MUSC 213 Final exam terms

"Plantation songs" descended from the minstrel song tradition. one of the best-known and most successful composers of plantation songs was, the first successful black songwriter

James A. Bland

The most popular bandleader from the 1890s through WWI was _____, popularly known as America's "March King". Formed a commercial concert band that toured widely in American and Europe. This band was the first American pop "supergroup" made two dozen hit phonograph recordings

John Philip Sousa

is regarded as the first important composer of American popular song, producing around 200 songs during the 1840s, 1850, and early 1860s. He was probably the first person in the US to make his living as a full-time professional songwriter. Songs include "Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home," and "Beautiful Dreamer".

Stephen Collins Foster

the biggest media superstars of the years around WWI

Vernon and Irene Castle

a repeated melody with fixed text inserted between the verses

chorus

in mainstream pop music, the ____ and ____ were important as the first creators of a work; the songs they wrote were then reworked to complement a particular performers strengths by an ___, who decided which instruments to use as accompaniment, what key the song should be in, how many times it should be repeated, and a host of other details.

composer, lyricist, arranger

the origins of the Cuban dance styles that rose to popularity in the US and Europe between the world wars lie in two genres of music: the son, a late 19th century rural song tradition that migrated to the city, where it was performed by groups called ___; and the danzon, a mildly Africanized style of ballrooms by larger, more formal ensembles called orquestas.

conjuntos

an African-influenced variant of the French country dance tradition

contradanza

the development of a singing style called ___ reinforced these links between popular music and personal experience. an intimate gentle style of singing facilitated by the introduction of the microphone and modern recording techniques. Bing Crosby was among the first of them.

crooners

a regional speech variant; one may allude to regional musical ____ to describe stylistic variants of the same basic musical genre, as with Mississippi Delta Blues or East Texas Blues

dialect

______ has been a crucial factor in the history of American popular music. Some musical genres are strongly associated with a particular _______. The ability of African artists such as Nat King Cole, Chuck Berry, and Diana Ross to "cross-over" to white middle-class audience, was to some degree, predicated upon the adoption of their ______, widely used in mass media.

dialects

radio announcers who played records and provided entertaining patter, sometimes actually impersonating absent bandleaders

disc jockeys

music that is orally transmitted and closely bound up with the daily lives and customs of local communities. characterized by the European stream of music

folk music

listening for musical structure, its basic building blocks and the ways in which these blocks are combined

formal analysis

____________ music is more strongly influenced by popular songs, particularly in its use of repetition and memorable combinations of melody and text designed for mass consumption, and is usually accompanied with musical instruments, rather than sung a cappella

gospel

a term that evokes the channeled flow of "winging", "funky", or "phat" rhythms

groove

The first Latin American style to have a major international impact was the Cuban contradanza, an African influenced variant of the French country dance tradition. Later, this became known as the ___________.

habanera

beginning in the 1850s the contradanza became fashionable in Europe under the new name ______, and its influence extended to the popular music of the United States in the last decades of the nineteenth century.

habanera

sometimes referred to as the "Daddy of popular song", was another successful turn-of-the-century songwriter; his big hits included "a bird in a gilded cage" and "I want a girl (just like the girl that married dear old dad)"

harry von tilzer

by the early 1920s nearly _______ record were being pressed each year in the US.

100 million

race records and hillbilly music

1920s and 1930s

the golden age of tin pan alley songs,

1920s and 1930s

The ____ personnel of record companies sought out talent, often visiting nightclubs and rehearsals to hear new groups.

A&R (artists and repertoire)

______ was founded in 1914 in an attempt to force all business establishments that featured live music to pay fees (royalties) for the public use of music.

ASCAP

The late nineteenth-century rural song tradition son and the Africanized style of ballroom dance music called danzón exerted a lasting impact on popular music in the United States and came from which country?

Cuba

Who lead the Washingtonians, the most musically interesting African American dance band of the 1920s and early 1930s?

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington

the first white performer to establish a wide reputation as a "blackface entertainer". songs include "Long Tail Blue" and "Coal Black Rose"

George Washington Dixon

a large body of sacred song with texts that reflect aspects of the personal religious experience of Protestant evangelical groups, first appeared in the 1850s in collections published for Sunday Schools.

Gospel Music

Which guitarist lived from 1888 until 1937, worked with Carlos Gardel, and demonstrated the importance of Afro-Argentine musicians in the tango tradition?

Jose ("El Negro") Ricardo

Which artist led the Havana Casino Orchestra in the 1930s and recorded Latin hits like "El Manisero" ("The Peanut Vendor")?

