MUSC 146 Mid-term

The two images we looked at during our initial study of the bagpipe in British history were of what two characters?

1. Kenneth McKay in the battle of Waterloo (Between Napoleon and the British)--he was a piper 2. The miller in the Canterbury Tales (14th century...one of the earliest documentations of bagpipes)

Ragas are distinguished by...(2)

1. Pitch content 2. Ordering or arrangement (and alternation) of pitches

Music can do two things with regard to migration:

1. embody/re-enact the migration process 2. commemorate the homeland left behind

What two ways is it performed?

1. folk style performed by the Ledbetter's (1938 field recording) 2. concert style performed by Paul Robeson with piano accompaniment (1945)

When was pizmon revived and by who?

1850's; Rabbi Raphael Taboush

When did the first wave of Syrian Jewish migrants leave their home and migrate to other parts of the world (Europe and US?

1880's

Up until what point did most Americans believe that all musical ties between African Americans and their cultural heritage had been severed completely, and what turned this ideology around?

1930's and 1940's; field recordings taken in the Caribbean by Herskovits

New Orleans Jazz Bands declined during the _______ but revived..

1960's-1980's; 1990's and post Katrina (now influenced by funk and hip hop)

to West Indies?

4.5 million

to Brazil?

5 million

What's the meter of queen of the rushes?

6-beats (3 + 3)

How many holes does the chanter have and how many pitches can it play?

8 holes; can play 9 pitches

Describe TUBS:

A series of X's and dots aligned with syllablism of the words. The musician plays on each X (cowbell), and the dots are his or her pauses. A line denotes the end of one cycle and the beginning of the next.

Who was Umm Kulthum?

A woman from Egypt whose vocal training and singing became a symbol for modern Egyptian society and influenced the political history of Egypt, especially with regards to women in society

What is the form of this prayer?

Aarati

_____________ is an Islamic call to prayer issued ______ times per day by a ___________ (caller).

Adhan, five, muezzin

What is an interesting part of the soundscape of jazz funerals?

African Americans formed benevolence societies to help those families who lost loved ones. *This tradition began to incorporate brass bands, and that's how brass became associated with these funerals *It's not just the family that is commemorating the lost loved one, it's the entire community.

What is the setting of the players in the youtube film we watched of Palmwine?

Afrikafestival in the Netherlands--this is significant because this type of music is associated with conveying Ghanaian unity and national identity, both within the nation and to other nations. Setting: Festival in the Netherlands, not in Ghana. It becomes especially important for the musicians to convey who they are to their audience (non-Ghanaian). Always pay attention to how they are dressed...important aspect of conveying this. Not just Akan, but Ghanaian.

The drumming of the Agbadza youtube sample we watched is reminiscent of what?

Afro-Cuban Bembe--the cowbell line

What is the dance/music performed by Ewe of Accra?

Agbadza

For example, the dawuro (metal bell) is an ______ instrument being played with a _________ pattern.

Akan; cross-cultural pattern (from Caribbean)

What are the three sub-sections of the Alap?

Alap (proper) Jor Jor-jhala

What are the three main sections of the Rag Bihag as performed by Ravi Shankar?

Alap, Gat, Jhala

What is similar about the music of these cultures?

All three peoples use a similar and distinctive singing style, almost certainly derived from a common source, characterized by the fast inhalation and exhalation of breath.

Describe the tempo of Afro-Cuban Bembe:

Always speeds up to accompany the surmounting energy of the ceremony

What is a sitar?

An Indian chordophone, often made of wood and goards--the various strings are used to produce melody, accentuate rhythm, ornamentation, and "sympathetic strings" which vibrate with the melody and give the sitar its metallic resonance

What musical genre dates by to 17th century Ottoman Empire and what ethnic group is it related to?

Arab Classical Music, Samai

What is the instrumentation of Syrian Jewish Pizmon?

Arab instruments: ud, tablah, riqq

What is the raga for Rag Des?

Ascending-- S R - m P - N S (dashes mean skipping 2 pitches)Des Descending-- S n D P m G R S

Which drummer guides the others in Fontomfrom?

Atumpan drums

When does the Homowo festival take place in Accra?

August-September

What regions of the world have bagpipes been found in?

Bagpipes go a long way back, spreading throughout portions of Africa, Middle East, and Europe

What is the name of the banjo player who travels throughout Africa during Throw Down Your Heart film?

Bela Fleck

Bollywood

Bollywood refers to the Indian film industry specifically located in Mumbai—India is known for its success with films. Slumdog Millionaire was actually British produced but set in Mumbai (so not technically Bollywood). Nevertheless, it does have many similarities with Bollywood—namely organized dance scenes similar to Bhanghra.

What's the difference in improvisation and composition?

