MUS 130 Exam 3

Escola de Samba

"Samba school"; each school has its own theme, theme song, percussive groove patterns, floats, dancers; musicians constist of percussionists and singers and guitarists • First school form in favela in 1928

Lord Kitchener

(Aldwyn Roberts) •Wrote many road marches (songs for dancing in the streets during carnival) •Most popular 1940s-70s •Often wrote about steelbands; even non-pan-referencing tunes have been arranged by modern steelbands •Most tune "Pan in A Minor

Singing Sandra

(Sandra des Vidnes) •Most famous female calypso singer •Emerged in the 1980s/90s with United Sisters •Won Calypso Monarch title in 1999 •"Voice from the Ghetto"

Iron Duke

(aka Julian Whiterose)• First artist to make transition from chantwell to calypsonian •Was also a stickfighter •Famous for "Iron Duke in the Land" •Recorded in 1914 •Stickfighting references in lyrics "sans humanite" (without pity; call from stickfighters), and to picong (song duels)

Mighty Sparrow

(aka Slinger Francisco) • Known for rich voice, great timing, and sense of wit •Also known for duels against Lord Melody and other contemporaries •"Jean and Dinah" (aka Yankees Gone)= most pop recording •1956 social commentary relating to the departure of American soldiers post WW II. Used the distress of the prostitutes in Port of Spain as a metaphor for the fears about wider Trini economic losses •Won the Calypso Monarch title w/ this song

Ladinha

- a solo song played before the capoerira games begin usually sung by the lead berimbau player

Maracatu

- folklic style; most ancient of Brazil's rhythms dating back to the 1660s and the crowning ceremonies of the African kings- considered somewhat sacred • Typical groups consists of percussionists, dancers, a brass band, and a male singer

Bahian Religion

- music particularly inspired by mystical religious practices from W. Af and Yoruba people (like Santeria and voudou) • Candomble is the famous orisha offering call-and-response music used for worship

Tassa Drums

3 drums: • 1. The "cutter"- lead drum that carries the beat/ "hand" • 2. The "fuller"- carries the supporting rhythm • 3. Bass- provides the heavy booming rhythm •Ensemble is completed by a pair of large bass cymbals called Jhanji

Escola Dida

All female samba reggae group

Samba reggae

Arose from the Black Power movement of the 1960s-70s; style was influenced by candomble

Phase II

Audio file 3 "Pan Rising", famous pan group

Blocos Afro

Bahian community groups promoting African heritage through culture, music

Steel band

Bands are set up in different musical sections • Section 1- tenor (lead) pans (play melody; highest register or the ensemble) • Section 2a- Double tenor pans (similar to viola section in orchestra; play some melody and some harmony/ accompaniment strum pattern) • Section 2b- Double second pans (similar to double tenors- just slightly bigger. They play accompaniment strum patterns) • Section 3- Cello pans (similar to cellos in orchestra) • Section 4- Bass pans (lowest pitched instruments; normally play simpler rhythmic and harmonic parts; similar to string or electric bass, or tuba) • Section 5- Engine room (percussion section; consists of drum set, brake drum, congas, etc.)

Steel pan: Pan in A MInor

Calypso (Renegades steel band, composed by Lord Kitchener) -Loud all at once, cowbell intro

Steel band: Pan Rising

Calypso, Phase II -1 and 2 and

Rei Zumbi Dos Palmares

Capoeira -plucking sound

Calypso singer: Mighty Chalkdust

Chauffeur Wanted - island feel

Steel band: Introduction and Rondo Capricciso

Classical Transcription by Liam Teague w/ pan soloist and piano accompaniment - slow pan

Forro

Comes from recife (like Maracatu); dates back to colonial-era cowboys, dancing to celebrate the rainy season; modern version evolved from the baiao (mix of forro and European polka and waltzes) and the performances of Luis Gonzaga

Steel pan

Created after WW II when American troops left oil drums ("found" instruments from W. Africa) •Created by sinking and hammering a 55-gallon oil drum •Rehearse in pan yards •Compete in Panorama during Carnival time •International appeal of steel pan

Pop: Rapso

Cyar Take That by Brother Resistance

Wining

Dance style performed in soca

Dingue Li Bangue

Escola de Samba -Percussion and vocals

Olha a Virada

Escola de Samba -only percussion -high-pitched drums (repenique

Desperadoes, Exodus

Famous pan group

Chantwell

First calypsonians (carnival band song leaders)