Justo Azpiazu

Which brilliant cornetist and singer was known as "Satchelmouth" or "Satchmo" and profoundly influenced jazz and popular music?

Louis Armstrong

known as "satchel-mouth" or "satchmo" built a six-decade musical career that challenges the distinction that is sometimes drawn between the artistic and commercial sides of jazz music. the most important and influential of Armstrong's recordings of the late 1920s is "west end blues" .

Louis armstrong

The music industry's discovery of black music (and southern music in general_ can be traced to a set of recordings made in 1920 that featured the black vaudeville performer

Mamie Smith

The "center" of American popular music - located in ________, _________, and ________ - is where power, capital, and control over mass media are concentrated

New York, Los Angeles, and Nashville

the leader of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and a cornet players, had started playing hot music with other white musicians as a teenager. biggest hit was "Tiger Rag"

Nick LaRocca

one of the most popular composers of the early Tin Pan Alley period was ___, who wrote a series of sentimental and nostalgic songs including "the letter that never came", and "on the banks of the Wabash, Far Away".

Paul Dresser

Who lead the Ambassador Orchestra, the most successful dance band of the 1920s?

Paul Whiteman

were recordings of performances by African American musicians produced mainly for sale to African American listeners.

Race records

the promotional catchphrase "race music" was first applied by who?

Ralph Peer

the best known composer of ragtime music was an african american composer and pianist named

Scott Joplin

What are the main "themes" that will be studied in this book, and how do they relate to the history of American popular music.

There are four themes that will be studied in this book: listening, Music and identity, music and technology, music business, and centers and peripheries.

Every aspect of popular music that is today regarded as American in character has sprung from three broad "Streams". What are the three streams? Describe each o them.

There are three streams of music that popular music has sprung from: European American, African American, or Latin American. The music that characterized the European stream in the 19th century included folk ballads which told stories through verses along with a melody which is a musical form called strophic. The most important source of entertainment in England between 1650 and 1850 was the pleasure garden, an early version of today's theme park. The pleasure gardens became one of the main venues for the dissemination of printed songs by professional composers. Another form of music that was popular in early 19th century was the English ballad opera. Dance music was another important area of American popular music that was shaped by European influences. The 19th century saw a move toward couples dances, including the waltz, the gallop, the ballroom polka and many more. The Europeans that came to America also brought many traditions of religious music. They brought sacred songs called spirituals, which originated in a breakaway movements of the separatist Baptists. Camp-meetings brought about a new type of song feature called call-and-response and Gospel Music that originated from the Great Awakening. Another feature that descended from the religious traditions of the Europeans was the chanting of Scripture, or cantillation. The African American stream was heavily influenced by slaves. Most of the slaves were concentrated in the deep south, where mass production of crops such as cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane plantations were made possible by the forced labor of thousands of slaves. The slaves would sing and dance in order to relieve themselves of the daily struggles and long hours that came with slavery. They would make music with whatever they had, mainly with their hands and feet. Music and dance were critical elements in the slaves' struggle for cultural survival, and provided avenues for community building, social criticism, and the creation of identity. Work songs, lullabies and game songs, story songs, and various instrumental types of music used to accompany dances and other social events all characterize what African American slaves contributed to american popular music. During the Great Awakening, many African Americans converted to evangelical Christianity. Because the slaves now believed that all men were created equal, the slaves sang and danced about the "jubilee day" where all slaves would be freed. The slaves portrayed happiness and joy through their songs about the jubilee day. These black spirituals influenced the continuation of African music that would grow in america. African American slaves contributed to music in many ways: call-and-response, rhythm, improvisation. Slaves used all three of these features in the music they created. Polyrhythmic features were first created with black slaves. All of these features can be linked to future forms of music such as jazz, hip-hop, rap and blues. The major feature that Latin America contributed to Popular music is dance. the contradanza was the first Latin American style to have a major international impact. It was later re-named the habanera which was characterized by a syncopated rhythmic pattern that was usually carried in the bass. Other forms of dancing were created such as the candombe, which blended the rhythms of the habanera with rhythms from the African stream. And also the milonga, which was a more forceful and faster dance style. One of the most important danced influence by the Latin stream was the tango. Many believed the tango to be inappropriate because of how close and sensual the dance naturally is. Another important dance was the rumba. All of these dances have one thing in common: the music that goes along with each dance includes a guitar or a band of guitars that strum different styles of rhythms. The main contribution that the Latin stream has provided to popular music is the idea of dance music and guitar. The influence of all of these important and popular dances are still around today, just better improved and more intricate.