Both are processes of creating music, but improvisation is usually considered to take place in front of a live audience--process of composing music "as it is performed"

What is Scottish mouth music that seeks to mimic the bagpipes?

Canntaireachd

The rumba box is a ___________ instrument.

Caribbean (Cuban)

What local group is dedicated to similar ideas of preserving the African musical heritage in the US (and reinforcing the importance of the banjo in African American music)?

Carolina Chocolate Drops

Where did the film Landfill Harmonic take place?

Cateura, Paraguay

What are some other soundscapes in Accra?

Christian churches, syncronized with local rituals Radio: broadcasts of local and global music Internet/CD/Cassettes National institutes of music and dance (National Symphony Orchestra, Pan-African Orchestra, National Theater "Hiplife"--"hip" from hip-hop and life from Ghanaian highlife music

What does glocalization mean?

Combination of global influences due to globilization and local influences--helps to identify and explain the presence of musical elements that we may not associate with India, while at the same teaching that international influences tend to be localized and considered as Indian as Hindi,

Why? What is the significance of the music and dance in the Homowa festival?

Commemoration of ancestors--sprinkling of special corndish to the ancestors for spiritual protection

Describe the history of Attah El Kabir?

Composed by Raphael Taboush around 1900 Melody transcribed in Jerusalem before 1910 Introduced to Mexico City and NYC (1910) by disciples of Raphael Taboush Period of obscurity in US during 1940's and 1950's Was forgotten in Syria but re-introduced through cassette tapes sent from Israel in 1980's

What types of drums did we use to practice Afro-Cuban Bembe in class?

Conga drums

What ensemble types engage in corrido?

Conjunto (South Texas) and norteño (northern Mexico): button accordion, bajo sexto, bass, drum set, vocals Banda (western Mexico): brass wind bands, "narco-corridos" (p. 221) Other ensemble types and styles: Mariachi, solo guitar accompaniment, rock bands

What are three types of musical form that we talked about?

Cyclic Strophic Song verse and refrain

What are the pitches of the bayyati scale?

D, E half-flat, F, G, A, B flat, C, D

Describe other jazz funeral relations to hurricane Katrina:

Devastating natural disaster, but then the people of New Orleans drew from their culture to deal with this tragic event. Jazz funerals spontaneously organized at the end of 2005 to metaphorically put to rest the pain and suffering that katrina brought to the people of the area. What does this guy mean when he says the power of music? They are turning to music to deal with pain and suffering.

Give an example band:

Dirty Dozen Brass Band--released album "Our New Orleans" which is rooted in jazz funeral tradition with new instrumentation...helped raise money for Katrina victims

Who are the members of Carolina Chocolate Drops?

Dom Flemmons, Giddens, and Jenkins

Give an Egyptian example of a source for Pizmon:

Egyptian Wheat Song: composed for a film--Lastu Malakan "I Am Not An Angel" by Muhammad Al Wahhab who composed a lot of Umm Kulthum's music--most Jews don't even realize that the pizmon came from this source.

What do the megacities we talked about have in common?

Even though they are in different parts of the world... 1. they are port cities 2. they have a shared colonial history (British Empire)

Afro-Cuban Bembe music is highly connected to religious ceremony. (T/F)

FALSE! Not really connected to anything religious

Who was the director of the recycled orchestra?

Favio Hernan Chavez Moran

What happens on the final day of Ganesh Chaturthi?

Film songs, electronic remixes of Marathi folk songs, dance, dramatic presentations, bhajan devotional songs

What is the name of the Asante (Akan subgroup) king's orchestra?

Fontomfrom--main instruments used for ceremonies by Asante chiefs; consists of various drums and a bell

Ganesh Chaturthi is the festival at which this kind of prayer would be sung (10 day festival celebrating the birthday of Lord Ganesh). The fact that it is a community-wide celebration is similar to which African festival?

Ga Homowa Festival

Who makes the music and dance of the Homowa festival?

Ga men and women of all ages, and Asante men of good social standing

What major ethnic groups live in Accra?

Ga, Ewe, Akan

What's another name for Ballinese Gamelan?

Gamelan Cudamani

What example did we talk about in class that specifically focuses on the intensity of similar music:

Gamelan Music

Name two soundscapes that UNC is home to:

Gamelan Nyai Saraswati (Javanese gamelan) Charanga Carolina (Latin dance music)

Where were the bagpipes played in recent history (military affiliation)? (2 examples)

Ground Zero shortly after Bin Laden's death Scottish highland bagpipes being played by members of the Jordanian military

What is the significance of the guitars in Palmwine?

Guitars are a very important instrument to the West-African peoples; co-opted into their own culture and now as much regarded an African instrument as a Western instrument

What are the sources of campus music in Boston?

Harvard, Boston University, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), The New England Conservatory, Berklee College of Music

What was Oumou Sangare's story?

