Morling Final Review
Which of the following is an association claim?
"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."
APA General ethical principles:
-Principle A: Beneficence and nonmaleficence -Principle B: Fidelity and responsibility -Principle C: Integrity -Principle D: Justice -Principle E: Respect for people's rights and dignity
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?
2
Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic?
According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection
Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity?
All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample
In addition to being an ethical violation, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?
Because they impede scientific progress
Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." What type of claim is Dr. Ramon making?
Causal claim
A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a:
Comparison group that did not receive the drug
To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities?
Construct validity and external validity
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following?
Content validity
Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample?
Convenience sample
What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research?
Convenience sampling
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients, and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following?
Criterion Validity
Of the options listed below, which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article?
Discussion
Another word for discriminant validity is __ validity
Divergent
Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This is an example of which of the following EXCEPT?
Fence sitting -A response set -Yea-saying -Acquiescence
Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?
Fence-sitting (decisiveness)
Which of the following claims is always researched in generalization mode?
Frequency claims
Which of the following would demonstrate a snowballing sampling technique?
He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners
You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus, Dr. Darian, an 'expert' on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice?
His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation
When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask?
How was the sample collected?
In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance?
It causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.32. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:
Moderate -Small --> d=.2 -Medium --> d=.5 -Large --> d=.8
Which of the following is another term for ecological validity?
Mundane realism -the extent to which the findings of a research study are able to be generalized to real-life settings
Which of the following is another term for response sets?
Nondifferentiation
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD. He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated. This is an example of what type of measurement?
Observational measurement
Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with:
Observer bias
A more general term for practice effects and carryover effects is:
Order effects
Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Given this information, which of the following threats might be present in his study?
Regression
Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2x4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2x3x4 mixed factorial design. Which of the following things will NOT have to change? -The number of participants needed -The number of main effects that need to be examined -The number of interactions that need to be examined -The number of researchers needed
The # of researchers needed
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions?
The answers must be coded
In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?
The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity?
Using multiple observers
Cross-Sectional correlation
in a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time
A sample is always ___ a population
smaller than
In small-N designs, each participant is treated:
As a separate experiment
Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making?
Association claim
According to the text, when researchers conduct longitudinal research, the type of correlation they are most interested in is which of the following?
Cross-lag correlation
Which of the following is a difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?
Quasi-experiments do not use random assignment
Statistical significance depends on which of the following?
Sample size and effect size
Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?
The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique
Which of the following is NOT true of selection effects? -They can occur when experiments allow participants to choose their own treatment groups -They can occur when researchers assign one type of person to one treatment group and another type of person to another treatment group -They are unimportant for interrogating internal validity -They are a type of confound
They are unimportant for interrogating internal validity
Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats?
They can be avoided with counterbalancing
What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?
To test limits and to test theories
When conducting an experiment, what is provided by the independent variable?
A comparison group
When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?
A difference in the height between the bars
A cultural psychologist would be most interested in which of the following sets of participants?
A sample of Taiwanese grandparents
If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, they are most likely describing which of the following?
A spreading interaction
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. (listed cutting out picture, drawing pictures) Dogs and cats: 15 , 9 Dogs only: 7 , 6 To make his study a 2x2x3 factorial design, which of the following would he need to do?
Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)
Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following?
An abstract concept
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his uni. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content. Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang can make a causal claim that "emotion enhances memory" for all of the following reasons except:
He used a large # of participants
Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question?
How well it is worded
Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?
Internal validity
Which of the following is a within-groups quasi-experimental design?
Interrupted time-series design
Which of the following is NOT true of testing effects? -It can lead to increased/higher scores -It can lead to decreased/lower scores -It can be prevented by use of a control group -It can sensitize people to being tested
It can be prevented by use of a control group
All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT:
It is less time-consuming for the participants -Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent -They require fewer participants
Which of the following is NOT a problem with journalists ignoring the importance of pattern and parsimony in research?
It makes people read fewer studies about psychology
Which of the following is true of sample size?
It primarily affects statistical validity.
Which of the following is NOT true of the Belmont Report?
It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe
The degree to which a quasi-experiment supports a causal claim depends on which of the following:
Its design and its results
Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity?
Maturation -has to do with time and the effect time has on people
All of the following are true of ceiling and floor effects EXCEPT: -They can be caused by poorly designed dependent variables -They can be caused by poorly designed independent variables -They are only problematic in pretest/posttest designs -They can be detected by manipulation checks
They are only problematic in pretest/posttest designs
Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?
Participants were not treated by actual doctors
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about:
Reactivity
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?
Replacement
The text states that the first step in establishing a study's importance is to establish its_____
Replicability
A small-N design that involves providing treatments and then removing treatment is known as a:
Reversal design
A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?
Situation noise
In which of the following wats are correlational designs similar to quasi-experimental designs?
They both suffer from possible threats to internal validity
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. She then compares the scores between the two days. This is a test of?
Test-retest reliability
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his uni. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content. Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content. He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following?
The construct validity of the study
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first--watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation?
The rule of temporal precedence
The pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research?
Theory-data cycle -Scientist collect data to test, change or update their theories. -Taking systematic steps to solve a problem and depending on how the problem is solved determines the next solution. Ex Broken phone steps to check if it is still working
Which of the following is an advantage of studies that are conducted in real-world settings?
They are high in ecological validity
Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Oswald have looked for this difference?
To examine her study's external validity
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in AA. He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this?
To obtain evidence for criterion validity
Which of the following is true of a non-representative sample in research claims?
You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring
Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees that the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship?
Zero association
Likert scale:
a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme
