient world

Saturnalia

1. Festival celebrating Saturn on December 17-23 2. Celebratied with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, a feast, private gifts 3. Election of Saturnalia "king" who gave orders 4. Essentially the Greek festival Kronia, which celebrates the Cronus and harvest

Atlantis (+plato's myth)

1. Fictional island mentioned in an allegory on the hubris of nations by Plato 2. Poseidon is patron and the people of this state are very well off and successful, beating all military rivals because of good leaders (children of Poseidon) and laws 3. The nation besieges Plato's ideal state, ancient Athens, but at this point, they are consumed by greed, corruption, and their own hubris 4. Athens repels the attack and the members of this nation fall out of favor of the gods and their island is sunk under the ocean

Alpha and Omega

1. First and last letter of the Greek Alphabet 2. God describes himself as alpha and omega, meaning that he includes all and is the first and last 3. Used to denote Jesus and god in the book of Revelations and continues to be used as a symbol

Battle of Trebia

1. First major battle of the 2nd Punic War 2. When the war broke out, Hannibal took his army (with elephants) across the Alps and into Cisalpine Gaul 3. This battle was fought between this force and Scipio Publius 4. The romans were soundly beat and Scipio was personally wounded, the romans fell back to Placentia 5. Fought near the river of Trebia

Ambrosia

1. Food of the gods 2. Could make mortals immortal; cupid used it to make Psyche immortal 3. Brought by doves to the gods and served to the gods by Hebe, Ganymede, or (by some accounts) a nymph named ambrosia

12 Labors of Hercules

1. For Killing his family, he went to his cousin, Eurystheus, whom Hera liked, for atonement 2. Supposed to be impossible 3. He was tasked with killing the Nemean lion, slaying the hydra, catching the golden hind of Artemis, catching the Erymantian boar, cleaning the Augean stables in a day, slay the styrphalian birds, catch the Cretan bull, steal the horses of diomedes, get the belt of Hippolyta, get Geryon's cattle, steal the apples of Hesperides, and catch Cerberus 4. It was originally 10 labors, but Iolus's help killing the hydra, and Hercules's payment for the stables nullified them

e.g. (Exempli Gratia)

1. For the sake of example 2. Used as "for example" or "such as" 3. Whereas i.e. is used to clarify what was already said, this term furthers what was said by introducing an example

Alumnus

1. Former students who either attended or graduated from a school, college, university, etc. 2. Graduation not required, but the word commonly refers to them 3. "Foster child", "Pupil", "Nursling" of the Alma Mater, the Nourishing Mother (the school) of knowledge 4. -i for multiple grads, -a ending for female graduate, and -ae for multiple female grads

Emperor Claudius

1. Fourth emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty; Middle-Aged uncle of Caligula who ruled from 41-54 CE 2. Physically disabled, drooled, physically ill, so he was sheltered from the public and schooled, so he had some theoretical experience unlike Caligula's no experience 3. Put on the throne by the Praetorian guard who found him hiding behind the curtains of the palace 4. invaded Britain in 43, annexed Mauretania, Lycia in Asia Minor, and Thrace, and enlarged and reorganized imperial possessions in the Near East. 5. Increased the emperor's control over the treasury and the provincial administration and apparently gave his own governors in senatorial provinces jurisdiction over fiscal matters; poisoned with a mushroom by his wife Agrippina the younger, mother of Nero

Emperor Antonius Pius

1. Fourth of the 5 good emperors; Hadrian's adopted son who reigned from 138-151CE 2. Largely Peaceful reign and never left Italy 3. Didn't do much, but didn't mess anything up; reigned over the height of the Roman World 4. Successful conquest in Scotland which led to the construction of the Antonine wall

Ex post facto

1. From after the fact 2. Laws passed after something was already legal and condemns those who broke it before it was passed 3. In the US, _________ laws are banned by the Constitution, at least in a criminal context

Odium

1. General or widespread hatred or disgust against someone 2. from latin "odium" meaning hate/hatred, which itself came from the verb stem od- meaning to hate 3. entered English in the early 17th century

Odysseus/Ulysses

1. Greek King of Ithaca detailed in the Iliad and Odyssey; Son of Laertes and Anticleia 2. Very Clever and cunning; made the plan to disguise himself and get into Troy; also made the plan of the Trojan horse 3. Husband of Penelope, who eventually came back and fought the suitors trying to take his wife and kingdom with his son Telemachus 4. Athena was already mad at the greeks, granting them a delayed return, but he also got Cursed by Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon whom he blinded 5. Encountered the Kikonians, Lotus Eaters, Laestryogonians, Polyphemus, Circe, Scylla and Charybdis, became stuck with Calypso, and was returned by the Phaeacians

Archimedes

1. Greek Mathematician living in Syracuse 2. Tasked by a King to determine if his crown was mixed with silver, but he couldn't damage the crown 3. When bathing, he saw that he displaced water and shouted "Eureka" (I have found [it]) naked in the streets (he discovered that you can find the volume of irregular objects by the water they displace); he could now measure the volume of the crown to find the density 4. Determined that the Crown was mixed with silver, since it's density was less than gold 5. Tells the story of the Archimedes principle

Hades (underworld)

1. Greek underworld named after its ruler 2. Where the dead go upon their death 3. Either outside the periphery of Oceanus, or underneath the world 4. Invisible to mortals, but Heroes like Orpheus, Heracles, Odysseus, and later Aeneas visited 5. Prominent features include the river styx, acheron, and Lethe, as well as Tartarus

Ave Maria

1. Hail Mary 2. First two words of Christian prayer to the Virgin Mary 3. The title of a famous motet by Josquin Des Prez

Minotaur

1. Half-man half-bull hybrid 2. Son of the Cretan Bull and the Queen of Crete Pasiphae (with the help of Daedalus) 3. Trapped in the center of the Labyrinth (also built by Daedalus) 4. Eventually killed by the hero Theseus by strangulation

Narcissus

1. Handsome man; son of the River God Cephissus and water nymph Liriope 2. The prophet Teiresias told his mother that he will live a long life as long as he doesn't discover himself 3. Declined all romantic relationships including Echo 4. Nemesis made him look at his reflection in a pool and he fell in love with his reflection in a pool 5. When he died, flowers bearing his name sprouted

Fortuitous

1. Happening by luck or chance and not design 2. From fors fortis f. - luck, chance 3. Entered English from Latin fortutius in mid 17th century

Paterfamilias

1. Head of the Roman family; "father of the family" 2. Power and authority established and regulated by the Mos Maiorium 3. Oldest Male; Exercised autocratic authority over the family 4. Good citizen; could decide the life and death of members 5. They owned the family property, and were supposed to raise good children, provide moral prosperity, honor the gods, and participate in Roman politics, society, and religion

Mens sana in corpore sano

1. Healthy mind in a healthy body 2. Written by Roman poet, Juvenal in Satire X 3. Explains the importance of exercise for one's mental and physical well being

Jason

1. Hero who led the Argonauts on a quest for the golden fleece 2. Born in Iolcus, his father (king), Aeson was overthrown by evil uncle Pelias who killed all heirs; his mother sent him to be reared by Chiron 3. returns to Iolcus as an adult and to get his throne, he is tasked with getting the golden fleece by Pelias in Colchis 4. The Argonauts do with the help of princess/sorceress Medea of Colchis 5. Protagonist returns, has Medea trick Pelias's daughters into cutting him up, gets exiled to Corinth by Pelias's son, gets engaged to another lady, Medea kills her and her own and the protagonist's kids, and the protagonist kill's Pelias's son and becomes king

Summum bonum

1. Highest good 2. The aim of actions which if pursued, will lead to the greatest life; the most ideal thing in a philosophy 3. Introduced by Cicero, to denote the fundamental principle on which an ethics system is based 4. for Christianity, it's being righteous, pious, and having faith in God

Mt. Olympus

1. Home of the 12 Olympian gods 2. Highest mountain in Greece 3. Zeus(from _____), for which the game (a race) in Olympia were originally played, crowed the victor with an olive wreath, starting the Olympics 4. The 12 thrones of the gods sit in a semicircle on the top of this mountain

Orion

1. Hunter Giant born in Boeotia 2. Son of Poseidon and Euryale, the daughter of King Minos 3. Went to Chios where he raped Merope and was blinded by her father; recovered sight in Lemnos 4. Went hunting with Artemis in Crete, but died there by her bow, was placed among the stars by Zeus as well as the scorpion that he fought

Artemis and Orion

1. Hunter Giant who met Artemis while hunting at Crete 2. Developed a bond, but jealous Apollo sent scorpion to kill the Hunter 3. He fought it but ran away into the ocean 4. Apollo tricked Artemis into shooting the hunter, by telling her he was evil 5. She shoots him, and the hunter is made into a constellation; Scorpion becomes the Scorpius constellation

Hector and Andromache

1. Husband is the Elder son of King Priam, fights Achilles and dies 2. His wife is heartbroken when she hears the cries and goes to look. She sees his body being dragged behind Achilles horses 3. Former took the latter as wife from a city Achilles sacked 4. After Troy is sacked, Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, killed her sons and made her his bride

Cogito ergo sum

1. I think, therefore I am 2. First principle of Rene Descartes's Philosophy 3. Became a fundamental dictum in western philosophy as a whole 4. Says that doubting and thinking is intrinsically human and required to prove the reality and existence of the mind

In tota

1. In all 2. Means overall, as a whole, totally 3. Oriign of the word "Total"

Caveat Emptor

1. Let the buyer beware 2. Used in warranties to warn buyers purchasing property 3. Arises from information asymmetry, where the buyer has less info then the seller in the transaction of goods or services 4. Principle of contract law which places due diligence on buyer to know what they're buying 5. Origin of the word (first word) "_________", warning or condition for a situation

Tribune

1. In ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeian council to protect their rights 2. Would check the power of the Consuls and Lower magistrates as well as preside over the plebeian assembly, vouching for their rights and proposing Plebiscites 3. Established after the first Plebeian succession and the office would have a lot of power; open only to Plebeians 4. By 300BCE, most laws were proposed by this office as their legislation was faster 5. In the empire, this office's power was vested unto the Emperor 6. Could also refer to military tribunes who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates, and higher than Centurions 7. Could also also refer to Consular tribunes, which were given to plebs after the first succession, basically ^

verbatim

1. In exactly the same words as originally 2. Derives from Medieval Latin "verbum" word with suffix "atim" 3. Translates to "word for word"

De Jure

1. In law/by law 2. Legally recognized practices, positions, and borders 3. May not be the case in reality

In Media Res

1. In the middle of things 2. When a narrative opens in the middle and the past is revealed through flashbacks and dialogue 3. Used in Epic poetry, Especially the Odyssey, where it begins with Odysseus on his last year home, revealing the past through Odysseus telling the Phaeacians his story

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

1. Informal logical fallacy; an illogical conclusion 2. States that because X comes after Y, Y was caused by X 3. Literally, "after this therefore because of this"

Post scriptum (P.S.)

1. Introduces text written after an article/letter is signed 2. Used to indicate an afterthought 3. Literally "After Written" or "Written After"

Priam and Hecuba

1. King and queen of Troy at the time of the Trojan War 2. Parents of Hector and Paris as well as Cassandra and Creusa (Aeneas's wife) 3. The first person had to beg Achilles for the body of his son 4. Lamented the death of their Son Hector 5. Former had 50 children and 19 sons with the latter

Sisyphus

1. King of Ephyra, punished for eternity in Tartarus 2. Escaped death and cheated the gods 3. Condemned to rolling a boulder up a hill in Tartarus and having it fall down before it got to the top 4. Origin of the Term "________ean" to refer to a repetitive and pointless task, never to be completed

Agamemnon

1. King of Mycenae 2. Led the Greeks against the Trojans in the Trojan War 3. Quarreled with Achilles over Briseis, losing his greatest warrior 4. Killed by his Cousin and the lover of his wife Aegisthus when he returned 5. Avenged by his son Orestes, who killed Aegisthus

Tantalus

1. King of Phrygia, husband of Dione 2. Father of Pelops and Niobe 3. After stealing ambrosia/nectar and serving his dead cut-up son to the gods which Demeter ate, he was placed in pool of water in Tartarus 4. The fruits of a tree were just out of reach and the water of the pool would recede when he went to drink 5. Origin of the word "Tantalizing"

King Midas

1. King of Phrygia; rouge ruler who spoiled himself 2. For sheltering, a Satyr of Dionysus, he gave Midas a wish; he wished to turn everything he touched into gold 3. Couldn't eat and turned his daughter into gold 4. Dionysus pitied him and let him wash his hands in the river Pactolus, which is why it's rich in gold 5. Said Pan's music was better than Apollo's so he got ass's ears; hid them, but his barber knew, whispered it into the ground, and the wind carried it and everybody heard

Menelaus

1. King of Sparta at the time of the Trojan War 2. Husband of Helen of Troy 3. When his wife was stolen by Paris, he called upon the Greeks to honor his marriage 4. He and his brother Agamemnon led the Greeks during the Trojan War 5. Hosted Telmachus on his journey to find Odysseus

Pluto/Hades

1. King of the Underworld 2. God of the dead and riches 3. Son of Saturn and Ops 4. Stole Persephone (Proserpina) from Demeter and made her queen of the underworld

Ipsa Scientia potestas est

1. Knowledge itself is powerful 2. Attributed to Francis Bacon 3. Written in his Meditationes sacrae (1597) 4. Usually translated as Knowledge is Power (Scientia est potentia), but this exact phrase wasn't written until later, and was written by Bacon's secratary

Metropolis

1. Large city or conurbation 2. Significant economic, political, and cultural center in a region 3. important in regional/widespread commerce, connection, and communication 4. Translates into "Mother City" in Greek 5. Examples include, London, New York, Rome, and Tokyo

Indo European

1. Large family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India 2. Examples include, English, Dutch, French, Russian and Spanish 3. Includes the Romance languages

Rostrum

1. Large platform that stood during the Republic and Empire 2. Stood toward the Senate house, here the speaker gives speeches to those assembled in between 3. Was in the Comitium, or assembly place, near the forum 4. Derived it's name from the 6 rostra (warship rams) that were mounted to the side following Rome's victory in the Battle of Antium ending the War of Latins in 338BCE 5. The place where Cicero's head and hands were exposed, Dio writes that Mark Antony's wife took a hair pin and stabbed the tongue that once argued against her husband

Emperor Marcus Aurelius

1. Last of the 5 good emperors; Antonius Pius's adopted son, who reigned from 151-180CE 2. Oversaw the last decades of the Pax Romana, and mainly maintained rather than expand 3. Had many conflicts with Germanic tribes, Armenian rebels, and the Parthians 4. Ruled during the Antonine plague which killed 5 million people 5. Philosopher, author of Meditations(applying stoicism to life), and very smart; believer and follower of stoicism

Plebiscite

1. Legislation introduced by the Tribune of the Plebs and passed by a majority vote by the plebian council 2. Nowadays it has the same meaning as a referendum (a direct vote of all an electorate for important public changes, like a change in constitution) 3. Lawmaking that uses direct democracy 4. Was made to apply to Patricians and Plebeians alike in449BCE

Via Appia

1. One of the oldest and most important (strategically) roads in Rome 2. Connected Rome to Brindisium 3. called "regina viarum" by Statius 4. Named after Appius Claudius Caecus, the censor who built the first section of it in 312BCE, during the Samnite Wars

Second Triumvirate

1. Military-Political alliance between Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus; it lasted from 43-32 BCE 2. It was created to fight Caesar's assassins, and they beat them at Philippi; brought back proscription, government mandated mass murder against alliance's enemies, to fund war on Brutus and Cassius 3. Unlimited and Legitimate power; having priority over the consuls 4. Alliance broke down when Octavian fought Lepidus after accusing him of usurping power, taking his territory, and after Mark Antony, wanting to establish power in Egypt, married Cleopatra, Caesar's lover 5. Ending in a third Civil war between Octavian and Mark Antony, leaving Octavian, who became Augustus and established the principate in 27BCE.

