MUSC 107 EXAM 1

form

1. The overall superstructure of music. 2. The ordering of melodic and/or harmonic patterns into recognizable sections that may or may not recur to provide continuity and contrast EG: AABA SONG FORM

harmony

2 or more pitches sounding at the same time

chord

3 or more pitches sounding at the same time.

phrase

A 'recognizable section' of music that is delineated by 'breathing spaces'. May be repeated..... or not. A unit of musical meter that has a complete musical sense of its own, built from figures, motifs, and cells, and combining to form melodies, periods and larger sections.

SYNCOPATION

A MUSICAL EMPHASIS NOT ON A BEAT, ACTUALLY ENHANCES THE DESIRE TO 'FEEL' THE PULSE. It involves a variety of rhythms which are in some way unexpected which make part or all of a tune or piece of music off-beat. More simply, it is a general term for "a disturbance or interruption of the regular flow of rhythm": a "placement of rhythmic stresses or accents where they wouldn't normally occur."

OSTINATO

A REPEATED MELODIC OR HARMONIC PATTERN, IN THIS CASE, ASSOCIATED W/ THE IDEA OF BOOGIE WOOGIE WHERE THE _____ OCCURS IN THE LEFT HAND OF THE PIANO. THE PATTERN WILL FOLLOW THE OUTLINE OF THE 12 BAR BLUES. A continually repeated musical phrase or rhythm.

artistic conservation

A STYLE OF MUSIC MAINTAINS ITS IDENTITY, EVEN THOUGH IT WILL EVOLVE (CHANGE) INTO OTHER STYLES. HENCE, IT IS POSSIBLE TO HEAR MUCH STYLES OF MUSIC PERFORMED MANY YEARS AFTER THEIR ORIGINS.

12 bar blues

A ____ _____ _____ is divided into three four-bar segments. A standard blues progression, or sequence of notes, typically features three chords based on the first (written as I), fourth (IV), and fifth (V) notes of an eight-note scale. The I chord dominates the first four bars; the IV chord typically appears in the second four bars; and the V chord is played in the third four bars.

meter

A group of beats is called a _____.

conjunct; disjunct

A melody can move gradually from its lower pitches to its higher pitches (_____) or it can jump from high to low pitch (_____).

4-6

A typical 1950s rock and roll band consisted of _to_ players. Drums, bass (acoustic), 2 electric guitars (1 rhythm, 1 lead), piano, and saxophone.

artistic conservation

As a style comes into being and is 'successful'; it will maintain its identity (ie; it's stylistic Characteristics) even though it WILL change or morph (evolve) into other styles. This is called ____ _____.

C&W

As with R&B, the ____ market was quite distinct from the larger Pop market. Appealing primarily to poorer rural whites in the South , Midwest, and Southwest, it maintained its own performers, record companies, and consumers.

European

Composer centered...European or African music?

African

EMPHASIS ON RHYTHMIC COMPLEXITY AND LAYERING...European or African music?

blue notes

EXTRA PITCHES ADDED TO THE TRADITIONAL EUROPEAN CHOICE OF PITCHES WHICH MAKE "___ ____ TONALITY". THESE PITCHES CLASH WITH THE HARMONIC SERIES, GIVING AN EXTRA 'TENSION' INHERENT IN THE MUSIC IN WHICH THEY ARE FOUND. *FLATS AND SHAPS* MAY BE USED: 1. IN PLACE OF THE 'REGULAR' VERSION OF THE PITCH 2. AT THE SAME TIME AS THE REGULAR PITCH 3. TO 'EMBELLISH' OR DECORATE THE REGULAR PITCH.

European

Emphasis on harmony...European or African music?

tone envelope

GIVES CLUES AS TO THE IDENTITY OF AN INSTRUMENT BASED ON METHOD OF SOUND PRODUCTION ATTACK DURATION DECAY BEGINNING MIDDLE END

European

Has a HARMONY/TONAL SYSTEM...European or African music?

African

Has additional notes (blue notes)...European or African music?

European

Has major/minor scales...European or African music?

European

Has notation (same every time)...European or African music?

African

Has pitch flexibility...European or African music?

European

Has the form of church hymns...European or African music?

