MUH2019 Exam 1 Study Guide

Buddy Holly (Impact on Rock)

(1936-1959). Image was clean cut, lanky, glasses (think Weezer, nerd rock). Influenced the Beatles (image wise and music wise). The Crickets (used rhythm and lead guitar, 4 piece band). Example: "That'll Be the Day," "Oh, Boy!" and "Peggy Sue." Don McLean's "American Pie" (Talks about the day when ___ ____ died). Pioneered recording techniques. Dies in tragic plane crash with Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper.

"Johnny B. Goode"

A 1958 rock and roll song written and originally performed by Chuck Berry. The song was a major hit among both black and white audiences peaking at #2 on Billboard magazine's Hot R&B Sides chart and #8 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Emile Berliner

A German-born American inventor. He is best known for developing the disc record phonograph.

The Crickets

A rock & roll band from Lubbock, Texas, formed by singer/songwriter Buddy Holly in the 1950s. Their first hit record was "That'll Be the Day", released in 1957.

Tin Pan Alley Song Form

AABA. Form becomes established and expected. Efficient to create. Designed to appeal to a wide audience. Easy (relative) to produce and reproduce. Generally shorter songs with the Song Form. Songs are short because you get to the "hook" faster, it's easy to remember, and the shorter the song the more songs that can be played.

Ragtime

African American banjo roots. Syncopation, emphasis on off beats "ragged rhythms." Ragtime evolves into jazz, swing, others. The "lilt" quality of rhythm. Early jazz born in New Orleans out of ragtime, delta blues, classical opera, African songs, slave songs, and field hollers.

Alan Freed

American DJ in Ohio, later New York City. His show, the "Moondog Show" played R&B by African American artists, by request of listeners. (Payola) Pay for play, money for gifts in exchange for airplay. ____'s prosecution included the loss of his show and influence. _____ promotes African American artists, gets arrested; Dick Clark, his contemporary, promotes white artists and has successful career.

American Bandstand

An American music-performance show that aired in various versions from 1952 to 1989 and was hosted from 1956 until its final season by Dick Clark, who also served as producer. The show featured teenagers dancing to Top 40 music introduced by Clark; at least one popular musical act

Dick Clark

An American radio personality and television personality, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting American television's longest-running variety show, American Bandstand, from 1957 to 1987.

Billboard Magazine

An international news magazine devoted to music and the music industry, and is one of the oldest trade magazines in the world. It maintains several internationally recognized music charts that track the most popular songs and albums in various categories on a weekly basis.

Music Industry (Pre-Phonograph) is Based in What Media

Before the phonograph, where was music played? Money/Free time - Music played at the piano, small instruments. Distributed as sheet music, later piano rolls. Halfway between folk ballads and "classical" music.

"Rock Around the Clock"

Bill Haley and The Comets

"White Christmas"

Bing Crosby

Motown Records and Berry Gordon

Born in 1929 and founds the Motown Records in Detroit. Also tried to merge rock 'n' roll with Tin Pan Alley model, like Spector; declares itself "the sound of young America." Goal: To keep all creative and financial matters in African American control (political movement). Gordy wants to produce music that all people can listen to. Hand picked acts, wide appeal, most money. Like Wrecking Crew, Motown had the Funk Brothers. Gordy focused on live performances, where Spector focused on recordings exclusively. Artists on the Motown Label: Diana Ross and the Supremes, The Temptations, Smokey Robinson, Marvelettes, Contours, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Jackson Five.

"Peggy Sue"

Buddy Holly

Phil Spector

By age 21 he owns his own record company, Philles Records. Extremely detail oriented . "Wall of Sound" and "Teenage Symphonies." "First Tycoon of Teen." Importance of the producer as a creative force on the sound of records. Worked often with vocal groups. Powerful person with power relationships. Tin Pan Alley model, Brill Building. Influences later producers like George Martin.

"The Twist"

Chubby Checker

"Maybellene"

Chuck Berry (Put in Jail for Five Years)

Performing Rights Organization (PRO's)

Created to regulate royalties for public performances; known as licenses. Largest - ASCAP (American Society for Composers, Authors, and Publishers). BMI created as competition for ASCAP. Still important today, they continued to grow with television, fusing of different media; radio, record players, and cinema. These two organizations still exist and take down applications such as Limewire, etc. After WWII, record companies expand.

"Miserlou"

Dick Dale and Del-Tones

"American Pie"

Don McLean

Minstrelsy (Performance Conventions)

Early-1820s (Civil War Era). Stereotyping performances of African Americans through music, dance, dress, and dialect. White performers would darken their skin (blackface). Began in the early 1820s.

"Hound Dog"

Elvis

ASCAP

Founded in 1914 in an attempt to force all business establishments that featured live performance of popular music to pay royalties for the public use of music.

"In the Mood"

Glenn Miller Orchestra

Post WWII Teenage Culture

Great Migration of Southern people to northern cities. Many people gone for the war, mostly men meant less musicians, less dance partners. Swing bands downsize; growth of bebop in smaller bands in smaller clubs. In addition to bebop, jump bands emerge meaning smaller dance bands; one origin of the rock 'n' roll band.

"Hey Good Looking"

Hank Williams

Edison Phonograph (Invented When?)

Invented in 1877. 1890s the first jukebox was invented and called "nickelodeons." One of the first commercial recording of opera by Enrico Caruso in 1902 and one of the most popular. By 1904, Victrola record player in 1 out of 22 homes in the United States.

The Crooners (Technology, Sound)

Invention of the ribbon microphone which causes a smoother vocals, prominence of voice. Example: Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby Perry Como, Nat "King" Cole. Tin Pan Alley with back up swing-style bands. After WWII, looked to as a nostalgic conservative music.