Perseus

1. Monster-slaying hero; son of Zeus and Danae 2. Beheads Medusa using the reflection of his shield 3. Saves Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus and kills it 4. Takes Andromeda as his consort and queen 5. Founds Mycenae

Chimera

1. Monstrous fire breathing hybrid 2. Depicted as a lion with goat head sticking out the side, and a serpent tail 3. Son of Typhon an Echidna and sibling of the Hydra, Orthros, and Cerberus 4. Killed by Bellerophon 5. Mother of sphynx and the Nemean lion (according to Hesiod)

Echo

1. Mountain nymph whom Zeus loved 2. When Hera came to the mountain, Hera cursed her to only speak the last words spoken to her 3. Falls in love with Narcissus, but she can't tell him and washes as he falls in love with his reflection 4. Origin of the English word "Echo"

Alps

1. Mountain range that separates Italy from mainland Europe 2. The mountains that Hannibal marched war elephants across during the second Punic war 3. Highest and most extensive European mountain range

Pegasus

1. Mythical, winged, divine, horse born from the blood of medusa 2. Caught and ridden by Bellerophon, a Greek hero with the aid of Athena and Poseidon 3. Bellerophon rode it to defeat Chimera 4. Tried to ride it up to Mt. Olympus but fell off and died 5. Zeus made the magic flying horse a constellation

Satyr

1. Naked man creatures with horse ears and tail, a bestial face, a snub nose, and permanent erection 2. Typically followers of Dionysus 3. Mischief makers who like to engage in erotic acts and pursue nymphs

Helvetia

1. Named after the Helvetii people, a Celtic tribe 2. They live in the swiss plateau 3. Their migration was the Catalyst of the Gallic War 4. First tribe to be faced in Caesar's campaign 5. __________ is the female personification of Switzerland, Swiss version of Britannia

Nota Bene (NB)

1. Note well 2. Used by author to tell reader to observe carefully or take special notice 3. Generally used by author to draw attention to something 4. First used for English text c.1711, and has been used ever since

Ne plus ultra

1. Nothing more beyond 2. Best or most extreme of something 3. Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V reversed the idea by taking the ne off 4. Motto of Spanish Exclave Melilla

Roman Numerals

1. Numeral system used by the Romans 2. I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000 (increase value of 1000 by placing bar above numeral) 3. Smaller numeral placed after increases value (XI=11) 4. Smaller numeral placed before decreases value (IX=9) 5. 5394=VCCCXCIV, 10523=XDXXIII, 94=XCIV

Calypso

1. Nymph and Daughter of Atlas 2. Banished to island of Ogygia with a male companion only after every 100 years 3. Falls in love with Odysseus when he washes up on her island and holds him prisoner for 7 years 4. Hermes told her to let Odysseus go; gave him a raft 5. Wanted to share her immortality with the man

Hippocratic Oath

1. Oath of ethics historically taken by Physicians 2. Must widely known of Greek medical texts 3. While attributed to Hippocrates, most modern scholars disagree 4. Starts with swears to healing gods to uphold specific ethics, respecting patients (and their confidentiality) and not doing harm or malpractice and respecting the teacher 5. Not really sworn anymore; replaced by newer medical codes by the Supreme court

Metis

1. Oceanid Titaness and first wife of Zeus 2. Goddess of prudence. 3. Helped Zeus overthrow Cronus by giving herb to Cronus to make him vomit. 4. Mother of Athena, tricked into turning into fly and eaten by Zeus, Hephaestus got Athena out

Sphinx

1. Offspring of the Chimera 2. Had the head of a woman, haunches of a lion, and wings of a bird 3. Treacherous, merciless, and very strong 4. Kills anyone who can't answer her riddle 5. Sent by Hera or Ares to guard the entrance to Thebes

Mentor

1. Old man left by Odysseus and his men in Ithaca to take care of Telemachus 2. The man Athena disguised herself as to send Telemachus on his journey 3. Origin of the word "_______" an advisor because Athena advised Telemachus as _______

Philemon and Baucis

1. Old married couple who let the disguised Zeus and Mercury stay in their house out of hospitality 2. the two gods were rejected at every other household, so they flooded the town 3. These two figures' cottage became a temple, and they were groundskeepers; whey they died, they became intertwined oak and linden tree 4. This myth demonstrates the importance of Xenia, Greek Hospitality

Superego

1. One of the 3 concepts of psychoanalytic theory which detail the activities and interactions of the mental life of a person 2. Represents internalized ethics and ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations; seeks to accomplish while abiding by morals and rules 3. Mediation between this and the Id is managed by the ego; gives standards for which ego operates 4. Idea presented by Freud

Id

1. One of the 3 concepts of psychoanalytic theory which detail the activities and interactions of the mental life of a person 2. The disorganized and instinctual desires in the mind of a person 3. The ego realistically pleases the __________ 4. Concept was introduced by Freud

Ego

1. One of the 3 concepts of psychoanalytic theory which detail the activities and interactions of the mental life of a person 2. The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. 3. The _____ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. 4. Source of self-esteem/worth 5. Latin for "I"

E pluribus unum

1. One out of many 2. Traditional but unofficial motto of the federal government 3. Appears on US coinage and holds strong American sentiment, being 13 letters and showing the power of one unified federal government as a collection of states 4. May have originated in Cicero's De officiis, which is a paraphrase of Pythagoras which describes how family and social bonds the foundation of a state, "When each person loves the other as much as himself, it makes one out of many (unum fiat ex pluribus)"

Deucalion and Pyrrha

1. Only surviving couple after the flooding myth 2. Survived for 9 days and landed on Mt. Parnassus 3. Warned by the husband's father (Prometheus) to build and ark, they did 4. All alone, the Titan Goddess of Prophecy Themis cryptically told them to Throw the bones of their mother behind them. They understood it as throw stones behind them onto the earth. The stones the husband threw turned to men, the stones the wife threw turned to women

Forum

1. Open public square in Roman civitas; Roman Marketplace 2. Originally used just for vending in the Regal era, additionally became used for public things like speeches, trials, gladiatorial matches, and the nucleus of commercial affairs 3. Most important buildings were at or near the _______ (temples) 4. Roman adaptation of Greek Agora

Atrium

1. Open room where guests greeted 2. Had an open roof and a pool to collect water 3. Serves as the focus of the entire house plan 4. The center of the political and social life of the house

Agora

1. Open, central public space in Greek City states 2. Center of athletic, artistic, business, social, political, and spiritual life; Greek marketplace 3. The Greek version of a forum, the Roman marketplace 4. Athens has a famous one of these 5. Origin of "_______phobia" fear of open spaces

Amphitheater

1. Open-air, ovular, venue in Greece and Rome with seats in tiers around the arena in the middle 2. Used for Entertainment, performance, and sports 3. Differs from a regular theater by having seats all around 4. A famous amphitheater is the Flavian __________ (Colosseum); mostly executions and gladiatorial matches

Curia

1. Original groupings of citizenry, eventually numbering 30 groups 2. Had big power but by later republic were mainly ceremonial (the comitia centuriae actually elected magistrates with imperium), they witnessed the installation of priests, the making of wills, and to carry out certain adoptions. 3. More broadly means assembly, council, or court, in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decided 4. Also used to describe places of assembly, especially the Senate house

Medusa

1. Originally a priestess of Athena whom Poseidon violated at the temple to mock Athena 2. Athena, angry that her priestess has become the wife of Poseidon, turns her into a gorgon 3. Anything she looked at turns to stone, and she has venomous snakes for hair 4. Beheaded by the hero Perseus; her head was placed on Athena's shield 5. From her head, Pegasus was born

Pater Noster

1. Our father 2. First words of The lords prayer 3. A prayer which is central to Christianity

Pax Vobiscum

1. Peace be with you 2. Used in Catholic mass and Lutheran divine service 3. Also called, "the Pax" salutation

Lotus Eaters

1. People who feed Odysseus's men lotus plants to make them forget Ithaca 2. The men had to be dragged and tied onto the vessel on the way home 3. Used a drug that made them apathetic 4. Figuratively means "a person who spends their time indulging in pleasure and luxury rather than dealing with practical concerns" - meaning derived from this story

Persona non grata

1. Person not welcome 2. Status applied by a country to foreign diplomats to remove their protection from prosecution (or you can kick them out) 3. Applied to non diplomats to describe them as not popular/accepted by others 4. Originates from the medieval ecclesiastical dimplomacy

Ge/Gaea

1. Personification of the Earth 2. Emerged from chaos 3. Mother of Uranus, the titans, giants, cyclopes, and Pontus 4. With Uranus, she had the titans, and with Pontus, she had the sea deities

Uranus

1. Personification of the sky 2. son and husband of Gaea 3. Father of the Titans, Aphrodite, the Furies, the Giants, and the Cyclopes

Stoicism

1. Philosophy developed by Zeno of Cyprus, who was destitute in Athens 2. Teaches virtue, tolerance, and self control; nowadays, a "stoic" is someone who is calm under pressure and not emotional for actions 3. 4 Cardinal virtues are wisdom, temperance, justice, and courage (even in daily life) 4. Practiced by Marcus Aurelius, who wrote a book called Meditations about how to apply the philosophy 5. Helped the philosopher king fulfill his role as emperor, even during war and the death of his children

Europa

1. Phoenician Princess and first ruler of Crete; origin of the name Europe 2. She was abducted by Zeus in the form of a white bull. 3. Mother of King Minos of Crete 4. Given Talos, Laelaps, a necklace from Hephaestus by Zeus and the constellation Taurus was made in commemeration

Pulchritude

1. Physical beauty 2. Derives from Latin Pulchra (beautiful) 3. Entered English from the word Pulchritudo, Pulchritudinis, f.