Her father left her mother when she was only a toddler, so music became her way of overcoming struggle: when she was a preteen she would go sing on the streets of her city for weddings or other ceremonies, and bring money she earned back to her family. Now she is a very famous singer.

What is the texture of Samai bayyati?

Heterophonic

What is the texture of Attah El Kabir?

Heterophonic texture in which voices and instruments sing and play the same melody and rhythm at the same time with slight deviations

What makes up the music/dance in the Homowa festival? (What creates the sound?)

Highlife brass band and Asante drummers

What is North Indian Classical music?

Hindustani

What setting portrays the music/dance of the Ga?

Homowo ("mocking hunter") festival

What's the first part of the jazz funeral?

In the jazz funeral, the first moment where music is made is where the musicians and others go to where the funeral is going to start—either a church or funeral home...tune up, warm up—where the music actually begins. (Spectators wait around for the procession)

What is contrafactum?

In vocal music, contrafactum (pl. contrafacta) is "the substitution of one text for another without substantial change to the music"

Describe Ragas and Sargam:

Indian (South Asia) system of syllables used to represent ragas (scales) in Hindustani (North India) and Karnatak (South India) classical music

Heterophony--Example?

Instrumentation of individuals is unique and embellished--Mongolian long song, Arab music

What are idiophones?

Instruments that are self-sounding--the material of which they are made is somehow set into vibration.

What are different between Hindustani and Karnatak?

Instruments: vocal, violin, mrdangam, ghatam (clay pot), morsing (Jew's harp) (slide 9) Vocal ornaments: gamakams Repertory Different names and associations for ragas Raga nilambari: associated with lullabies/sleep

____________ music has become more prevalent on Boston campuses.

International music, specific example: gamelan

What challenges did this compilation face?

It could not convey the distinctive vocal style or the subtle variations in intonation and pitch of the oral renditions of the spirituals

What is the significance of hiplife in Accra?

It demonstrates the connections brought about by the African Diaspora, identification with Black diaspora in the US and West Indies

In what three ways does music signify?

It imitates or refers to other sounds, drawing on sonic characteristics held in common (e.g. khoomii) It signifies entities or ideas by association (e.g. Armenian duduk) It communicates specific meanings within individual cultures or subcultures (e.g. Akan atumpan, Hindu conch shell)

Describe the significance of Tuvan throat singing:

It is an important marker of Tuvan cultural identity--this became especially important during the mid 20th century because Tuva was part of the Soviet Union, who banned the Tuvans from using this form of singing or dressing in their traditional clothing. Being forbidden to express their cultural identity made it that much more precious to the Tuvan peoples.

Why was it strange to our class?

It seems to happy even thought it's talking about something so sad--corridos are traditionally written in major keys which makes them sound happy (might be their way of coping with hardships)

How does contrafactum relate to Syrian Jewish pizmon?

It's Hebrew sacred texts set to Arab popular songs--so that sacred and secular melodies are rendered holy

Describe the meter of Afro-Cuban Bembe:

It's compound--duple subdivided into two groups of three beats each

What are the two types of Gamelan music?

Javanese and Ballinese

What is the name of the fiddle player who's also a mentor in the Piedmont region?

Joe Thompson

Who wrote the corrido about 9/11?

Josue Marino

Describe the Alap proper

Just Ravi Shankar is playing and there is no sense of pulse or beat--free rhythm--he is introducing the Raga to the audience--

What is South Indian classical music?

Karnatak

What is another name for South Indian Classical Music?

Karnatak

Describe the form of Samai bayyati:

Khanah 1, Refrain, Khanah 2, Refrain, Khanah 3, Refrain, Khanah 4, Refrain

Who is the lead singer in the palmwine ensemble?

Koo Nimo

What is the form of Amba Nilambari?

Kriti, with four main sections

Where are Koo Nimo and his Adadam Agofomma (Roots) ensemble from?

Kumasi

Who is a famous Indian singer whose music also exemplifies glocalization in Mubai thanks to the instrumentation in the accomaanying orchestra and voice-over dubbs?

Lata Mangeshkar--Bollywood playback singer

Describe the sound of Tuvan throat singing:

Low guttural fundamental note with high airy melody on top--both are created by the same singer, the melody created by the manner in which the singer shapes his mouth to affect the vibrations of escaping air

What country was the guitar associated with?

Mali

What are the important musical elements of the Wheat Song?

Maqam ajam draws influences from Western Music: flute theme from Nutcracker homophonic rather than heterophonic

What is the form of the music?

Maqam, because melodies are taken from Arab music

What was the name of the thumb piano and which African country was it seen in?

Marimba; Tanzania

Homophonic music--Example?

May have many musical parts but they all support each other or "sound the same"--American popular music is homophonic

What is the Indian term for sliding from one pitch to another during a raga?

Mind

Who composed it?

Moses Ashear (NYC), based on (wedding pizmon) groom's high school song

What is the name of the bowed fiddle instrument in the movie and what country was it seen in?

Ndingidi from Uganda

What instrument was the banjo believed to be derived from?

Ngoni

Who sells recycled trash in the film, and what does this show?

Nicolas ("Cola")--shows that even a person in dire circumstances can do something significant to further education and help others accomplish their goals

The "Raga des" is played by a ___________.

North Indian Sitar

Monophonic music--Example?

One musical line; Kyrie of a Roman Catholic Mass

What is meant by formulaic expression?

One way in which corridos relate new events to the familiar tradition--framing historical events in meaningful, familiar context. *marking beginning and end of song *using emotive phrases

Who was the famous vocalist in the movie and where was she from/

Oumou Sangare, Mali

What's the point of Mifalot Elohim example?

POINT: religious, ethnic, and cultural associations can either be ignored (Arab) or noted (Christmas carol) "Mifalot Elohim" rarely performed now because of its associations with Christmas

Describe the setting of Tuvan throat singing:

Plains and hills of Tuva (Inner Asia)

What are the three drums used in Afro-Cuban Bembe?

Primo--smallest, high-pitched drum Segundo--medium, medium-pitched drum Bajo--largest, lowest pitched drum

What is the Jor?

Ravi Shankar continues to explore the beauty of the Raga but begins to incorporate drone strings

What are two structural differences in irish bagpipes (from scottish)?

Regulators--supply additional pitches to lend the music a much more complex texture (can be both/simultaneously biphonic and homophonic) Bellows--parts of the bag that keep air from escaping while the player pumps air in (done by players arm rather than blowing).

How did the bagpipes end up in Jordan?

Remember the British Empire—extended across the world through the Middle East. This contributed to the adoption and adaptation of music by many other cultures.

What is the most important note of the raga and how is it reinforced?

Sa--drones of the sympathetic strings

What's the name of the system which most musicians use to classify instruments?

Sachs-Hornbostel system

Who was the Kamel Ngoni player in the movi?

Samake

Music in Hinduism is closely associated with the gods and goddesses themselves, namely ___________.

Sarasvati, goddess of knowledge, music, arts, and sciences

What are the two common settings for pizmon?

Sebet (Arabic for Shabat or Sabbath)--songs are sung unaccompanied because the law forbids playing an instrument on the Sabbath Haflah--special celebrations held on any night except Sabbath; Arab versions of songs are sung with Arabic text

What is part III of the Jazz funeral?

Second-lines: After the burial, and once the jazz band is far enough away from the cemetery that they can't be heard, they begin to play music that is celebratory. This is the point where members of the benevolence society, and other parties of the funeral, leave the cemetery and follow the jazz band around the city playing music at places where the departed person used to frequent. (barber shop, home, etc.)

What was the name of the first collection of black spirituals and who was the editor?

Slave Songs of the United States; William Francis Allen

What are three systems of denoting pitch?

Solfege Maqam Ragas and Sargam

What is the system used to transcribe Afro-Cuban Bembe?

TUBS--Time Unit Box System

Which country was specifically mentioned as a location of slave trade in the movie?

Tanzania ("German East Africa")

What is significant about Sanskrit as "source of sacred sounds"?

Text is written in Sanskrit—"source of sacred sounds" in approaching these texts, it's not just a matter of reading the text. It is also a matter of hearing the text being read. The sound, syllablism, etc. of the words is also considered a source of spiritual enlightenment.

What is the significance of Attah El Kabir?

Text: calls on God to have mercy on his chosen people, alluding to their exile among strangers

What are shared elements of Hindustani and Karnatak?

Texture: biphonic (drone), heterophonic, and polyphonic Multi-sectional forms Sargam Raga (pitch) and tala (duration) Raga's extra-musical associations: Time of day Season of the year (e.g. monsoon season) Rasa (Sanskrit for "juice, essence, flavor")

What is sargam?

The Hindustani system of syllables used to denote individual pitches

Give the example we used to show how even related cultures express and understand the same music differently:

The Inuit of Northern Canada The Ainu of the polar region of Japan The Chukchi of the polar region of Siberia

What is Ramach Evarai based on and how does it differ in form?

The Wheat Song; different introduction and uses additional melody

How does the concept of fundamentals and partials relate to Tuvan throat singing?

The fundamental is the lowest, loudest pitch heard, but the singer is also reshaping his mouth to modify the vibrating air column and accentuate certain partials to create the upper melody

What is pitch?

The highness or lowness of a sound

Where did black spirituals originate?

The musical expression of slaves converted to Christianity, 18th and 19th centuries

What occurs in the Gat?

The musician will play a well-known tune in the raga he has introduced

What is a vocalist's or instrument range?

The spectrum of pitches that can be sung or heard (including head and chest voice--falsetto)

How is pitch created in the steel drum of Dominican Republic?

The steel drum has different sized and shaped spaces on the head...the size of the area vibrating determines pitch

Describe how the Mbuti African bow relates to Tuvan throat singing:

The string is set to vibration by being hit with a stick, and he changes the placement of his mouth around the string in order to manipulate partials--the knife in his left hand also helps to change the pitch by changing the length of the string

What is the fundamental?

The tone our ear perceives as the frequency or basic pitch of the sound

What gives instruments their timbre?

The various combination of partials--for example, if you take a clarinet, a human voice, and and erhu (Chinese bow-stringed instrument), and remove all the partials, leaving only the fundamental, they sound pretty much exactly the same.

Describe the background and significance of the highland bagpipes:

They are associated with Scottish rebellion against the English monarch--basically a sign of dissention and warfare

How do the Chukchi and Ainu differ in their understanding of this music?

They see it as part of ritual dances and useful for musical expression.

What was the significance of incorporating Western elements into spiritual music of the Fisk University singers?

They wanted to share the importance of African American musical heritage with as many people as possible, appealing to the majority, so they incorporated Western popular techniques--"cultural bridge" for white audiences

How did spirituals evolve?

They were influenced by Classical Western music and eventually made it to the concert stage, when the Fisk University Jubulee Singers began to tour the world singing spirituals

What form is Attah El Kabir in?

Three-part Arab muwashshah preceded by layali (improvised introduction)

What was the name of the guitarist in the movie?

Tounkara

The steel drum originated in _______ but has now spread to...

Trinidad, the Americas and Caribbean

T/F: Musicians may reproduce, reshape, or discard familiar sounds each time they conceive and perform music

True!

Who practices khoomi?

Tuvans of Inner Asia

Biphonic music--Example?

Two musical lines (often created by same musician)--Khoomi singing or North Indian Hindustani Sitar (drone alternating with melodic pitches on same instrument)

What's the name of the Irish bagpipes?

Uillean

The _________ are considered the four most important texts in Hinduism.

Vedas

How do we hear sound?

Vibrating air contacts our eardrum

Who wrote The Souls of Black Folk and what was he trying to convey?

W.E.B. Du Bois, 1903 He's writing against this understanding that African Americans hadn't or were incapable of contributing anything of worth to musical culture. He uses music to point to where these contradictions were made. He's basically saying, we've contributed science, and industry, and what about art? Spirituals—the "soul of the nation"--he traces the history of African American slave songs through their incorporation into American popular music, and their debasement in entertainment (minstrel songs)

The bagpipes were used through ________ to signal two things in battle:

WWI, 1. Raise the morale of the troops 2. Strike fear into the hearts of the enemy

Who was formative drummer of early jazz music?

Warren "Baby" Dobbs

What is the transcription of "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" based off of?

Western notation based off of St. Helena Island version, 1867

Describe Solfege

Western system of syllables used to represent pitch classes

Describe Javanese Gamelan:

doesn't move extremely erratically between high and low pitches; accompanied by dancers who accentuate the softness of the sound by moving quietly and gently

What is the Armenian duduk?

double reed instrument associated with Armenian identity--exemplifies how music signifies by association

2 grace notes

doubling

What is another name for the sounds produced by a sitar's sympathetic strings?

drone

Describe the significance of steel drum music in Trinidad and Tabago:

drums originated around the time of WWII because these islands were a major oil supply for the Allies. Following the war, there was an abundance of these oil barrels just laying around. People that couldn't afford expensive drums began playing these...and now they are the national instrument of Trinidad

When is the music heard?

during the Great Durbar celebration each year (when the festival takes place)

Describe the intensity of Rag Des:

encompasses the full range of dynamics

What is the function of the layali?

establishes maqam nahawand, similar to Western minor scale

Each musical phrase of bagpipe music consists of ___________ measures of _________- beats each.

four measures; four beats each

What are vocal ornaments in Karnatak called?

gamakams

The ______ is the main part of the piece.

gat

What are bapgipe ornaments called (general term?)

grace notes or gracings

1 grace note

gracing

3 grace notes

grip (squawk)

What is the form of Lament for Mary Macleod? (Scottish highland pipes)

ground--long melody played slowly with 7 variations

What instruments are involved in the Koo Nimo palmwine ensemble?

guitars, dawuro (metal bell), rumba box, apentemma (Ashante drums)

What are chordophones?

have one or more vibrating strings as the sound source

What kind of texture is portrayed when there is one main instrumental melody, and other instruments sort of follow this main instrument?

heterophany

What texture generally characterizes Middle Eastern Music?

heterophonic

The smaller the space vibrating, the ________ the pitch. The larger the space vibrating, the ________ the pitch.

higher; lower

The significance of the Homowa festival also relates to...

history of famine and harvest...way for the Ga people to share their cultural identity with other ethnic groups living in Accra (not exclusive)--remember the Asante drummers that play along with the brass band are not even Ga

What kind of texture is portrayed when multiple instruments support or accompany the melody?

homophany

The cowbell is an ___________.

idiophone (like the drums, you can create different pitches by striking it in different locations)

In creating new pizmonium, composer uses Arab melodies and sets newly created text to them, sometimes referencing...

important family members and friends

Describe Khanah 4

in a faster, 6-beat rhythm that can be heard as a strong two-beat (each subdivided into 3 beats) rhythm

Describe the form of Samai?

instrumental overture in the Ughniya or long song genre--ABACADAEA

What are aerophones?

instruments in which an enclosed column of air vibrates to produce sound (flutes, trumpets, and horns)

How are scales in Syrian Jewish pizmon organized?

into tetrachords (groups of four pitches that make up scales--similar to ragas of hindustani Indian classical music)--two groups of tetrachords, 8 pitches total--

What is one way in which campus life has affected musical life of Boston?

jazz musicians from the Berlee College of Music have had an impact on the Boston club life

(obscure in contemporary Highland tradition): dance music; 6/8 time and rapid in tempo; it's a solo step dance in Ireland and England; declined in the highland tradition and is now mostly associated with Irish bagpipe music (see slide 8)

jig

What was the name of the lute-harp in the movie and what country was it associated with?

kamel ngoni, Mali

What is the substyle of khoomi throat singing?

kargyraa

What is the Inuit form of singing this music?

katajjaq (They understand it as a game of two women who sit facing each other and see who can sing longer)

What Balinese word describes strong our loud dynamics?

keras

What is the name of the corn-dish that is sprinkled on people during the Homowa festival of the Ga for spiritual protection and commemoration of ancestors?

kpokpo

Mumbai is a much ________ city than Accra.

larger (10 million people...NYC only has about 5 million in the day)

Describe the difference in sound of the Irish bagpipes from the Scottish bagpipes:

less resonant timbre, more airy, and generally quieter sound; indoor for dance music (no war outdoor associations

What was the other example of Queen of the Rushes?

lilting--dance tunes sung in vocables Form--each phrase is repeated

Describe sound of jazz funeral:

lots of brass (trumpet, tuba), wind (clarinet, saxophone), and light drums

What is a fundamental?

low base note that remains the same throughout a song; usually has an overlying melody on top

Simple duple or triple meter is corridos is in effort to

make the music simple so the meaning of the message can be conveyed

What Balinese word describes sweet or soft dynamics?

manis

Why did he want to take the banjo back to Africa?

many people in the US only associate the banjo with Southern White culture in the US--they don't realize that it actually originated in Africa, so Bela Fleck wanted to take it back to its roots to find the significance of its original roots and transformation through various cultures

What is the term that refers to a piece of Arab music that altnerates between free and fixed rhythm: give an example:

mawwal--Wakef ala shat baher "Standing on the Shore"

What are membranophones?

membrane stretched across one or both ends of the instrument (membrane vibrates)

What is a tabla and how does it function?

membranophone consisting of two drum heads, one pitched lower than the other; functions to mark the cycle of Hindustani music

What other component of Hindustani music is considered spiritual?

memorizing the raga

What is Maqam?

modal system of classical Arab music

What were the early styles of singing spirituals?

monophonic heterophonic, call-and-response (soloist and chorus alternating)

What is a slide?

moving from one pitch to another in a sliding fashion, ascending or descending

Describe Ballinese Gamelan:

much more intense; oscillates between both loud and soft intensities--rapid notes; more exertion of dancers

What example shows how musical understanding can differ even WITHIN cultures?

music of Islam

What is duration?

music's organization in time

What is the Great Durbar celebration?

musical festival attended by chiefs, sub-chiefs, and the general public Ga of Accra

What is early music?

musicians play repertories from the past on reconstructed instruments, aspiring to revive the sounds and styles of earlier eras

Corrido verses consist of four six or eight _________ lines.

octosyllabic

Who was Basseku Kouyate?

one of the greatest ngoni players (stringed instrument) in Mali

Bayyati

one of the many scales/modes that make up maqam, the Arab classical music system

What is the study of musical instruments?

organology

What is the music associated with Ghanain independence from British control?

palmwine

Settings that bagpipes are associated with: 1. Death and commemoration-- 2. Entertainment and dance--- 3. Competition and concerts--

pibroch ceilidhs highland games

What are the four components of sound?

pitch, intensity, quality, duration

What is the song's texture?

polyphonic (four part--flute, drum, drum, voices, supported by tambura/plucked lute)

What is the texture of Agbadza?

polyphonic and polyrhythmic

Gamelan is ___________- (texture) and ________ (form), which may represent the Hindu belief in _________.

polyphonic; cyclic; reincarnation

What is the meaning of Amba nilambari?

praise to the Hindu god Amba

What is part two of the jazz funeral? And what kind of songs might accompany?

procession to funeral; hymn like Amazing Grace--official name for this music is derge (sp?)

What's a trill?

quick alternation between two notes

Partials or organized in ___________ to their fundamentals so that...

ratios; the second harmonic vibrates twice as fast as the fundamental and the third harmonic vibrates three times as fast as the fundamental

Syriann Jewish Pizmon is an example of __________ through music.

reconciling

most common and traditional genre of fast dance music in this repertory; now composed more for competitions

reel (scottish pipes)--of ceilidhs

The instruments of Afro-Cuban Bembe (drums, singing, bell) all make __________ rhythms.

regular

What is the significance of Samai music?

relates to the term "Tarab"--which refers to the effect that Arab classical musicians had on their audience, ectasy

Polyphony--Example?

richly textured--also has multiple lines but they do not all "sound the same" or go together. (Katajjak, Afro-Cuban Bembe, Javanese Gamelan)

What are the names for the greeting and farewell of a corrido?

saludo despedida (sort of a moral lesson from story usually)

What is a raga?

scale in Hindustani music

What are the partials?

series of tones ascending above the fundamental--"harmonics"

What does the umbrella mean?

signifies the coming of rain, and in ritual, rain means the departed lived a good life

The _________ is not used in South Indian Classical Music.

sitar

Describe Khanah 1

slow rhythm consisting of 10 beats

How are drums modified to create a less peppy sound?

snares are loosened

The two performance styles mentioned above are signifiers of what?

social difference

Describe the duration of Rag Des:

some parts are in fixed rhythm, some are in free rhythm, involves tala (cycles of pulses), and changes in tempo

What are Electrophones

sound is produced or modified electronically (synthesizer or electric guitar)

What are the three components of a soundscape?

sound, setting, signficance

slower dance music for two dancers; flourished in Highland repertory; believed to have developed in the 18th century as a style of reel-playing for the fiddle; adopted by pipe players in the 19th century

strathspey

Where is the music of this festival performed?

street, public

What is the form of corridos?

strophic

What's the form?

strophic

What is the musical form of "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen?

strophic with refrain

What are the quality sources (sound sources) in Rag Des?

tabla, sitar, tambura

What instrument provides the drone in this music?

tampura

What are the types of drones for irish pipes?

tenor, baritone, bass

Where did the name of the film come from?

the Tanzania location of the film shooting was called "Throw Down Your Heart" because it was the location where slaves were shipped away, never to see their homeland again. (Most were taken to Middle East)

What is quality?

the color or "timbre"of a sound

Lord Ganesh is..

the god of learning and auspicious beginnings song of Shiva and Parvati

Who was paddy ohare?

the guy playing irish pipes in the youtube video example

Form refers to...

the overall organization of music.

What is intensity?

the perceived loudness or softness of a sound

The intensity of sound is sometimes determined by...

the physical setting (for example, consider the Highland bagpipes used in battle settings vs. a lullaby to relax a baby)

What is maqam?

the system of scales and modes for Arab classical music

Texture refers to...

the vertical structure of music.

What is different in the sounds even though partials are removed?

the vibrato (vibrations of the various instruments)

4 grace notes?

torlua

Some musical styles are maintained when groups migrate; others are __________ or _________.

transformed or discarded

The corrido functions in...

transmitting ideas (poetry/narrative/ballad) as well as music

What are the instruments of Fontomfrom?

two from drums (designated male/low and female/high) each played by one drummer, two atumpan drums played by one drummer; 2-3 small, single-headed drums; 1 conical bell

The chanter of the irish pipes has a ________ range.

two octave

What is the goal of national music?

unification of diverse groups into a nation (Ghana)

Straight tone is the opposite of _________.

vibrato

What's the ancestor of a sitar?

vina

What happens in the Jhala?

virtuosity increases to a climax

What are 'Araro ariraro '

vocables in Nilambari that reference rocking a crying child

What instruments are sometimes used in Karnatak?

vocal (MAIN INSTRUMENT), violin, mrdangam, ghatam (clay pot), morsing (Jew's harp)

What are the instrumental components of Afro-Cuban Bembe?

vocals, drums, cowbell, and cowrie-instrument

Describe the physical movement of the Afro-Cuban Bembe players:

...

What is the form of Agbadza (Ewe of Accra)?

...

What's the difference in sympathetic strings and chikari strings?

...

to Central America?

.2 million

to Europe?