African

INSTRUMENTS OF RHYTHM (drums, banjo)...European or African music?

harmony

If melody is the combination of notes in succession, _____ is the combination of notes simultaneously. The vertical "stacking" of pitches. IE. The Simultaneous performance of individual pitches.

root

If you play the notes A,C&E, you will play an A triad because A is its basic, or ______ pitch.

Pop

In the 1950s, most of the nation was listening to a style of music called ____. This style of music was a continuation of the popular styles of earlier decades. It was sought to be comfortable, pleasant and righteous; excess was avoided.

crooner

In the early 1950s, the ideal pop singer was the _____, who was at his best singing soft, slow love songs - so called ballads.

European

Instruments of harmony (piano, woodwinds, brass)...European or African music?

Duration

Length of a musical sound affects what we call rhythm. Represented by different types of notes (____) and rests on a staff

homophony texture

Musical texture of one musical line predominating, but other lines are also present in a subservient role. One line is the melody and all other musical sounds serve as accompaniment.

polyphony texture

Musical texture with two or more independent lines of approximately equal importance.

Staff; cleff

NOTATION; STARTS W/ ONE LINE; EVENTUALLY BECOMES A 5 LINE 'GRAPH' WHICH IS CALLED A ______ AND IS DEFINED BY THE MEDIEVAL CAPITAL LETTER AT THE BEGINNING CALLED A _____. IT INDICATES THE SCALE OF THE GRAPH.

African

Notes are not the same every time and spontaneous activity...European or African music?

hymn

One melody is repeated in is entirety several times with different words each time.

texture

One of the factors that makes a given piece of music sound the way it does is its _____ - the way the various musical lines function in relation to one another

CONSONANCE - CONSONANT

PITCHES - WHICH WHEN COMBINED, BLEND

DISSONANCE - DISSONANT

PITCHES - WHICH WHEN COMBINED, CLASH

African

Performer centered...European or African music?

R&B

Related to jazz, the spiritual and gospel styles, ____ great was a distinct style unto itself. The records often referred to as "race records," sold within their own distinct market.

Layering

SEPARATE RHYTHMS (2 OR MORE) THAT ARE SEPARATE AND INDEPENDENT BUT ARE PERFORMED SIMULTANEOUSLY ADDING MORE COMPLEXITY. Combine (or stack) two or more of the same kind of sound together to achieve a more powerful or interesting outcome than one single source can achieve in isolation, creating the perception of one fuller, denser sound.

monophony texture

Simplest musical texture. Exists when there is one and only one musical line.

motive

Sometimes melodies are repetitive. A short term melodic pattern is called a _____.

TRUE

T/F: "meter 4" = 4 beats

FALSE - 3 stanzas

T/F: Blues music is the only poetic form that is expressed in 2 stanzas

TRUE

T/F: blues is all about personal expression

tonality (or key); tonal center (or tonic); harmonic series

THE FEATURE OF MUSIC THAT HAS ONE PITCH OF THE MELODY PREDOMINATE AS THE 'MAIN' OR ULTIMATE GOAL IS CALLED ____. THE MAIN NOTE IS CALLED THE _____ _____; AND IS GENERATED BY A COMBINATION OF 7 DIFFERENT PITCHES BETWEEN THE OCTAVE DOUBLING OF FREQUENCY. THOSE 7 DIFFERENT PITCHES ARE A SUBSET OF THE 12 DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES THAT ARE DERIVED FROM THE ____ ____ OR MUSICAL 'DNA' ex: C key = start at C and end with C

Intensity

The Loudness or Softness of a sound measured with Decibels; now, more accurately represented by a measurement of the pressure wave. Referred to as "sound pressure level". It is a product of the amplitude of the vibrations that produce sound. The more amplitude, the louder the sound. A "quiet" room may have 40 to 50 decibels of ambient noise (HVAC, florescent lighting, etc). The upper limit (before perception of pain only) is c. 115 to 120 decibels. Over exposure to high volume levels will adversely affect the individuals ability to perceive high frequencies. More amplitude (i.e., more volume) requires more energy to be put in the sound; Such as: amplifier power, or lung-power of a wind player, etc. There is a doubling of energy required for every 3 decibels of volume increase.

The Majors

The Pop market in the 1950s consisted of only a handful of recording companies called "___ _____", RCA Victor, Columbia, Capitol, Mercury and Decca. They also produced classical, jazz, and some C&W.

Range`

The ____ of a melody describes the distance between the highest and the lowest notes of a melody.

grand staff

The combination of the 2 clefs, Treble and Bass together, used for piano.

octave

The distance from a given note to its next occurrence in the musical alphabet is called an ____. - CDEFGABC -DOUBLING OF FREQUENCY HAPPENS AT THE 'EIGHTH NOTE'. = ______

triad

The most basic traditional chord consists of the minimum number of notes - three - and is called a _____. To create a traditional one.,one starts on any of the seven basic pitches, skips the net one, plays the third one, skips the fourth one and plays the fifth one. EXAMPLE: ACE

tonality

The organization of music around a central, predominant pitch. Determined by choices of pitch which most strongly point to one of the pitches as central. A combination of psychological (conditioning) and acoustic (harmonic series) determinants.

timbre

The tone quality of sound. The characteristic sound of a particular instrument caused by overtone series and method of tone production

Tempo

The words "fast" and "moderate" describe how fast all of the notes are moving through time. This refers to ____ and is a part of the total rhythmic aspect of a song.

1. Chordophones; String 2. Aerophones; Wind 3. Membranophones: Drums 4. Idiophones; Cymbal 5. Electrophones; Electronic Instruments

What are the Division of instruments into categories relative to sound production? (Based on the Latin suffix "phones" which means to sound.)

chord

When 3 or more notes are sounded simultaneously, we have a _____. Ex: placing your forearm down on a piano.

Pitch

When a vibrating body (ex: a guitar or piano string) is put into motion fast enough, we begin to perceive the _____ or tone. The faster the vibration, the higher. Measured in Hertz. Human range is 20-20,000 Hz. Women hear a wider range than men. Younger people have a higher range. Octave = every 8 of these in making music and doubling of frequency. Written by positioning of notes on a staff.

Melody

When we hear two or more pitches in succession, each with their own rhythmic duration, we begin to think of a ____ or tune; which are sequential orders of pitches and rhythmic values.

Tin Pan Alley

_____ _____ _____ is the name given to an area of NYC that became the center of popular music publishing from the late 1800s to the 1950s. The songs were written by white professional songwriters.

Pulse

_____ is generated by rhythm. Not all rhythm necessarily produces a feeling of this. The 'kinesthetic' (movement) response to rhythm in music. Is usually predictable and regularly reoccurring. Also, usually organized in groupings called meter.

Dynamics

_____ is the term musicians use to describe the various fluctuations in loudness.

Rhythm

______ refers to the interrelationship between music and time. The specific patterns produced by varying lengths of notes. How silence and sounds are organized in sequence; defined by beat values in a proportional system of notation, commonly called "notes". MOST BASIC ELEMENT OF MUSIC

triad

a chord of 3 pitches whose component pitches are taken directly from the harmonic series. Generates tonality

staff

a five line 'graph' which represents frequency (low to high) of musical sounds

scale

a specific combination of pitches that generate a particular tonal center or 'key'.

strophic form with refrain...aka "chorus"

different verses with one section of repeated music and music.

African

laying rhythm...European or African music?

decibel

measurement of volume of sound. Traditionally defined as a unit which is equal to the smallest degree the human ear can detect as being different. Now, correlated w/ a specific 'sound pressure level' which measures the physical impact of the sound wave as pressure against a surface.

overtones (harmonics)

secondary (subliminal) vibrations of a vibrating medium that are whole fractions of the whole which produce specific and consistent frequencies. A musical tone that is a part of the harmonic series above a fundamental note and may be heard with it.

shouter

shouting style musicians in R&B music

bass clef

the 'F' Clef; identifies F. The clef is for lower pitches - left hand of the piano

treble clef

the 'G' clef; identifies the pitch G. The clef for higher pitches - right hand of the piano

Tonic/tonal center

the central pitch, sometimes referred to as a 'key'

clef

the indicator of the 'scale' of the graph. Identifies one line of the staff as a particular pitch

primary triads

triads that are sufficient to harmonize any tonal melody. Also, strongest indicators of tonality. Many traditional folk songs and hymns are harmonized primarily by these triads.