Laurels

1. Plant representing victory and Apollo; award bestowed or praise on (someone) in recognition of an achievement. 2. Awarded in the Pythian games in honor of Apollo; only recently given in the Olympics 3. Crown of victory 4. Given to Roman Generals in their triumphs

Medea (play)

1. Play produced in 431 BCE by the Tragedies Euripides 2. Follows the Daughter of King Aeetes of Colchis after whom the play is named 3. She helps the hero Jason after being arrowed by Cupid, and elopes with Jason; wants to marry him in Corinth, but he marries the princess instead 4. She send fire clothes to the princess, kills her and her father, she kills her own 2 kids (w/Jason) and runs away on Helios's chariot

Exeunt

1. Plural of Exit 2. Derives from Latin, ex (out from) and eo (go) 3. Stage direction meaning multiple people leave 4. Exeunt Omnes means every leaves

Herculaneum

1. Pompeii's sister city 2. Destroyed by the Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79CE 3. It's preservation under the ash makes it another important archaeological site

Cupid and Psyche

1. Psyche is the beautiful daughter of a king, who couldn't get a husband cuz everyone was too nervous to talk to her cuz she was too beautiful. She was worshipped as being Venus reincarnation to Venus's displeasure 2. Her father talks to oracle of Apollo, who tells him to leave her out for a monster. He does 3. Zephyr picks up Psyche and brings her to a house, where she hears the voice of Cupid. They make love but she can't see him 4. Psyche figures out it's cupid and he flies away because gods and mortals "can't" mingle 5. Venus gives Psyche tasks (separating seeds [ants help], golden fleece [river god helps get it from thrush], getting Styx water, and getting a drop of Persephone's beauty. Psyche falls asleep and Cupid comes and makes her immortal. He reveals that he pricked himself with his arrow after Venus made him shoot psyche out of jealousy. Psyche gives birth to voluptas.

Basilica

1. Public buildings built alongside forums for courts, legal matters, and other functions (business transactions/public assembly) 2. large rectangular hall or building with double colonnades and a semicircular apse 3. The design was used by the church, most notably, for St. Peter's _______ 4. Many were built in the Roman forum

Queen Boudica

1. Queen of the Iceni tribe of Celtic Britons in Britannia 2. Led an uprising against the Romans in 50/51CE 3. Sacked Londinium; 70-80 thousand died 4. Decisively beaten by the outnumbered Romans (under Seutonius) and killed herself to avoid capture

Juno/Hera

1. Queen of the gods, goddess of marriage and childbirth 2. Daughter of Saturn and Ops 3. Jupiter's wife and mother of Mars and Vulcan 4. Jealous on account of Jupiter's infidelity, taking it out on the bastard children

Proserpina/Persephone

1. Queen of the underworld and consort of Hades 2. Goddess of Death, life, grain, seasonal agriculture, and destruction 3. Daughter of Demeter and Zeus 4. Abducted by Hades while picking flowers and Demeter killed all plants until Zeus gave her back, but she ate pomegranate seeds in Hades, so she has to stay for some months in Hades and the rest of the year on Olympus 5. Explains why spring comes and goes

Delphic Oracle

1. Role filled by the Pythia in the Temple of Apollo at Delphi 2. A person who the commands of Apollo were spoken through as well as prophecies 3. The oracle may have been influenced from the fumes of the Kerna spring which ran under the temple or oleander 4. A prominent Sibyl in the classical world

Julius Caesar

1. Roman General and Statesman, nephew of Gaius Marius, adoptive father of Octavian 2. Member of the Populares faction, and the First Triumvirate, a dominate political alliance between himself, Pompey, and Crassus 3. Very successful general, having campaigned in Gaul, invaded Britain, and defeated Pompey in a civil war 4. Famous crossed the Rubicon, marching on Rome; After winning the civil war, in his fourth year of being dictator, he was made dictator for life 1 month before assassination; passed social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans. 5. Assassinated by Senators who didn't like his populist and autocratic reforms; Killed by a conspiracy led by Cassius and Brutus (they called him a tyrant)

Pompey the Great

1. Roman Statesman and general in the Late Republic; won a triumph 2. Granted the cognomen magnus (the great) and the nickname adulescentulus carnifex ("teenage butcher"), by his adversaries 3. Former student of Sulla, fought for him as a general; his success in commanding Sulla's allowed him to become consul; enjoyed early success in many campaigns, giving him 3 triumphs (one of which was taken from Crassus) 4. Entered military-political alliance with Crassus and Caesar and married Juilia, Caesars daughter. He fell out with Caesar after Julia and Crassus's deaths 5. Became supporter of the Optimates faction, and vied for power against Caesar in a civil war, which he lost; Killed by his own men who were bribed by Cleopatra's enemy and brother, Potheinos

Colosseum (Flavian Ampitheater)

1. Roman amphitheater opened by Titus in 80 CE and built by Vespasian 2. Largest standing amphitheater; 80,000 seats 3. Used for entertainment such as gladiatorial battles, executions, hunting, sea battle reenactments, and dramas 4. Located in the center of the city, east of the Forum and the via sacra leads to it

Thermae

1. Roman bathhouses 2. Common; each city had at least 1 3. for bathing, socializing, and reading; ubiquitous and regular feature of daily routine 4. There is a sequence of Frigidarium, Tepidarium, and Caldarium 5. Enormous bathhouses were built by emperors; Caracalla's and Domitian's were each 30 acres

Cato the Elder

1. Roman farmer, solider, senator, and historian (first author in Latin) 2. Came from a plebeian family known for its military service 3. He came to Rome, became a tribune, quaestor, aedile, praetor, consul, and censor 4. Outspoken proponent of conservatism(+old roman ideals) and opponent of Hellenization (that's why he hates Scipio africanus); notoriously adhered to the letter of the law, even banishing a Roman senator for the indecency of embracing his wife on the steps of the Curia 5. Ended every speech with "Carthago delenda est" (Carthage is to be destroyed)

Mark Antony

1. Roman general and statesman during the late republic 2. One of Caesar's generals during Gallic war, given control of Italy was Caesar was campaigning 3. Joined with Lepidus, another general, and Octavian to form the second triumvirate; they defeated the liberatores and was given control of the Eastern provinces and the war with Parthia 4. Hungry for power, he came into conflict with Octavian, but married his sister Octavia. He had an affair with Cleopatra, straining their relationship, and soon Octavian declared him a traitor 5. He and Cleopatra killed themselves during the war with Octavian

Scipio Africanus

1. Roman general during second punic war 2. Beat Carthage in Iberia, in Iliapa, Metaurus 3. Destroyed Hannibal in Northern Africa, in Zama, ending the war 4. Opponent of Cato the Censor 5. Loved by the Roman people, held as an Ideal patriot

Suetonius (historian)

1. Roman historian belonging to the equestrian order who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire 2. Famously wrote De vita Caesarem, biographies of 12 rulers from Cesar to Domitian 3. Works also contain daily life in Rome, politicians, oratories, and the lives of famous writers, poets, historians, and grammarians 4. Uses rulers' own words to show their character, but is also criticized for including rumors and gossip

Cicero

1. Roman statesman, orator, philosopher, scholar, author, and lawyer 2. During the fall of the Republic, he upheld the values and power of the Senate (optimate); opposed Caesar 3. After Caesar's Assassination, _______ reinstated traditional senate ideals and opposed Mark Antony, saying he was an enemy of the republic and trying to consolidate power for himself 4. Was on Mark Antony's proscription list and was thus beheaded on 43BCE, his hands and head being displayed on the rostrum 5. Suppressed the Cataline conspiracy and refused to join the first triumvirate

Pantheon

1. Roman temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during Augustus's reign 2. Burned and rebuilt many times, preserved very well since it has continuous use 3. Biggest unreinforced concrete dome in the world 4. Temple dedicated to all Roman gods; The set of Gods is also called the Roman Pantheon 5. Composed of a Portico and a Rotunda, with an Oculus (central opening)