a white actor born into a poor family in New York's Seventh Ward, demonstrated the potential popularity of minstrelsy with his performance of the song "Jim Crow", which became the first international American song hit. He sang this in blackface while imitating a dance step called the "cakewalk" an Africanized version of the European quadrille. Ironically, the cakewalk was first developed by salves as a parody of the "refined" dance movements of their slave-owners

Thomas Dartmouth Rice

These new publishing firms - many of them founded by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe - set up their offices in a section lower Manhattan, creating a dense hive of small rooms with pianos where composers and "song pluggers" produced and promoted popular songs. This stretch of 28th Street became known as ______, a term that evoked a clanging sound of many pianos simultaneously playing songs in a variety of keys and tempos.

Tin Pan Alley

the most influential of the classic blues composers; his blues actually owed much to Tin Pan Alley song forms but also drew substantially on African American fold traditions. "Memphis Blues", "St. Louis Blues." He called himself "Father of the blues"

W.C. Handy

the way in which the song is actually presented in a particular performance

arrangement

the notion that the underlying pulse of music can be strengthened by playing against it rather than with it, is reflected in the common practice of accenting the _________ (as for example when a gospel choir claps on the second and fourth beats of a steady four-beat-pulse) and in the syncopation that runs through every African American musical genre from ragtime, the blues, and jazz to soul music, funk, and hip-hop.

back-beat

a type of song consisting usually of verses set to a repeating melody in which a story, often romantic, historic, or tragic is sung in narrative fashion

ballad

The cultural and linguistic dominance of the English meant that their music- including folk________, popular songs, and various types of dance music- established early on a kind of "mainstream" around which other style circulated.

ballads

a rhythmic unit of music consisting of one accented beat followed by one or more unaccented beats.

bar or measure

are equal measures of musical time

beats

the most impressive and extensive repertory created by the slaves;

black spirituals

the 1920s also saw the emergence of African American owned record companies. the first of these was ____, founded in 1921 in New York by Harry Pace.

black swan

from the Civil War through the 1910s ___________ were one of the most important musical aspects of American life. trumpets, cornets, trombones, and tubas were features of these.

brass band concerts

the ___ presents new material in the song a new melody chord changes and lyrics that is in the B section

bridge q

one of the main roots of American music and is the predecessor of such diverse genres as urban folk music, country music, and rock 'n' roll.

british ballad tradition

Originally an oral tradition passed down in unwritten form, ballads were eventually circulated on large sheets of paper called "___________," the ancestors of today's sheet music.

broadsides

originally an oral tradition passed down in unwritten form, ballads were eventually circulated on large sheets of paper called _____, the ancestors of today's sheet music.

broadsides

camp meeting hymns were designed to encourage religious fervor and commitment among participants and often featured ________ singing, with the preacher "lining out" or singing each line of a given song and the congregation repeating it in turn

call-and-response

by the 1870s local musicians were blending the habanera with rhythms from the African-derived __________ - a genre created by slaves from Angola and the Congo - to create a faster more forcefully rhythmic dance style called the _________.

candombe, milonga

the style of Jewish folk songs and klezmer as well as the sacred Jewish tradition of ____, or chanting of Scripture.

cantillation

was performed by and mainly intended for sale to southern whites.

hillbilly or old time

a memorable musical phrase or riff

hook

Jazz - sometimes called "jass" or "________" - emerged in New Orleans, Louisiana, around 1900.

hot music

around the beginning of the 20th century, several fundamental changes took place in American social dancing that closely paralleled shifts in popular music.

influence of African American dance, which had begun with the cakewalk dance of 19th century minstrelsy. starting in 1910 there was a craze for orchestrated versions of ragtime songs that gave rise to a series of fads loosely based on black styles. Example include the Texas Tommy, the turkey trot, the bunny hug, the grizzly bear, the boston dip, the one-step, and the fox-trot. These ragtime dances appear to have developed in dance clubs and dance halls in cities. Most ragtime dances made their way into ballroom settings. Ragtime dancing and syncopated music went hand in hand. Another important dance created in the late 19th century in Argentina was the tango. One of the main distinguishing features of the tango and with ragtime dances it was often associated with, was the bent-knee posture, quite different from the upright straight legged posture of earlier ballroom dances.