.3 million

In the African diaspora, about how many slaves were sent to US?

.5 million

to Peru?

.5 million

Time Unit Box System is _______ with each containing ______ pulses.

cyclic; twelve

The LG version of Jay Ganesh had what kind of a beat system?

dadra tal--6-beat rhythm or tala cycle (Ravi Shankar's piece had a 16 beat cycle)

What is the significance of Agbadza?

dance performed at funerals and social gatherings

What does bhakti mean?

devotion

Many of the instruments of the palmwine ensemble come from...

dissemination of cultural elements through globalization

What are the steps in the progress of African American music in the United States?

1. African Music 2. Blend of African music with that of the fosterland (Europe or US) 3. Songs of white America being influenced by Negro slave songs (or minstrel songs)

What is Ramach Evarai and what does it mean?

"Let My Whole Being Testify"--pizmon

What is the LG example of the spiritual discussed in class?

"Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen"

How is this contrafactum?

"O Tannenbaum" (composed in Germany a century before) "Oh Christmas Tree" (English version)

What does "Mifalot Elohim" mean?

"The Works of God"

What does Attah El Kabir mean?

"You, God, Are Mighty"

What maqam?

'ajam: equivalent to Western major scale

What is raga nilambari associated with?

(Karnatak); lullabies/sleep

The concept of a sign consists of two parts:

*signifier—a sonic image (any sound that you could possible think of)—a sound object *signified—the concept or concepts that a sound evokes in a listener (i.e. "that sounds happy"—a sense of happiness)

Whats the difference in langue and parole? (French terms)

-langue—language as a system -parole—"speaking"-- how language operates in every day life

What is a griot, and who was considered one?

a West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet and/or musician; Basseku Kouyate

What is the form of scotland the brave?

a a' b a'

Describe how a rumba box works:

a box with a sound hole in front. In front of the hole are metal keys which can be plucked and resonate through the box, creating a bass sound.

What is a tambura and how does it function in its musical setting?

a chordophone like a sitar that functions in Hindustani music to supply the drone upon which the raga, or scale, is based

Where does the name palmwine come from?

a drink consisting of fermented tree sap

Each voice or instrument produces not a single sound but a blend of __________ and ___________.

a fundamental and partials

What's a grace note?

a generally very rapid note that usually occurs beside the main note it seeks to emphasize.

How does the form differ for Queen of the Rushes (irish pipes)?

aabbcca

What is the science that deals with sound?

acoustics

What does pizmon mean?

adoration or praise

What is the layali comparable to?

alap of Hindustani (establishes maqam for musicians and audience)

What other substance do the Ga people sometimes throw in the Homowa festival?

alcohol

What is a similarity between the soundscapes associated with jazz funeral, agbadza, and adowa (Akan/Asante)?

all are played for funerals--in the context of death, celebrating life--all are linked to African Diaspora

Nilambari's (Karnatak) ascending trajectory is called

aroha

What is the instrumentation (sound) of Agbadza?

atsimevu (master drummer who is standing up) sogo, kidi, and kagan (supporting drummers) double bell (timeline) axatse (beaded gourd rattles)

Nilambari's descending trajectory is called

avaroha

Give the three pitches that can be played on Afro-Cuban drums:

bass slap tone

What are the components of the Scottish highland bagpipes?

bass pipe tenor pipes bag chanter blowpipe

How is music able to travel easily with migrating communities?

because it is portable and can be transmitted orally and via technology

The Rag Des has a _________ texture.

biphonic and polyphonic (the sitar is a biphonic instrument, but the actual song is somewhat polyphonic because multiple instruments are playing at one time)

The texture of the bagpipes is _________ because it consists of a ___________ and a __________.

biphonic; drone; overlying melody

what is a type of doubling near low A (near bottom of chanter's range)

birl

What is an extremely influential repertior that showed painful experiences of painful migrations of the African Diaspora?

black spiritual

How does Rhavi Shankar count tintal (marking every fourth beat)?

by slapping his leg

What three major soundscapes are found in Boston?

campus music folk music early music

Which part creates the melody?

changer

The human voice is a __________.

chordophone

What is the setting?

composed for a bar mitzvah of Moses Tawil, and in commemoration of the newly copied scrolls dedicated by his grandfather

What's the new setting?

concert stages and festivals

What instrument is closely related to the act of Hindu worship?

conch shell (tubla and sitar aren't really that symbolic)

What is the Jor-jhala?

conclusion of the Alap--introductory section--only differs from the Jor in that it's a little bit faster

The pulse of Afro-Cuban Bembe is marked by the:

cowbell

The song texts of Agbadza are...

current events, politics, migration

what is the term given to the insertion of grace notes to divide a sustained sound into two or more distinct parts?

cutting

What are tala?

cycles of rhythm: most common is tin talia (16 beats)