Motivation: Unit Questions

__________ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in a behavior, rather than an alternative behavior. a. Activity b. Autonomy c. Task identity d. Equilibrium e. Motivation

e. Motivation

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior? a. Positive reinforcement and neutral reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement and strict reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement and neutral reinforcement d. Strict reinforcement and neutral reinforcement e. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

e. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Expansions on goal-setting theory argue that goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes: goal acceptance, goal commitment, goal specificity and a. goal clarity. b. goal importance. c. goal prevalence. d. goal attainability. e. goal difficulty.

e. goal difficulty.

One's confidence in the ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called a. self-esteem. b. self-righteousness. c. self-sufficiency. d. self-determination. e. self-efficacy.

e. self-efficacy.

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because he feels the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by a. changing his inputs. b. altering his perception of self. c. changing his outcomes. d. altering his perception of the situation. e. changing the object of comparison.

a. changing his inputs.

The extent to which goals are challenging, attainable, and require effort is known as goal ___________. a. difficulty b. commitment c. acceptance d. specificity

a. difficulty

Your employee, Steve, has a habit of telling jokes that are sometimes funny but too often inappropriate for the workplace. If you want Steve to stop telling these jokes, what kind of response would be your best choice? a. extinction b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. punishment

a. extinction

According to Victor Vroom, the belief that performance will result in obtaining a particular reward is known as __________. a. instrumentality b. expectancy c. outcome d. valence

a. instrumentality

According to equity theory, a person who feels equitably treated is motivated to ________. a. keep things as they are b. look harder for signs of inequity c. change the way things are d. devote less effort to work

a. keep things as they are

Goal specificity is consistently related to a. performance. b. company image. c. ethical behavior. d. competitors' profits. e. social responsibility.

a. performance.

Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her supervisor give someone an award for good attendance. Sara is exhibiting learning through a. positive reinforcement. b. punishment. c. extinction. d. avoidance. e. a stimulus-response mechanism.

a. positive reinforcement.

According to goal-setting theory, which of the following strategies is NOT likely to result in improved performance? a. setting unspecified goals so that workers can establish their own measures b. holding employees accountable for goals they were involved in setting c. setting goals that are challenging and require effort d. establishing goals that will encourage worker acceptance

a. setting unspecified goals so that workers can establish their own measures

__________ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal when they want to achieve the outcome and also think they have the ability and means to achieve it. a. Equity b. Expectancy c. Attribution d. Reinforcement e. Perception

b. Expectancy

In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome? a. Perception b. Valence c. Strength d. Generality e. Expectancy

b. Valence

Reducing the work hours of low performing employees is an example of a. negative reinforcement. b. punishment. c. classical conditioning. d. positive reinforcement. e. extinction.

b. punishment.

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in forming equity perceptions? a. Evaluate how one is being treated by an organization. b. Form a perception of how a comparison-other is being treated. c. Satisfy physiological needs before growth needs. d. Compare one's own circumstances with those of a comparison-other.

c. Satisfy physiological needs before growth needs.

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called a. classical conditioning. b. punishment. c. negative reinforcement. d. extinction. e. positive reinforcement.

c. negative reinforcement.

Goal __________ is defined as the extent to which a person is interested in reaching a goal. a. specificity b. acceptance c. difficulty d. commitment e. attachment

d. commitment

Deciding to no longer laugh at a coworker's inappropriate jokes, to encourage him to stop telling those types of jokes, is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. classical conditioning. c. negative reinforcement. d. extinction. e. punishment.

d. extinction.

Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months. Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance. This is an example of the __________ expectancy. a. performance-to-benefit b. performance-to-valence c. effort-to-outcome d. performance-to-outcome e. effort-to-performance

d. performance-to-outcome