Castles brilliant young African American musician and musical director that contributed to the success the Castles had

james reese europe

____________ were set up to control the flow of profits from the sale and broadcast of popular music.

licensing and copyright agencies

is listening that consciously seeks out meaning in music by drawing on knowledge of how music is put together, its cultural significance, and its historical development

listen critically

the words of a song

lyrcis

in 1925, electric recording, which used a new device called the ___, replaced the older system of acoustic recording in which performers had to project into a huge megaphone

microphone

the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment to be regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character, featured mainly white performers who artificially blackened their skin and enacted parodies of African American music, dance, dress and dialect.

minstrel show

what were some popular music of the 19th and early 20th centuries?

minstrel shows, brass bands, vaudeville, tin pan alley, ragtime

understanding not only the song but also singing

musical process

a category that comprises string band music; balad songs, performed with or without instrumental accompaniment; sacred songs and church hymns; and a vatiety of functionally specialized music genres such as lullabies and work songs

old-time music

By far the most successful dance band of the 1920s was the Ambassador Orchestra, led by who

paul whiteman

In 1921, the American record industry sold over 100 million discs for the first time. This peak was followed by a decline in the demand for ___ and ___ , a shift that was due in part to the expansion of commercial radio, which provided people with a cheaper means of access to a variety of programming.

phonographs and discs

What were new technologies that changed the sound of popular music during the 1920s?

phonographs, radio, Hollywood films, tabloid newspapers, sound film, microphone, radio network, licensing and copyright agencies

textures produced by many rhythms going on at the same time; a concept seen through the African American stream of music

polyrhythmic

a term used broadly to indicate music that is mass-reproduced and disseminated via the mass media that has at various times been listened to by large numbers of Americans, and that typically draws upon a variety of preexisting musical traditions

popular music

a vocal improvisation modeled on the calls of street vendors in Havana

pregon

the ___ of a record played several roles; convincing the board of directors of a record company to back a particular project, shaping the development of new talent, and often intervening directly in the recording process.

producer

The term ___ and ___ were used by the American music industry from the early 1920s until the late 1940s to classify and advertise southern music.

race and hillibilly

while the Great Depression severely affected the phonograph and film industries, it helped to boost the popularity of _____, which provided consumers with a cheaper way to hear a variety of music, both recorded and live.

radio

the major competition for phonograph record companies came from a new medium, the ________.

radio network

a musical genre of African American origin, later exploited to great advantage by white performers, that emerged in the 1880s, and became quite popular at the turn of the century. is characterized by melodic accents that fall on "off" or weak beats; it is highly syncopated.

ragtime

the musical organization of time

rhythm

a repeated pattern designed to generate rhythmic momentum

riff

1917-1935 was the period of _________

social dance and jazz

the type of music most closely associated with the period of the "Great Awakening". this type of music was a body of sacred songs which originated in breakaway movements such as that of the Separatist Baptists, who believed that their musical texts, like their religious expression, should be intensely personal, exuberant, and free from doctrinal restraints. a part of the European stream of music

spirituals

songs that have remained in active circulation for more than seven decades.

standards

a song form that employs the same music for each poetic unit in the lyrics

strophic

the rhythms of the music used to accompany the cakewalk exemplify the principle of ____

syncopation

What are 3 main "streams" of American Popular Music?

the European American stream, The African American stream, and the Latin American Stream

the quality of sound, sometimes called "tone color". an important role of establishing the "sound print" of a performer.

timbre

starting chord or home chord

tonic

refers to a particular arrangement of four-beat bars. the bars are themselves grouped in fours, and each group of four bars corresponds to a unit - a line or phrase - in the lyrics and is also associated with characteristic chord changed.

twelve-bar blues

a popular theatrical form descended from music hall shows and minstrelsy that became the most important medium for popularizing Tin Pan Alley Songs. Unlike Minstrelsy shows, in which entire cast remained onstage for the whole performance, these shows typically consisted of a series of performances - by singers, acrobats, comedians, jugglers, dancers, animal handlers, and son on - presented one after the other without any overarching narrative theme.

vaudeville

in general usage, this term refers to a group of lines of poetic text, often rhyming, that usually exhibit regularly recurring metrical patterns. refers to an introductory section that precedes the main body of the song

verse

The Nineteenth Century saw a move toward couple dances, particularly the ________, the gallop, the schottische, and the ball-room polka, the last based on a Bohemian dance that had already become the rage in ballrooms of Paris and London before coming to America.

waltz

recorded performances by african American artists in the first two decades of the twentieth century were basically in the tin pan alley mold, including ragtime- and jazz-tinged dance music and "coon songs" aimed mainly at the __ market.

white