Beware of the Geeks bearing gifts

1. Said by Laocoon what was persuading the Trojans to not take in the Trojan horse 2. "Timeo danaos et dona ferentes" - More closes translates to "I fear the Greeks, even though they bear gifts" 3. From the version of Laocoon's story in the Aeneid 4. Nowadays used as a proverb to warn against trusting an enemy, even if they seem nice

Homo Sapiens

1. Scientific name for human 2. Means "Wise man" 3. Named as such because of the big brains and intelligence of the species

Emperor Titus

1. Second Emperor of the Flavian dynasty; son of Vespasian, reigned from 79-81AD 2. Stationed in Jerusalem while his father fought Vitellus. He sacked the city and plundered the second temple. He also was a praetorian prefect 3. He oversaw the completion of the Colosseum 4. Also oversaw the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius and the destruction of Popmeii as well as a fire in Rome 5. Died from a fever after only 2 years as emperor

Emperor Tiberius

1. Second Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, ruling from 14-37CE 2. good general; captured Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Raetia 3. didn't want to be emperor, gloomy and depressed; had longstanding tensions with the senate and ruled tyrannically during his later years 4. saved the empire from a financial crisis in 33 CE 5. Sejanus, the commander of the Praetorian guard, probably killed his son Drusus, which allowed him to get close to the emperor and become really powerful, even convincing the emperor to retire to the island of capri whilst taking control for himself; was killed at the order of the emperor

Emperor Trajan

1. Second emperor of the 5 good emperors; adopted son of Nerva who reigned from 98-117CE 2. Led massive territorial expansion, annexing Arabia Petrea and Armenia, and fighting for Mesopotamia; led conquest in Dacia and almost conquered Persia 3. Funded public welfare program, many building projects (new forum, market, and Trajan's column showing victory of Dacians), fixed economic problems 4. Good administrator, gave subordinates more freedom; popular with people, senate, and army 5. Was the empire at it's greatest, and is hailed as the best ruler by the senate

Carpe Diem

1. Seize the Day 2. Coined by Horace in his Odes 3. Means, do what you want to do today and don't wait until tomorrow 4. Quoted by Robin Williams in "The Dead Poet's Society"

Toga

1. Semicircular woolen cloth (12ft-20ft in length), loosely draped over the shoulder and around the body, covering the tunic; flowing outer garment 2. Romulus liked it; eventually everyone wore 3. Women weren't allowed to wear it and soon, restrictions were placed upon where men could wear it 4. It would become unpopular, complex, and mainly ceremonial; discarded by 200CE 5. Symbolized ancient Rome and its People

Olympics

1. Series of athletic competitions held every 4 years (Olympiad) among representative of city states in ancient Greece 2. The place of the ________ is Olympia 3. One of the 4 Panhellenic games; this one honors Zeus (776BCE-393CE) 4. Continued under Roman rule 5. Winners got olive wreath crown, not a Laurel one (delphic games)

Lapsus memoriae

1. Slip of the memory 2. Misremembering something 3. source of the term "memory lapse"

Lapsus calami

1. Slip of the pen 2. Writing/spelling something wrong 3. Also known as a typological error

Lapsus Linguae

1. Slip of the tongue 2. Saying something you didn't intend 3. Medical term and subject of much research

Patron-Client Relationship

1. Social relationship described by Roman mores 2. Hierarchical but any obligations are mutual 3. The first person protects, sponsors, and is the benefactor for the second (who could be a person, organization, group, cause, or activity) 4. The second person is always less rich/powerful/prestigious and has to do favors to the first 5. This dynamic is common in Roman society; some examples are, general/troops, founder/colonists, sponsor/artist, etc.

Non Sequitur

1. Something that does not logically follow or pertain the previous argument or statement 2. A logical fallacy 3. Literally "[it] does not follow"

Orpheus and Eurydice

1. Son of Apollo plays songs on his lyre that everyone likes; he falls in love with a beautiful maiden, whom he marries 2. She gets killed by a snake so he goes to the Underworld to save her 3. Hades/Persephone let him have her, but he can't look behind himself when returning from Hades 4. He does look back and she is gone forever 5. Sad man plays sad song and makes everything go out of whack; killed by maenads

Emperor Constantine

1. Son of Constantius and Emperor who reigned from 306-337CE; had to fight a civil war against different people vying for power 2. First Christian emperor; had a vision of a cross saying "in this sign you will conquer", he won the battle against Maxentius and became Christian 3. Passed the Edict of Milan to make Christian persecution illegal; commissioned many churches to be built 4. Moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, now Constantinople, because of its strategic position and proximity to Parthia; also restructured government and passed fiscal, administrative, and military reforms 5. Gave the Empire a few centuries of extra life, and became a saint in Eastern Orthodox christianity

Icarus

1. Son of Daedalus, the inventor and craftsman 2. Imprisoned with his father in the Labyrinth in Crete 3. his father gave him wings made from feathers and wax to fly away, but he wasn't to fly too close to the sun 4. Flew to close to the sun, wings melted and he drowned

Judgement of Paris

1. Starts with a love of Zeus, Thetis being given to Peleus, king of Phthia (in Thessaly) to not have a son (who would overthrow him) and they have a wedding 2. At the wedding, Eris, the god of discord, having not been invited, leaves golden Apple inscribed with "to the fairest" 3. Athena, Venus, and Hera all claim it and Zeus doesn't want to decide (would cause trouble), so a mortal, the prince of Troy was chosen to decide 4. This man chose Venus as the winner of the Judgement, but she bribed him by promising to give him Helen, Menelaus's wife and most beautiful woman 5. This event essentially started the Trojan War

Cincinnatus

1. Statesman and military leader in the Early Roman republic 2. Became a consul and supported the rights of the Plebeians 3. Worked a farm after his consulship 4. Most notably, during an invasion, he was made dictator for 6 months, but defeated the enemy in 2 weeks, relinquished imperium, and returned to his farm 5. Used as an example of selflessness and not being greedy for power

Aqueduct

1. Structure used to carry water from outside sources into cities 2. Uses gravity to move water through a conduit 3. may refer to the whole water course, or the aqueduct bridges used to carry water over valleys/ravines 4. Derives from latin "aqua" + "Ducere" 5. Carried water for 30-40 miles and had an incline of several inches every 100 feet

Etymology

1. Study of the history of words and their evolution and semantic meaning 2. Derives from Greek for "Sense of Truth" 3. Many English words' ______________ is from Greek, Latin, and Anglo-Saxon

Mercurial

1. Subject to sudden or unpredictable changes in mood or mind 2. Sprightly or lively 3. From Latin, "__________is" relating to the God Mercury 4. Has an astrological and religious sense (The God Mercury was quick witted and a trickster, so these characteristics are bestowed upon people born under the planet's influence)

tetrarchy

1. System of government developed by Diocletian in 293CE 2. Ended the crisis of the 3rd century 3. Rule of 4 with 2 Augusti (Diocletian and Maximian), and 2 Caesars under them 4. Didn't last after Constantius's death in 306CE

Fresco

1. Technique of mural painting on freshly laid wet line plaster 2. Originated in Egypt, was done in Greece, Crete (Minoan), and Rome; though 3. Means "Fresh" in Italian, describing the plaster 4. Closely related to the Italian Renaissance, the most famous fresco being the one on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Danaids

1. The 50 daughters of Danus 2. They were to be married to the 50 Sons of Danus's twin Aegyptus, founder of Egpyt; all but one killed their hubands 3. Condemned by the gods to fill a tub with a hole in the bottom to wash away their sin; impossible 4. members of Tartarus

Muses

1. The 9 goddesses of literature, sciences, and the arts; sang the stories of heros 2. Daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne 3. Chief of them is Calliope, who presides over eloquence and epic poetry 4. Origin of the word "_______" 5. Live in Mr. Parnassus

Augean Stables

1. The Cattle stables of the king Augeas of Elis 2. Hercules was tasked with cleaning all the stables in 1 day 3. Hercules dug a canal to direct water into the stables, cleaning them 4. This labor was nullified as Hercules tried receiving a payment of 1/10 of the cattle for cleaning the stables

Bacchanalia

1. The Roman festival of Bacchus/Dionysus; 2. fell on many days, but most prominently Sept. 3 3. Loud and Boisterous; people were wild, got drunk, dismembered a lot of stuff, and had a lot of sex 4. Described by Livy to have frenzied rites, sexually violent initiations of both sexes, all ages and all social classes; he portrays the cult as a murderous instrument of conspiracy against the state, an example of Rome's moral decay 5. Reduced in size by the senate, and merged with preexisting Liberalia as Dionysus, Liber, and Bacchus became one guy in Roman religion by the end of the republic

Numa Pompilius

1. The Sabine second king of Rome 2. Fond of peace, boundaries, religion, and wisdom 3. Founded the roman calendar, vestal virgins, cult of mars, cult of Jupiter, cult of Romulus and the office of Pontifex Maximus 4. Set up temple of Janus (includes gates of Janus) and Roman boundaries 5. Gets orders from the gods through the prophetess Egeria

Defenstration

1. The action of throwing someone out of a window 2. Derives from fenestra (window) and de (down from) 3. Pope John XII succumbed to this fate after he slept with a nobleman's wife 4. The _______s of Prauge are 3 times people were thrown out windows

Rhetoric

1. The art of persuasion, making a convincing argument 2. Aristotle developed 3 appeals to rhetoric, Ethos (character), Pathos (emotion), and Logos (logic) 3. The 5 Roman rules of rhetoric are invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery 4. Very important to Roman government, which thrived on speeches and debates 5. Perfected by Demosthenes, the best Greek orator, perfecting the parameters of rhetoric, especially its delivery

Pandora's box

1. The box (originally jar) that Pandora had when she was given to Epimetheus 2. Curiosity led her to opening the jar kept in custody of her husband 3. All sorts of evils and suffering escaped the box, and only hope remained inside 4. Myth explains why there is suffering in the world

Carthage

1. The capital city of the ____inian civilization, in modern day Tunisia 2. Former Phoenician colony 3. Very important trading hub and naval power, having holdings in northern Africa, Spain, and Mediterranean islands 4. Fought 3 wars with the Romans and lost all three, having to pay heavy reparations, and eventually being destroyed

Alba Longa

1. The city where Romulus and Remus were born; founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas 2. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, was a princess of this city 3. The king, Numitor was overthrown by his brother Amulius, who, fearing any heirs from her, made her a vestal virgin 4. Romulus and Remus would return to this city and restore Numitor to the throne 5. Tullus Hostillus would conquer this town for Rome and destroy it

12 Tables ( Laws of...)

1. The cornerstone of roman law; displayed in the forum 2. Written laws that applied to every citizen equally; secures the rights of the plebs after the conflict of orders (since they can now see what laws apply to them so no abuse from patricians) 3. Laws about trials, debt, crimes, possession land, inheritance, injury, family, and public law 4. Allows everyone to know what the laws are 5. Made in 450 BC

Emperor Nero

1. The fifth and last roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, adopted grandnephew of Claudius, reigning from 54-68 CE 2. Disastrous reign, disinterested in running the empire and overseeing the army; he did put down rebellions in Judea and Britannia though 3. Cared a lot about his art/poetry, when he died he said "an artist dies in me", the poetry was so bad he had to lock people in buildings to listen and they pretended to be dead to leave 4. Built a golden house that everyone hated, oversaw the Great fire of Rome (blamed it on the Christians but some say it was him), started the Christian persecution 5. The Governor of Spain, Galba, the governor of Gaul, Vindex, and eastern governors were rebelling against him and he didn't care (said he would sing them to peace); made public enemy by the senate and he killed himself

Valedictorian

1. The final speaker in a graduation who gives farewell 2. Anglicized version of Vale dicere "to say goodbye" 3. Usually the student with the highest academic standing

Octavian/Augustus

1. The first Roman Emperor, establishing Julio-Claudian dynasty, and ruling from 27BCE to 14CE 2. Adopted grandnephew of Julius Caesar, and member of Second Triumvirate 3. While he did amass vast power, he never referred to himself as emperor, but as princeps, first citizen 4. Led the empire through tumultuous times in the late republic to the flourishing era of the Pax Romana in the stable and enduring empire; Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble 5. Made reforms of the monetary system and government administration and dramatically increased the size of the emperor

Emperor Nerva

1. The first emperor of the 5 good emperors; appointed by the senate and only served from 96-98CE 2. First of the 5 good emperors (wasn't very good though) 3. Didn't achieve much, dealt with economic instability he didn't solve, and couldn't control the army; kept some stability after Domitian's assassination 4. Best thing about him was he chose Trajan as his heir

Emperor Vespasian

1. The first emperor of the Flavian dynasty ending the year of the 4 emperors; reigned from 69-79 CE; Succeeded by his biological son Titus 2. Brought stability back to the Empire, and was able to become emperor by being distinguished in military; hailed as imperator by Egyptian Legions 4. Put down Jewish rebellion, besieged Judea, and was a Legate during invasion of Britannia 5. Financial reform and had many building projects to restore the capital, included the Flavian Amphitheatre

Pandora

1. The first woman 2. As a counterweight for Prometheus's actions, Zeus ordered Hephaestus to build her 3. Gifted by the gods with beauty, curiosity, charm, and cleverness 4. She was given to Epimetheus with a box (originally jar) filled with evils

Golden Fleece

1. The fleece of the golden ram Chrysomallus 2. The winged ram saved Phrixus, brought him to Colchis, and he sacrifced it to Zeus; he gave it to King Aeetes, who hung it in the grove of Ares 3. The thing that Jason needs to become king of Iolcus 4. Guarded by a never sleeping dragon

Achilles and Briseis

1. The former won the later in the Trojan war after sacking Lyrnessus 2. Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaeans during the war, gave up his concubine to stop a plague and wanted Person 2 3. This caused Agamemnon and Person 1 to quarrel and for Person 1 to stop fighting for the Greeks after he gave her up 4. Person 2 stayed with Person 1 until his death in battle

Titans

1. The gods before the Olympians 2. They lost the ______omachy against the Olympians and were banished to Tartarus 3. Notable ______ include, Gia (earth), Uranus/Caelus (sky), Cronos/Saturn, and Rhea/Ops 4. Some of the titans, like Prometheus and Epimetheus, fought for the Olympians and were allowed to remain free

Argonauts

1. The group of heroes, led by Jason to retrieve to golden fleece in Colchis 2. They board the ship Argo, named after the builder Argus 3. Aided by Hera 4. Accompanied back home by Medea

Patrician

1. The group of ruling class families who were the only ones to have actual power during the regal era/early republic (aristocrat/nobleman) 2. The class was established when Romulus picked 100 men to form the senate 3. Hereditary 4. Got way more government/religious rights and privileges 5. The title greatly eroded as plebs got more rights in the mid/late republic and the empire

Third Slave Revolt

1. The last in a series of slave rebellions against the senate 2. Started in 73 BCE when Spartacus and a group of gladiators escaped from a gladiator school 3. Within 2 years, the rebellion gained 120,000 men, and defeated senate resistance 3 times 4. Defeated by Crassus who was helped by Pompey

Cleopatra

1. The last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt (55-30 BCE), established by Alexander the Great's companion 2. Had a son with Caesar named Caesarion, who ruled with his mother 3. She sided with the second triumvirate during the civil war of the liberatores 4. She had an affair with Mark Antony (2 children) 5. Had war declared on them by Octavian, who beat them in the Naval battle of Actium as well as Alexandria; she killed herself when she learned she would be taken for a triumph

Et tu, Brute

1. The last words of Julius Caesar according to Shakespeare 2. "And you, Brutus?" 3. Said to Brutus, when Caesar recognizes him as an assassin, since Brutus was like a son to him 4. No historical backing

Tartarus

1. The lower of the 2 parts of Hades; deep abyss 2. Where the gods locked up their enemies for punishment 3. Direct contrast with Elysium 4. Also personified as a primordial, who with Gaea, spawned Typhon 5. Prison of the Titans

The Metamorphoses

1. The magnum opus of Ovid 2. Details the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Caesar 3. 250 myths spanning 15 books 4. Widely influential

Pontifex Maximus

1. The most important religious position in Rome (head of state religion), though ranked only 5th highest 2. Oversaw the vestal virgins 3. Chief priest of the college of pontiffs 4. The "greatest bridge builder"

Rhea Silvia

1. The mother of Romulus and Remus 2. Her father, King Numitor was overthrown by his brother Amulius, who, fearing any heirs from her, made her a vestal virgin 3. As a vestal virign, she was raped by Mars, and she had the twins 4. Amulius, not wanting to offend the gods, put the twins into the Tiber river. They were suckled by a she wolf, raised by a farmer, and went back to reinstate Numitor

First Triumvirate

1. The political-military alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Crassus; It lasted from 60-53 BC 2. They were created to divide power and rule over Rome; Cicero declined his invitation because her felt it went against Roman Law, that it wasn't in accord with a Republic. 3. Benefited the plebs and resolved the power imbalance Sulla brought 4. Alliance was formed for each of the men's personal interests; Caesar was a populist, Crassus was rich, and Pompey was the leading general 5. After the death of Crassus, the triumvirate fell apart, and Caesar and Pompey (no an optimate) became rivals in Senate and later, the battlefield

Pythia

1. The position of High priestess at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi 2. Specifically served as the Oracle of Delphi, giving prophecies and the words of Apollo 3. Most prestigious oracle and one of the most powerful women 4. The name of this religious institution derives from pythos, the original name of Delphi, which came from the python that Apollo killed there

Styx

1. The river that forms the boundary between the over and underworld 2. Also the name of the Nymph who lives there; since she sided with the gods during the Titanomachy, they make oaths by her 3. Her water is carried by Iris for oathtaking 4. Achilles was dipped into the river by the heels 5. Psyche was tasked with retrieving water from this river

Second Punic War

1. The second of 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage 2. Roman victory 3 . Famous generals fought in this war, like Hannibal and Scipio Africanus 4. The Carthaginians did will initially, especially with Hannibal's campaigns in Italy, but the Romans eventually won, with the finishing blow being in the battle of Zama, where Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal

Telemachus

1. The son of Odysseus and Penelope 2. Raised without a father and is beta male before setting off to find his father with Athena 3. Goes to Pylos and Sparta (Menelaus), returns home and reunites with Odysseus 4. Helps his father kill the suitors

Emperor Domitian

1. The third and final emperor of the Flavian Dynasty; the younger brother of Titus, and he reigned from 81-96 CE 2. Generally Autocratic and left the senate with very little power(they hated him) 3. Led campaigns in Britain in Dacia and paid his troops well so they liked him 4. Revalued Roman Currency, initiated building programs (paid for by seizing senator's land), strengthened borders, and enhanced bureaucracy 5. Assassinated by the senators, who saw him as a tyrannical

Battle of Cannae

1. The third major battle of the Second Punic War 2. Rome lost 80,000 men in less than 6 hours (according to Polybius) 3. One of the most impressive military maneuvers by the Carthaginians, and one of the most catastrophic defeats in Roman History 4. Hannibal and his allies destroyed the Romans with a double envelopment tactic

Psyche (psychology)

1. The totality of the human mind 2. From Greek "Psychikos" meaning mind/soul 3. ___________ (goddess) is the deification of the human soul

Horatii

1. The triple warriors that lived during Tullus Hostilius's reign 2. During "war" with Alba Longa, these men were chosen as Rome's warriors who would fight against the Curiatii, the heros of Alba longa 3. during the battle, 2 horatii died and the Curiatii were all injured, each more than the last 4. The remaining Horatius ran away, tiring his enemies, he would then return and kill them all; winning Alba Longa for Rome 5. The remaining Horatius returned home a hero, but his sister was engaged to a Curatius and was crying, he killed her on the spot

Punic Wars

1. The wars between the greatest powers of the Mediterranean, the Roman Republic and Carthage 2. Rome won all 3 3. The first was fought over Sicily 4. The second, being the most famous, was fought between generals like Scipio Africanus and Hannibal Barca, who used war elephants 5. Determined the power structure of the Mediterranean for centuries after

Emperor Hadrian

1. Third emperor of the 5 good emperors; cousin/adoptive son of Trajan, who reigned from 117-138CE 2. While Trajan focused on expansion, this emperor focused on keeping the empire together by strengthening borders, increasing defense, and disciplining/preparing soldiers 3. Built ______'s wall separating Britannia and Scotland, and securing its border 4. Built many temples and admired the Greek style and Culture, built in Athens; toured the provinces 5. Relied on provincials in an effort to keep the empire together

Emperor Caligula

1. Third roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37-41CE 2. Put in power by the Senate after the death of Tiberius; name means little boots 3. Disastrous reign; cruel, extravagant, prevented, insane, and a tyrant; tried to make his horse a senator and wage war on the sea 4. brought the empire to the brink of bankruptcy through lavish building projects and dwellings 5. Assassinated by the praetorian guard in his palace in 41CE

Spartacus

1. Thracian man 2. Captured by Romans in war and was made a slave 3. Became a gladiator and in 73 BCE escaped with a group of gladiators 4. Led the third slave revolt that defeated the senate thrice, gaining men constantly; They could have escaped Rome, but chose to plunder more 5. Were defeated by a force lead by Crassus (helped by Pompey)

Gorgons

1. Three sisters with living, venomous snakes for hair 2. They turn anyone they look at into stone 3. 2 of the them were immortal, but one, Medusa was mortal 4. Medusa, one of these creatures was beheaded by Perseus

Per se

1. Through/by itself 2. Without referring to anything else; intrinsically 3. Also a philosophical and legal term

Sic Transit Gloria Mundi

1. Thus passes the glory of the world 2. Latin phrase used to coronate Popes from Alexander V to 1963 3. Reminds to Pope of the transitory nature of life and his duties

Tempus Fugit

1. Time flies 2. From Book 3 of Virgil's Georgics 3. Expresses that time slips away and urges to make the most the time we have 4. Commonly used on sundials and gravestone

Hecate

1. Titan Goddess of witchcraft, night, entrance-ways, crossroads, ghosts, necromancy, sorcery, and knowledge of herbs and poisons 2. Depicted in triple form 3. Priestesses like Circe and Medea(her daughter) follow her 4. Lives in the underworld

Gallic Wars

1. War fought between the General Julius Caesar and Gallic tribes 2. The 9 year campaign was thoroughly documented in Caesar's "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" 3. Began in 58 BC with the migration of the Helvetians to Southwest Gaul 4. Caesar resloved that he wanted Gaul (probably to boost his political career and for money) and defeated the Gallic and Germanic people 5. While the gallic tribes were just as strong as Romes, they weren't as coherent and organized, Vercingetorix united them too late

Wars with Parthia

1. Wars between the Roman Republic/Empire and Parthia from 54BCE-217CE 2. Resulted in stalemate 3. Started with Carrhae (Crassus lost), Pompey conquered Judea and Syria, and Parthia supporting Caesar's Assassins in the Liberatore's civil war 4. Trajan conquered mesopotamia overran the capital, annexed Armenia (Hadrian left it), and installed a puppet emperor, but he was deposed by a rebellion; Hadrian tried establishing the Euphrates as the border between them 5. The wars with Parthia ended when Parthia was overthrown and became the Sassanid empire who also fought wars with Rome

Hydra

1. Water serpent monster with many heads 2. When one is chopped off, two more grow 3. 8 mortal heads and 1 immortal head, which was buried underneath a rock by Heracles 4. Hercules is tasked to kill it as one of his trials and does so with the help of Iolaus's fire

Ichor (medicine)

1. Watery discharge of wound or ulcers with fetid odor 2. Named as such by Christian writer Clement of Alexandria in a polemic against paganism; by associating the bloods of the gods with stinky puss 3. Name originates from the blood of the gods

Riddle of the Sphinx

1. What has 1 voice but is 4 legged, then 2 legged, then 3 legged? 2. Whoever answers incorrectly is killed by the Sphinx. 3. Oedipus answers man, and the Sphinx throws herself from her rock and dies, or Oedipus kills it 4. Multiple Versions of the riddle

Dum spiro, spero

1. While I breathe, I hope 2. Derived from Theocritus, a Greek poet from Sicily and he said, "While there's life, there's hope, and only the dead have none" 3. also said (albeit a little differently) by Cicero, "Dum anima est, spes esse" 4. Popularized in the 1700's and is the motto of many government and religious institutions, particularly South Carolina

Penelope

1. Wife of Odysseus 2. Mother of Telemachus 3. Very faithful, stalled the suitors by making and unthreading a shroud for Laertes; made very nice tapestries 4. Constantly mourned the loss of her husband, who she thought was dead 5. Reunited with Odysseus after he returns home

Cupid/Eros

1. Winged god of desire, erotic love, attraction, and affection 2. Portrayed with bow and arrow 3. Son of Mars and Venus 4. Father of voluptas and consort of Psyche

Magna Cum Laude

1. With great praise 2. Award Given to the top 5-10-15 percent of the class during graduation, depending on school 3. Higher than cum laude but lower than summa cum laude 4. The system was put in place by Harvard

Labor Omnia Vincit

1. Work conquers all 2. Coined by Vergil in Georgics, Book 1, lines 145-6 3. Written in support of Agustus's back to the land policy 4. Used by the U.S labor movement as a motto

Stilus

1. Writing utensil or small tool for some form of marking and shaping 2. Generally a small stake or spike, specifically a pencil or stylus 3. Used on wax tablets in Rome for everyday writing (papyrus and ink was used for laws and books) 4. First used by Mesopotamians for writing cuneiform on stone tablets; spread to Egypt, Greece, and Rome, changing for different uses

A.D. (Anno Domini)

1. Years after BCE 1 in Gregorian and Julian Calendar 2. Start of AD is placed around where Jesus was born (not died) 3. Literally means "In the year of the lord"; taken from _____________ nostri Jesu Christi meaning "in the year of our lord, Jesus Christ" 4. BC is English for before Christ

Apollo and Daphne

1. ______ mocks the love god Eros, so he shoots him with a golden arrow and the nymph ______ with a lead arrow 2. The god chases the nymph and she calls to her father, the river god Peneus, to saver her 3. He turns his daughter into a laurel tree to save her; then the god, still in pursuit embraces the tree 4. The prominence of this god and this story explain the foundation of why laurel symbolizes and victory

Pan and Syrinx

1. ________ is a wood nymph and a chaste follower of Artemis 2. Chased by sus god _____ and when cut off by river, she asks river nymphs to save her 3. She is transformed into hollow water reeds, which make noise when Pan blows over them 4. He fashions the first set of Pan pipes from these reeds 5. Origin of the word "syringe"

Cardinal

1. _________ rule is a fundamental rule, upon which other matters hinge upon 2. Generally something important 3. Derives from cardo, cardinis, m. meaning hinge 4. A cardinal number denotes a quantity; fundamental numbers which ordinals hinge on 5. Example of cardinal numbers are one, two, three, four, etc.; opposes ordinal numbers (first, second, third, fourth)

alibi

1. a claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a criminal one, is alleged to have taken place. 2. Meaning comes from Latin "_______" meaning another place (alius+ibi); you were in another place during the crime 3. Especially used as a legal term used in court

Mnemonic

1. a device used to remember something; a memory aid/device 2. Derives from the goddess of memory Mnemosyne 3. Examples include Roy G. Biv to remember the rainbow colours, Pemdas, the month knuckle thing, and Never Eat Soggy Waffles 4. Effective in helping the mind remember something by linking it to an easily memorized model

Trojan Horse

1. a large hollow wooden figure of a horse (filled with Greek soldiers) 2. left by the Greeks outside Troy during the Trojan War and the Greeks pretended to leave 3. The Trojans took it in, against the better judgment of Laocoon, and the Greeks inside sacked the city at night 4. Odysseus came up with the idea to build the horse

Sinecure

1. a position requiring little to no work and having status/financial benefit 2. Derives from latin sine(without) and cura (care) 3. Historically refers to an ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls

Mores

1. ancestral customs, unwritten code from which romans derived their social norms 2. Core concept of Roman traditionalism; principles, behavioral models, and social practices that affected private, political, and military life in ancient Rome 3. Covered things like family rules (paterfamilias), client/patron relationships, trust, honesty, faithfulness, piety, discipline, self-control, virtue, and manliness 4. Citizens who practiced good __________ would get Auctoritas (prestige and respect)

Et Alii (et al.)

1. and others 2. Denotes omitted names 3. Used to shorten a list in citations or the heading of a letter 4. Preceded by an oxford comma (serial comma)

Et Cetera (etc.)

1. and the rest 2. Used at the end of a list to indicate that further, similar items are included; logical continuation of a series of descriptions 3. Whereas Et Al. and is used more academically and refers to people in letters/citations, _____ refers mainly to items in a list 4. Typically used after 3 terms

Cosmos

1. another name for universe 2. implies a view of the universe as a complex system 3. Cosmology is the study of the cosmos from science, religion, an philosophy 4. From Pythagoras who used it to describe the order of the universe 5. Greek for "order" 6. Chaos, is also used to describe the gap between heavens and Earth "void, chasm, abyss"

Horticulture

1. art of cultivating plants for food, medicinal ingredients, comfort, or ornament 2. Derives from "hortus" meaning garden in Latin as well as "Cultura" meaning cultivation 3. Plant preservation fits under this category 4. Differs from agriculture, which requires mass harvest, and mass scale crop production

Ad Lib/Ad Libitum

1. at/to one's pleasure 2. Used in music, biology, and especially drama, to denote impromptu 3. Also means as often or as often as desired in a more general context "He ate ____________ and thusly gained weight"

Onus Probandi

1. burden of proving 2. The legal duty to establish who is responsible for presenting the evidence and how much 3. If you have the burden of proof, you need to give the evidence 4. In civil law, the burden of proof is placed on the plaintiff

Pietas

1. duty, religiosity, filial piety, loyalty, devotion 2. chief roman virtue; defining virtue of Aeneas 3. Personified by the Goddess _____ 4. Doing duties/giving respect and faith to colleagues, gods, the country, and relatives, especially parents

Finis

1. end 2. Derives from Latin for end "______" 3. Used in books or movies to denote the end 4. Origin of the word Finish and final 5. Often shorted to "fin" 6. Used in phrases like in finem = eternally, ad finem = to the end, and facio finem = I cease (literally "I make the end")

Nepotism

1. favoritism to relatives 2. Applies to business, entertainment, religion, but especially government 3. From Latin root "nepos" (nephew) 4. Condemned as evil and unwise by Aristotle and Confucius

Gregarious

1. fond of company; sociable 2. someone who prefers to be in groups of one's own kind 3. Derives from greg/grex- meaning "flock" or "herd" in Latin and becoming Gregarius, -a, -um, meaning "of the flock"

Pro bono publico

1. for the public good 2. Professional work done voluntarily without pay 3. Typically applied to legal professionals giving their services to poor but deserving clients for free

Chimerical

1. formed from parts of various animals 2. Used in biology to describe organisms with genetically different tissues 3. Also, more broadly refers to something illusory or imaginary 4. With the -al included, it usually means existing only as the product of unchecked imagination; great imagination 5. Refers to the Chimera, a fire-breathing mythical monster hybrid of lion, goat, and snake

Mars/Ares

1. god of war and courage (+agricultural guardian for Mars) 2. father of Romulus and Remus 3. Whearas ________ (Greek one) was a minor and bloodthirsty god, _____ (Roman one) was more important and represented the peace of the pax romana and the patron of Rome 4. one of the 12 olypians and son of Jupiter/Juno 5. Had affair with venus

Harpy

1. half woman, half bird hybrid 2. Personification of storm winds who steal food from travelers and carry evil-doers to the Erinyes (furies) 3. Vicious and cruel, took the daughters of Pandareus as servants for the Furies 4. When someone mysteriously disappeared, it was said they were taken by _______s

Vademecum

1. hand book or guide that is kept constantly at hand for consultation 2. Medical book carried by medieval doctors 3. Derives from Latin vado,vadere (go) and mecum (with me) 4. Literally "go with me"

cornucopia

1. horn of plenty 2. Sign of abundance and nourishment 3. Overflowing with produce, nuts, and flowers 4. Derives from latin for horn (cornu) and abundance (copia) 5. Mythologically from the goat that nursed baby zeus, or from the horn of the river god Acheolus which Heracles ripped off

De facto

1. in fact 2. Describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized 3. used especially for leadership/borders/ and government

i.e./id est

1. in other words 2. Literally, "that is" 3. Used for clarity/restating something

Ibid./ibidem

1. in the same place 2. Used in footnotes to refer to a previously cited source 3. academic Latin phrase 4. Tells the reader that info was pulled from the same source/page as the previous citation

Jupiter/Zeus

1. king of gods, wisest of the divinities, and god of the sky and lightning 2. Son of Saturn and Ops, father of many 3. Wielder of the thunderbolt and is represented as eagle 4. married to Juno 5. Led siblings against titans and won

Sarcophagus

1. large stone coffin 2. usually adorned with sculptures and inscriptions 3. From Greek, "Sarko" flesh, and "phagus" eating, entered Latin and therefore English as ________ 4. Literally "Flesh Eating", named for this supposed property

Concatenation

1. linked together chain 2. Comes from Latin verb concatenare (con(togther) + catena(chain)) 3. Series of interconnected things/events more broadly

Agenda

1. list of items to be discussed in a meeting 2. Derives from the gerundive of agere, agenda est/sunt (things to be done) 3. plan of action