MPAW Test 4 rev

Why is return on investment (ROI) the most commonly used financial performance measure?

It allows managers of one organization to compare performance with that of other organizations in its industry

The balanced scorecard provides a balanced view of a company's performance based on financial measures, customer service, internal control processes, and

an organization's potential for growth.

By emphasizing superordinate goals, parties facing conflic

are reminded that they are working together for a larger purpose despite their disagreements

To continuously improve efficiency and effectiveness, an organization must first

assess the need for change

The employees of a transformational manager would expect to be

aware of their personal needs for growth, development, and accomplishment.

Two managers who are competing for the same pool of resources for their project try to convince top management that their project should be a priority for any remaining resources. This represents

distributive negotiation

Accommodation is likely to resolve a conflict when

one party has more power than the other party.

Both the marketing group and corporate communications group of a company claim responsibility for developing corporate marketing strategies. What may be a potential source of conflict between these groups?

overlapping authority

At top management team meetings, the CEO consistently praises the sales department but seldom acknowledges the efforts of product development. This creates conflict due to

status inconsistency

By expressing concern for employees and representing their best interests in day-to-day activities, a manager demonstrates a(n) _______ behavior in the context of path-goal theory

supportive

A manager has increased his effectiveness by clearly defining employee goals and ensuring each employee understands how to achieve them. The manager has high

task structure

In a collectivist culture, such as in Japan, managers tend to be

task-oriented

Jalen manages his team with a strong focus on goals and how to achieve them with maximum efficiency and effectiveness. According to Fiedler, Jalen is a(n) _______ leader

task-oriented

Negotiation is a conflict-resolution technique most useful when

the parties involved have similar levels of power

Competition is ineffective as a conflict-resolution strategy because

the two sides to a conflict are more concerned about winning the battle, which can escalate tensions

Accommodation is ineffective as a conflict-resolution strategy because

the weaker party who gives in might look for ways to get back at the stronger party in the future.

A(n) _______ is an impartial individual with expertise in handling conflicts and who helps parties in conflict reach an acceptable solution

third-party negotiator

Lemor motivates her team members primarily by rewarding and reprimanding them. Lemor is using _______ leadership

transactional

Managers who effectively influence their employees to achieve goals without making dramatic changes are engaging in _______ leadership

transactional

Amira motivates her employees to focus their efforts on the needs of coworkers and customers, rather than just their own personal goals. She is demonstrating _______ leadership

transformational

A key characteristic of revolutionary change is that it is

unexpected

Joey's subordinates don't realize that he is using his power to influence them. They support him because they believe the decisions he makes are appropriate. Joey is politically skilled and exercises his power

unobtrusively

As a manager who has significant referent power, Magda is likely

used as a role model by many of her employees.

Creating new options for joint gain occurs by focusing on a(n) _______ scenario

win-win

anticipating problems BEFORE

Feedforward control

As the leader of a company, you want to see your company reach a higher level of sales performance. According to the Lewin's force-field theory, what must you do?

Increase the forces for change and reduce resistance to change.

_______ conflict takes place between different departments of the same organization

Intergroup

Why is it advantageous to have employees participate in goal setting?

It strengthens employees' commitment to achieving goals and meeting budgets.

_______ is a company's operating profit divided by its sales revenues.

Operating margin

_______ is the movement of an organization away from its present state toward some preferred future state to increase its efficiency and effectiveness

Organizational change

_______ is discord arising from the incompatibility of goals of different individuals and their attempts to thwart each other's pursuit of objectives

Organizational conflict

_______ power comes from the respect, admiration, and loyalty that employees have for a leader

Referent

_______ is a political strategy for managers to exercise power unobtrusively

Relying on objective information

Managers can create mutually beneficial relationships by

building alliances.