"Great Balls of Fire"

Jerry Lee Lewis

"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie"

Louis Jordan and the Tympany Five

"Zip Coon"

Mintresley

"Hoochie-Coochie Man"

Muddy Waters

Minstrelsy (Music)

Musically Scotch/Irish folksongs. Eventually performed by both white and black performers; even black performers wore blackfaces. First real American popular music and first time African Americans could perform on stage. By 1840 this was nationwide (traveled around the country like a circus). This is also how music became popular. Example: "Ears Hang Low" was a cover of a minstrel song ("Zip Coon"). Verse-chorus, story song, voice and instrument call and response.

BMI

Not initially expected to survive for long, its "open door" policy allowed songwriters working outside of mainstream pop to claim royalties from the use of their songs on the broadcast media, including radio, and increasingly , television.

12 Bar Blues Form

One of the most popular chord progressions in popular music. The blues progression has a distinctive form in lyrics and phrase and chord structure and duration. Example: "Goodnight, Irene." It too is a strophic song in which each of the three strophes contains both a verse and a chorus.

The Twist

Original recording by Hank Ballard and the Midnight's. Then recorded by Chubby Checker. Hank Ballard and Chubby Checker's versions were almost identical. But Chubby Checker made it popular. The dance move "the twist" doesn't require a partner making it parent-friendly. Promotion on "American Bandstand" with Dick Clark. Significant Impact: Specific Dance for specific song. Non-contact dance (conservatism). No partner required; shy guys can still dance. Adults danced the twist too. More than a passing novelty.

Tin Pan Alley Model (Economic Conventions)

Physical place in New York (and idea) that will become known for music production. Many publishers flocked there. Publishers employ composers. Publishers own the rights to music. Copyright laws are not in existence at this time. Publishers are making money off composers. Composers play their pianos to advertise their sheet music. Distinction between composer and performer.

Hillbilly Music

Referred to as any music that is Southern, white, or folk. Music marked differently in 1940s, from "hillbilly music" and "race records" to "country and western" and "rhythms and blues." Music is called something different to appeal to different people (and make more money).

The Wrecking Crew and the "Wall of Sound"

Remarkably dense, clear sounding records. Doubled parts, multi-instrumentation, thick texture. "Uptown" and "By My Baby." Studio musicians, often not credited. Jack Nitzsche, Hal Blaine, Carol Kaye said to have played on over 10,000 records.

"Maple Leaf Rag"

Scott Joplin

The Beach Boys

Started with a rock 'n' roll approach, then incorporated pop elements. Brian Wilson (born in 1942) started ____ ____ with his two brothers. Best selling American band of the 1960s. Example: "Surfin' Safari," "Surfer Girl," "California Girls," "Surfin' USA," "409," "Little Deuce Coup." Use a Phil Spector style of arranging, falsetto, and tight vocal parts. Modeled trend for to come in the 60s. Wilson was the "Master of Imitation." Example: "Surfing USA" and Chuck Berry's song.

The Solid Body Electric Guitar

Symbolism Before rock, the electric guitar was mainly used in jazz, Hawaiian. Hollow bodied electric available in 1930s (hallow hole that resinates sound). Solid body electric guitar after WWII. Les Paul. 1954 Fender Stratocaster, 1954 (P-Bass) Object of fetishization association with Devil, phallic symbol.

"Sh-Boom"

The Chords

"Sh-Boom"

The Crew Cuts

"Sixty Minute Man"

The Dominoes

"Be My Baby"

The Ronnettes

Bing Crosby

Very popular. 38 "number one" hits. One of the first multi-media superstars in movies and radio (starred in "White Christmas."). Between 1927-1962, 396 charted records were recorded. Example: His song "White Christmas."

"Blueberry Hill"

Fats Domino

"I've Got the World on a String"

Frank Sinatra

Elvis Presley

RCA buys him from Sun Records = "Hillbilly Cat" to Heartthrob. Hip shakin', gyrations. Dominated Pop Charts from 1956 to early 1960's. At the time he was the best selling solo record artists of ANT style (held until early 21st century). Example: "Don't Be Cruel," "Love Me Tender," and "Hound Dog." Graceland. "Hound Dog" and Big Mama Thornton. Elvis establishes rock 'n' roll as mass-market phenomenon.

"What'd I Say"

Ray Charles

Chubby Checker

Recorded the "The Twist" after Hank Ballard and the Midnights, but ____ made it popular. The dance move "the twist" doesn't require a partner making it parent-friendly. Promotion on "American Bandstand" with Dick Clark.

The Moondog Show

Alan Freed, American DJ in Ohio, later New York City. His show, the ________ played R&B by African American artists, by request of listeners. Just called the records something else (Rock 'n' Roll). Why might he do this?: Racially mixed audience. This term eased the concern for people who didn't like integration or R&B. Marketing strategy.

Strophic Form

Also called "verse-repeating" or chorus form. The term applied to songs in which all verses or stanzas of the text are sung to the same music. The opposite of strophic form, with new music written for every stanza, is called through-composed.

ASCAP and BMI

American Association of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. Broadcast Music, Incorporated. Established to control the flow of profits from the sale, broadcasting, and live performance of popular music.

"Hound Dog"

Big Mama Thornton

"Tutti Frutti"

Little Richard

"Goodnight Irene"

The Weavers

Myth of the Crossroads

The myth that Robert Johnson went down to the crossroads and sold his soul to the Devil to be able to play the guitar so well.

Race Records

They primarily contained race music, comprising a variety of African American musical genres including blues, jazz, and gospel music, though comedy recordings were also produced. Music marked differently in 1940s, from "hillbilly music" and "race records" to "country and western" and "rhythms and blues." Music is called something different to appeal to different people (and make more money).

"Let's Have a Party"

Wanda Jackson