Forro em Monteiro

Forro by: Arlindo de Oito Baixos -bell and accordion

Tamboo Bamboo

Influenced steel pan •Tonal percussion ensemble (single-tone instruments) made of bamboo grass •Name comes from combination of "tambour (French for drum) and bamboo •Common in Carnival •Spawned stick fighting groups that eventually led to tamboo bamboo being banned •Instruments: • Bass/boom • Foule/fullers • Chandlers • Cutters • Often accompanied by glass bottles and/ or iron

Calypso singer: mighty sparrow

Jean and Dinah -50s style

Catimbo

Maracatu -whistle vocals

Olodum

Most famous samba reggae group (has worked with Michael Jacksom and Paul Simon)

Calypso singer: Lord Kitchener

Pan in A Minor - w/ lyrics and trumpet

Cliff Alexis

Pan maker and tuner

Calypso

Possible derivation of Hausa word "kaiso" •Early recording start second decade of the 1900s •Characteristics: • Performers often have stage names • Lyrics about news, politics, social issues • Clever and witty rhymes • Often included double entendre and metaphors •Performing: • Calypso tents (Theatre/ stages/ portable structures) • The biggest tents have exclusive artist contracts • Competition= 2 songs each • Accompaniment includes a combo of: sax, trumpet, piano, guitar, bass, congas, drum set, steel pan

Pop: Soca

Pump It by Superblue

Madagascar Olodum (Olodum)

Samba Reggae -Deep drums -"March" like intro

Sambedrome

Stadium where escolas parade during Carnaval

Historical track: Calinda

Tamboo Bamboo group -Sounds like fireworks at the beginning

Tassa: Tassa drumming

Tassa -drum roll

Calypso singer: Singing Sandra

Voices from the Ghetto - trumpets w/ hip-hop feel

Forro instruments

Zabumba •Agogo •Acordeon •Triangulo

Capoeira

mixed dance/ martial art •Instruments: • Pandeiro • Atabaques • Conga • Berimbau- viola, medio, and gunga • Caxixi • Moeda • Stick

Roda

the circle which capoeira is performed in

Escola de Samba characteristics

• Inspired by music from Bahia, NE province (waves of migration post slavery brought larger African diasporic pop to Rio)

Escola de Samba instruments

• Tambourim •Caixa •Cuica •Pandeiro •Chacalhos •Agogo •Surdo- played w/ one mallet and one hand •Repenique- played w/ one stick and one hand

Maracatu instruments

•Abe •Alfaia •Caixa •Gongue

Cultural syncretism

•Africans, East Indians, and Chinese •Afro-Trinidadians/ Creole population •Indo-Trinidadians retain strong ties to Hinduism and Indian culture •Cross-cultural creations (acculturation; cultural syncretism)

Renegades

•Audio file 2 "Pan in A Minor", famous pan group

Tassa

•Brought to Trinidad and Tobago from India by indentured laborers in the 19th century

Carnaval

•Festival on Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday •Celebrated since 1800s; emancipation of slaves in 1830s brought about significant Afro-Trini participation •Musical competitions and street celebration

Rapso

•Fusion of hip-hop and rap with soca •Grew out of Black Power movement in the 1960s and 70s •Often contains political messages •Well-known chart: Brother Resistance "Cyar Take That"

Liam Teague

•Pan soloist; trying to get pan to be considered a "serious" instrument •Audio file 4 "Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso" (Saint-Saens)

Samba reggae vs Escola de Samba

•Slower tempo •Avoids high pitched instruments, adds lower bass •Heavier, reggae-inspired backbeat •Neguinho do Samba was influential in its development, as was Olodum

Mighty Chalkdust

•Specializes in political commentary •Has a PhD in ethnomusicology •Often uses metaphors and double entendres to make points •"Chauffer Wanted" from 1989 won him the Calypso Monarch title

Samba reggae instruments

•Surdo- worn around the waist and played w/ 2 mallets •Tarol •Repenique- worn around the waist and played w/ 2 sticks (virme) •Timbau- played with the hands

Soca

•Termed coined by Lord Shorty in 1970s from "soul" and "calypso •Sounds like uptempo dance music/pop calypso • includes wining

Picong

•Vocal duel consisting on insults in rhyming fashion •The winner is always the artists with the most vocal dexterity/the ability to compose the most verse extemporaneously •Ancestor of calypso; most calypsonians also excelled at it •It also belongs to a larger African and Afro-American legacy of sung (or otherwise performed) insults •Most famous duel is between Mighty Sparrow and Lord Melody from 1957