A _______ control technique accomplishes standardized behavior and work outputs

bureaucratic

Frank wants to delay production on a product in order to cash in on an impending decrease in raw materials cost. Samuel believes production should start immediately to beat competitors to the market. They resolve their conflict through _______ by agreeing to produce a small number of units immediately and scale up production as costs decrease.

compromise

immediate feedback DURING production

concurrent control

When Jillian shows that she cares for her employees and takes action to help them enjoy their work, she is engaging in _______ behavior

consideration

What helps explain the reality that two managers who each possess similar traits and behaviors may not be equally effective leaders in all situations?

contingency models of leadership

The values, norms, and expectations of behavior that control how workers interact with one another within an organization represent the organization's

culture

You are a CEO who wants to determine whether the company has sufficient resources available to address loan and interest payments that are due to some short-term creditors. Which measure would you find most useful?

current ratio

When arriving at work Monday, Melissa learns that her entire organization is now reporting to a newly formed business unit focused on breaking into international markets. Her company is going through a(n) _______ change

revolutionary

The CEO of a large corporation mandates that new goals be implemented immediately. This is an example of

revolutionary change.

When Marta sold a property that had been on the market for a considerable length of time, Sezar gave her a commission bonus. What type of power was Sezar using?

reward

When faced with problems, _______ can help regulate employee behavior

rules and SOPs

Women are often stereotyped as being

supportive.

A(n) _______ can help increase mutual understanding of job demands and difficulties to help minimize conflicts.

temporary assignment

Which of these performance standards would managers find the most difficult to measure?

the creativity of a research engineer

A state of inertia occurs when

the forces for change and the resistance to change are evenly balanced.

What is the purpose of benchmarking?

to evaluate the success of a change

The _______ model of leadership is based on the premise that effective leaders possess personal qualities or skills that set them apart from ineffective leaders.

trait

At the output stage of a production process, _______ is used to detect problems and trigger management action.

feedback control

customer reaction (AFTER)

feedback control

A manufacturing company that produces furniture decides to use a new wood supplier. The manufacturing company wants to ensure that the materials from the supplier are delivered on time and within the specifications needed to meet the manufacturing company's product goals. What form of control system could the manufacturing company implement to ensure its needs are met?

feedforward

In order to anticipate problems before they arise, managers should develop a system for _______ control.

feedforward

A servant leader is most likely to

focus on listening to and motivating employees.

Recognizing, admitting, and learning from mistakes are characteristics of a leader with

high emotional intelligence

When evaluating performance based on a revenue budget approach, on what would you advise managers to focus?

how well the organization generates earnings from goods and services sold

The level of conflict in an organization

impacts organizational performance and should be managed at an optimum level.

If a group faces communication problems when interacting with organizations in other countries, managers should

increase diversity awareness and skills

Leadership substitutes can

increase organizational efficiency.

Empowering employees often leads to

increased employee motivation and commitment

Executives at Electronics Warehouse feel that one of their major competitors is using false advertising that is unfairly eroding their company's reputation. This is an example of _______ conflict.

interorganizational

Two technology companies participating in an industrywide collaboration project disagree on what key standards to set. This signifies _______ conflict

interorganizational

In team meetings, Robin and Adam frequently debate whether employees should volunteer their time at local charities. These colleagues are experiencing _______ conflict

interpersonal

Legitimate power

is heavily influenced by personal leadership style.

Avoidance is ineffective as a conflict-resolution strategy because

it does not address the real source of disagreement

According to Fiedler, _______ is the extent to which employees trust and are loyal to their superior.

leader-member relations

Aileen helps the organization succeed by motivating and inspiring her peers to work together toward team goals. Aileen is known as a(n)

leader.

Fiedler's contingency model suggests that

leadership styles are enduring characteristics; they cannot be changed or adjusted

To best leverage expert power, a leader should

leverage his or her expertise to guide or coach others

Each year, employees of a home improvement company meet with their direct manager to set individual sales targets based on the agency's overall goals. Each employee reviews his or her progress with his or her manager quarterly and is awarded a relative bonus. This is an example of

management by objectives

If parties in a conflict work on creating new options for joint gain, they

may come up with alternatives that could expand the resource pie

School attendance records in the context of a control process are an example of

measuring actual performance.

According to the path-goal theory, achievement-oriented behaviors

motivate employees to perform at the highest level possible

A key characteristic of evolutionary change is that it is

narrowly focused.

When deciding what change to make to address a problem, an organization must also consider

obstacles associated with the change

Jada and Julianna are business partners, but they have frequent arguments at work due to the differences in their values and interests. This is an example of

organizational conflict.

The owner of a food truck monitors employee efficiency by counting the number of customers served and the cost of goods sold. This is an example of _______ control

output

An executive report lists divisional goals with related operating budget status and measures of financial performance. This report demonstrates

output control.

Ari is very clear in defining for his employees the incentives available to them for different levels of performance. He makes sure they understand the path toward receiving incentives and follows through on rewarding them when they meet those goals. Ari exhibits the _______ theory of leadership

path-goal

Two conflicting parties who highlight each other's shortcomings rather than solving the source of the conflict are focusing on

people instead of the problem.

Legitimate, referent, and coercive are specific types of leadership

power

A _______ calculation helps managers assess a firm's ability to meet payments to short-term creditors without impacting inventory levels.

quick ratio

Sabeena is an office manager and makes time to connect personally with each of her employees and show care and concern for their well-being. Sabeena is enhancing her _______ power

referent

_______ are third-party negotiators who can impose what they believe is a fair solution to a dispute that both parties are obligated to abide by.

Arbitrators

control of behavior by means of a comprehensive system of rules and standard operating procedures

Bureaucratic Control

_______ is a personal characteristic often possessed by transformational leaders.

Charisma

The control exerted on individuals and groups in an organization by shared values, norms, standards of behavior, and expectations

Clan Control

_______ would be considered a functional way of resolving conflict.

Compromise

_______ control allows managers to get immediate feedback on how efficiently inputs are being transformed into outputs

Concurrent

_______ are the two basic leader behaviors identified by the behavior model of leadership

Consideration and initiating structure

_______ models propose that whether a leader who possesses certain traits or performs certain behaviors is effective depends on the situation or context

Contingency

_______ is a technique used to control behavior

Direct supervision

_______ is most likely to cause organizational costs to increase

Direct supervision

Why might female managers be more likely to involve employees in decision making and seek their input than their male counterparts?

They face more resistance from their employees than men.

What is a potential downside of using a bureaucratic approach to control behavior?

Too many rules can stop employees from thinking for themselves.

A fast, revolutionary approach to change in which top managers identify what needs to be changed and then move quickly to implement changes throughout the organization

Top- down change

_______ leadership makes employees aware of the importance of their performance to the organization and aware of their own needs for personal growth, motivating employees to work for the good of the organization

Transformational

After a lengthy debate where two colleagues shared the pros and cons of their respective solutions, one colleague decided the resolution was taking too long and so conceded. This conflict was resolved through

accommodation

Management by objectives (MOB) is a mechanism of

behavior control

A high level of _______ may help leaders develop a vision for their organizations, motivate their employees to commit to this vision, and energize them to enthusiastically work to achieve this vision.

emotional intelligence

A leader who is high in _______ is more likely to be able to develop and support the creative activities of his or her team members

emotional intelligence

Yusef is a manager at a publishing company. He wants to improve his ability to foster creativity within his team. To accomplish this, he should work on developing his

emotional intelligence.

Servers at a popular restaurant are able to offer dissatisfied customers a free dessert without prior approval by the shift supervisor. This is an example of

employee empowerment

In her role as a third-party negotiator, Bonnie acts as a(n) _______ to facilitate an effective negotiation without forcing either party to make concessions

mediator

_______ occurs when the parties in conflict attempt to resolve the conflict without making concessions but, instead, attempt to resolve their differences in ways that leave all parties better off

Collaboration

_______ systems are the formal monitoring, evaluation, and feedback systems that allow managers to determine if the organization's strategy and structure are working according to plan

Control

_______ is the process by which managers monitor and regulate the efficiency and effectiveness of workers in performing activities necessary to achieve organizational goals

Controlling

_______ is the process by which a person exerts influence over others and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities.

Leadership

A goal-setting process in which a manager and his employees negotiate specific goals for the subordinate to achieve and then periodically evaluate the extent to which the employees are achieving those goals.

Management by Objectives (MBO)

_______ is a behavior control technique that provides a framework to monitor progress toward the achievement of goals

Management by objectives

_______ are those organization members who establish and implement procedures and processes to ensure smooth functioning and are accountable for goal accomplishment

Managers

_______ is a valuable leadership trait that allows managers to avoid acting selfishly, control their feelings, and admit when they have made a mistake

Maturity

_______ control tends to be the first type of control that managers at all levels use to evaluate performance.

Output

What is true regarding measuring actual performance?

Outputs are generally easier to measure than behaviors because they are more tangible and objective

_______ is when some individuals or groups in an organization are more highly regarded than others in the organization.

Status inconsistency

The sales team needs production to deliver on schedule to satisfy customer contracts, while the production team needs sales to win enough contracts to keep production levels at an optimum level. _______ is a likely source of conflict between these two teams.

Task interdependence

After measuring and evaluating the manufacturing performance of a new product, a manager raises the performance standard for the next production cycle. For what reason might a manager decide to raise the standard?

The manager wants to challenge employees.

What happens when a manager uses the political strategy of being in a central position?

The overall success of the organization is seen as relying on the manager.

Two managers are asked to describe the characteristics of an employee who has been struggling to perform well in the organization. According to Fiedler's contingency model, why might one manager view the employee in a more positive light than the other manager?

The positive manager is more relationship-oriented

As principal of a high school, Peter knows that his teachers are motivated by their pay, autonomy in the classroom, and having a choice of which grade levels to teach. While Peter can control the level of autonomy and choice of grade levels the teachers have, he is not involved in the distribution of pay raises. In the context of path-goal theory, what should Peter do to best lead his teachers?

Work to gain reward power related to the pay raise distribution process.

What is an operating budget?

a blueprint that states how managers intend to use organizational resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently

According to the behavior model of leadership, an example of consideration behavior would be

acting on employee concerns

To monitor financial performance, a(n) _______ ratio is used to assess cost of goods sold relative to inventory levels

activity

In integrative bargaining, conflicts are handled through collaboration and

compromise

To leverage reward power effectively, a manager should

base rewards on performance and use them to motivate employees to do the best they can.

In general, female managers tend to

be more participative than male managers

The lack of a consistent relationship between leader traits and leader effectiveness led to the development of the

behavior model.

As a manager at a manufacturing company, Mary is responsible for activities that are directly connected to the organizational goals and its sources of competitive advantage. Mary should focus on the political strategy of _______ to grow her influence.

being in a central position

The managers at a theme park are comparing the number of annual passes they sold last year with the number of annual passes sold by other high-performing parks. This is an example of

benchmarking

A _______ change is gradual, and managers at all levels work together to develop a detailed plan for change.

bottom-up

As a marketing manager, Julian has developed a mutually beneficial relationship with the production manager to ensure the product and marketing strategies are aligned and successful. Which political strategy is Julian using to increase his influence and gain support?

building alliances

Organizational performance can be hindered when managers

focus on only one performance standard instead of many different standards.

Managers who engage in organizational politics

can use their power to achieve support for and implement needed changes.

By relying on objective information to build support for an initiative, a manager

causes others to believe that what the manager is proposing is the appropriate or rational thing to do

As a _______ leader, the company CEO always left employees with a sense of purpose, enthusiasm, and clear intent after the quarterly town hall meetings

charismatic

An online footwear company advertises that for every pair of shoes sold, a pair will be donated to someone in need. Employees at the company can multiply those donations by meeting specific sales and customer-service goals. The company is using _______ to influence employee behavior

clan control

If the source of a conflict is overlapping authority, a manager should

clarify the chain of command.

Excessive use of _______ power tends to be ineffective and can cause dangerous working conditions

coercive

Sienna was dissatisfied with Alain's contribution to the team project, so Sienna exercised her _______ power by withholding part of Alain's bonus.

coercive

Once managers have measured actual performance, they should

compare actual performance to the standards

One business partner wants to grow the company through acquisition of a large competitor while the other partner prefers expanding operations to other states. They agree to buy out two smaller firms in different states, satisfying both individuals' preferences. The partners used _______ to address this conflict.

compromise

During the conversion stage, managers use _______ control to recognize when problems are arising.

concurrent

One of Sanjay's work responsibilities is to check inspection stations periodically to monitor the quality of the products throughout the production process. This is an example of _______ control.

concurrent

The company's top executives meet quarterly to review its performance. They focus on the results of several measures regarding efficiency, quality, customer responsiveness, and innovation compared to previously established goals. Based on these results, the leadership team decides on the next steps for addressing performance gaps. This activity reflects a

control system

Before engaging his management team in the selection process for a new head of human resources, the CEO reduced the list of candidates to include only those applicants the CEO found acceptable. The CEO is implementing the political strategy of

controlling the agenda.

Kerry conducts meetings in a way that strongly influences the alternatives considered when making important decisions. Kerry's behavior reflects the political strategy of

controlling the agenda.

Due to potential changes in laws that affect the industry's competitive landscape, Rhea's company may need to drastically streamline and reorganize. To ensure continued focus on results during this time of potential change, Rhea's manager should employ the political strategy of

controlling uncertainty

The political strategy of _______ helps managers increase and maintain their power

controlling uncertainty

As a production manager, George is accountable for resource budgets that are highly sensitive to overtime pay rates. As a sales manager, Lucas needs to meet customer delivery schedules at all costs to avoid losing contracts that drive his commissions. The conflict that arises between these managers is the result of

different evaluation and reward systems

As the production manager, Carlos prefers long production runs of thousands of units in order to drive down unit costs. Anita, the marketing manager, prefers shorter runs of a few hundred units in order to deliver the product more quickly. This conflict is the result of

different goals

The marketing team at an electronics company felt strongly that their new product needed to be available by the first quarter in order to capture market share. The production team felt quality may suffer unless deployment occurred in the second quarter. These teams are experiencing conflict due to

different time horizons.

Setting goals and assigning tasks are considered _______ behaviors in the context of path-goal theory

directive

Focusing on the meaningful contributions that people make to the organization and what is fair is consistent with the principle of

distributive justice

In _______, the parties in conflict believe that they have a "fixed pie" of resources that they need to divide

distributive negotiation

In _______, the parties in conflict believe that they have a "fixed pie" of resources that they need to divide.

distributive negotiation

Griffin, a professor at a local university, is an award-winning author, and his reputation attracts new students and alumni donors to the institution. Griffin gains power with the university by

generating resources

An important characteristic of empowerment is that it

gives managers more time to concentrate on other important concerns

Building alliances is a political strategy that

helps managers garner support due to benefits gained through relationships

Workers at an automobile assembly factory can discard parts that do not meet quality standards without needing the permission of a manager first. This is an example of

employee empowerment

Matthias is expected to work 40 hours each week, be in the office for critical meetings, and to meet all agreed-upon deadlines. His manager, however, allows him to work flexible hours that best fit his personal commitments. This is an example of

employee empowerment.

To streamline the sales process, the CEO is implementing several changes that are triggering resistance from some sales teams within the company. To increase his power in order to overcome the resistance and to achieve the desired changes, the CEO should

engage in organizational politics.

MBO starts when top managers

establish overall organizational objectives

A customer service team identifies a goal of three business days for addressing all customer concerns. In the context of a control process, this goal is

establishing a standard of performance.

A control process begins with

establishing performance standards

To achieve compliance with a new industry standard, a company develops a five-year plan in which goals are set for each year with incremental organizational changes focusing on one area of the new standard. This is an example of

evolutionary change

Each fiscal year, Dwayne is allocated an operating budget and then evaluated based on the amount of goods produced by his organization. Dwayne's performance is evaluated on a(n) _______ budget approach.

expense

As a behavior control technique, direct supervision is

expensive and requires more managers.

Betsy has considerable influence within her team due to her many years of experience and past track record of leading projects to success. Betsy can be said to have _______ power

expert

Kaelin is a skilled strategist and negotiator, and his team readily trusts his judgment regarding how to pursue and acquire company resources. Kaelin demonstrates _______ power

expert

Othelia has extensive experience in ergonomic product design. Though she is not a manager, she is often called on by product managers to offer advice on ergonomic features for new products. It can be said that Othelia has _______ power

expert

A restaurant uses an online system to engage customers. After each transaction, customers receive a text asking them to rate their experience with either a smiley, neutral, or sad face emoji. This practice is an example of _______ control

feedback

An online clothing retailer discovered that the majority of the returns it received were the result of incorrect sizing. The retailer then worked with the clothing manufacturing company to improve the accuracy of its sizing patterns. This demonstrates the use of _______ control.

feedback

To ensure the right teacher's assistant is selected for an opening, the principal reviews all résumés electronically and assesses candidates through in-person interviews. This is an example of _______ control.

feedforward

Members within a team are consistently butting heads due to communication problems and interpersonal misunderstandings. To address this conflict, the team's manager should

increase overall awareness among the team of the specific communication and interpersonal misunderstandings at the heart of the conflict

Sandra discovered that much of the conflict between the design and production departments was due to a lack of shared goals and misunderstandings regarding dependencies. By implementing a cross-functional team approach, Sandra addressed the conflict by

increasing integration across the departments

The managers at a research company interview members of an underperforming team. They determine the team's office is too distracting, so they decide to build a dedicated lab environment to enable the team to meet its deadlines. This is an example of

initiating corrective action

Leaders engage in _______ when they take steps to make sure that work gets done and employees perform their jobs sufficiently

initiating structure

In _______, the parties perceive that they might be able to increase the resource pie by trying to come up with a creative solution to the conflict.

integrative bargaining

Marta, the human resources vice president, and Juan, the vice president of operations, disagree on their company's diversity policy. This is an example of _______ conflict.

interpersonal

The dean of student services and the dean of academic affairs disagree about how to handle the misconduct of a student. Their disagreement signifies _______ conflict.

interpersonal

Julius and Jaden work together in the marketing department of their company. They are having a disagreement over which graphic designer to contract for upcoming projects. This is an example of _______ conflict

intragroup

Two managers in the research and development department of a company disagree on whether their organization should outsource development of a new product or staff it internally. This is an example of _______ conflict

intragroup

Christie hires new employees, assigns them work, and monitors their performance. What type of power does Christie use?

legitimate

The times-covered ratio, which measures the degree to which managers use debt or equity to finance ongoing operations, is a type of _______ ratio

leverage

When negotiating the allocation of resources across departments, the business manager made sure that each department head had at least one of his or her highest priority needs addressed. This approach to exercising power is an example of

making everyone a winner.

Raul has intentionally worked hard to become an expert in industry standards and, as a result, was given approval to work a flexible schedule that would ensure his loyalty to the company. Raul's intent to become irreplaceable in order to influence his schedule reflects a(n)

political strategy

In Fiedler's model, _______ power is the amount of legitimate, reward, and coercive power a leader has by virtue of his or her position in an organization

position

The trait model of leadership determined that

possessing the identified traits did not guarantee leadership effectiveness

When conflict arises due to a lack of understanding regarding the work demands of others, _______ is an effective resolution strategy

practicing job rotation

As a regional manager, Maria's performance is evaluated on the difference between her region's sales revenues and the cost of making the goods and services sold. Maria is being evaluated using a(n) _______ budget approach.

profit

A restaurant manager routinely measures the number of customer complaints and how often customers leave negative reviews on its social media page. These controls help the restaurant improve its

quality.

Riju's employees think very highly of his leadership and work ethic, resulting in low attrition and high performance within the group. Riju has cultivated a high level of _______ power

referent

According to Fiedler's contingency model, _______ leaders worry more about whether employees like them

relationship-oriented

The factory foreman at an automobile assembly plant is behind on meeting the quarterly production target due to an ongoing machinist strike lasting longer than anticipated. Conflict in this situation is attributed to

scarce resources

What type of leaders share power with followers and strive to ensure that the well-being of others is enhanced?

servant leader

To establish stretch goals for an organization, managers should

set specific and challenging goals that are within reach

To be effective as a manager, one should use coercive power

sparingly because it can cause employees stress.

It appears that some norms and values in Kristen's organization are causing abnormally high levels of conflict that are difficult to resolve. If Kristen wants to resolve these issues by using a conflict management strategy that focuses on the organization, she should

work to change the organization's structure or culture.