MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK

Muscles of the Tongue - Intrinsic Muscles

General Information: -confined within the tongue -function to alter the shape of the tongue and in mastication, phonation, etc. -innervated by Hypoglossal nerve XII for motor function -inserts by interweaving with other tongue muscles 1.longitudinal (superior and inferior groups) 2.transverse fibers 3.vertical fibers

Masseter - Most superficial of the muscles of ________. Prominent in a _______ (grinder). Has a __________ and deep head.

Masseter - Most superficial of the muscles of mastication. Prominent in a bruxer (grinder). Has a superficial and deep head.

Suprahyoids - Digastric- *passes through the intermediate _____, which is attached to the _______ bone.

*passes through the intermediate tendon, which is attached to the hyoid bone.

Muscles of Facial Expression - General Information

-Superficial -Most originate in bone and insert in skin or other muscles -Gives character and expression to human face -All innervated by the Facial nerve VII -Function as units, not individually -Produce wrinkles at right angles to action

Suprahyoids - General Information (four pair)

-above the hyoid bone -below the mandible -act on both bones during speech, swallowing, etc. -fixes the hyoid superiorly as the infrahyoids function. -assists lateral pterygoids in depression of the mandible (opening) -assists the temporalis in retracting the mandible

Muscles of Mastication - General Information

-insert on the mandible -originate on the upper 2/3 of the skull -supplied by the third (mandibular) division of the trigeminal (mandibular) V3 -blood supplied by branches of the maxillary artery -work in groups for smooth coordinated movement of the mandible

Infrahyoids - General Information - four pair

-located below the hyoid -act as a group to depress hyoid during speech, swallowing, or to fix the hyoid in place when the suprahyoids function to depress the mandible

Muscles of Mastication - Lateral Pterygoid

1. origin: a.superior head from the greater wing of the sphenoid b.inferior head from the lateral pterygoid plate 2. insertion: a.anterior surface of the condylar neck b.some fibers insert on the anterior surface of the TMJ capsule. 3. action: a) opens the mouth by depressing the mandible b) when both sides contract by themselves, brings lower jaw forward (protrusion) c) if only one muscle contracts, it causes a lateral shift to opposite side (ex. when you move the mandible to the right, then the left lateral pterygoid is contracting and vice versa) 4. innervation: Trigeminal nerve

Infrahyoids - Omohyoid

1. origin: inferior belly from the scapula 2. insertion: superior belly to the hyoid bone 3. action: depresses/fixes the hyoid

Muscles of Mastication - Medial Pterygoid - deep counterpart to the masseter

1. origin: lateral pterygoid plate 2. insertion: the medial surface of the angle of the mandible - (below and behind the mandibular foramen) 3. action (primary): elevates the mandible (with the masseter and temporalis) 4. innervation: Trigeminal nerve

Suprahyoids - Digastric

1. origin: posterior belly - mastoid process of the temporal bone 2. insertion: anterior belly - the digastric fossa of the mandible *passes through the intermediate tendon, which is attached to the hyoid bone. 3. action: elevates the hyoid or depresses the mandible if the hyoid bone is held in place by the infrahyoid muscles

Infrahyoids - Sternohyoid - origin

1. origin: sternum 2. insertion: hyoid bone 3. action: depresses/fixes hyoid bone

Infrahyoids - Sternothyroid

1. origin: sternum 2. insertion: thyroid cartilage 3. action: depresses/fixes thyroid cartilage downwards

Suprahyoids - Stylohyoid

1. origin: styloid process of the temporal bone 2. insertion: hyoid bone 3. action:draws the hyoid backward and upward

Muscles of Mastication - Temporalis

1. origin: the entire temporal fossa 2. insertion: the coronoid process of the mandible 3. action: retraction and elevation of the mandible (pulls back and raises) 4. innervation: Trigeminal nerve

Infrahyoids - Thyrohyoid

1. origin: thyroid cartilage 2. insertion: hyoid bone 3. action: depresses/fixes hyoid downward, raises the thyroid cartilage

Muscles of Mastication - Masseter

1. origin: zygomatic arch 2. insertion: the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible including the angle of the mandible 3. action: powerful elevator of the mandible (closes jaw) 4. innervation: Trigeminal nerve

Muscles of the Neck - Sternocleidomastoid- 2 heads

1.origin a.medial head - manubrium of the sternum (sterno) b.lateral head - medial portion of the clavicle (cleido) 2.insertion - mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone 3.action - unilateral contraction moves ear to shoulder on same side, rotate head in opposite direction; simultaneous contraction tips head back, raising the chin

Muscles of Facial Expression - a.Levator labii superioris b. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

1.origin - a. inferior margin of the orbit b. frontal process of maxilla 2.insertion - a. upper lip b. alae of nose & upper lip 3.action - a. elevates upper lip (sneer) b. flares the nostrils & elevates the upper lip (sneer) 4.innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of the Soft Palate and Pharynx - Palatoglossus (also considered an extrinsic muscle of the tongue. Called the anterior tonsillar pillar)

1.origin - anterior surface of the soft palate 2.insertion - side of base of tongue 3.action - elevates base of tongue, constricts oral/pharyngeal opening during swallowing and speech 4.innervation - Vagus X

Muscles of Facial Expression - Platysma - is also a neck muscle

1.origin - deltoid and pectoralis major muscles (chest wall) 2.insertion - inferior border of the body of the mandible, skin of the face (corners of the mouth and lower lip) 3.action - depresses mandible, corner of mouth, and lower lip as in horror or grief 4.innervation - cervical branch of Facial VII

Muscles of Facial Expression - Risorius

1.origin - fascia of the masseter 2.insertion - corner of the mouth 3.action - draws corner of mouth back laterally (widens mouth, grinning, not smiling) 4.innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of Facial Expression - Depressor labii inferioris

1.origin - lower border of mandible 2.insertion - lower lip 3.action - depresses lower lip (shows lower teeth)4.innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of Facial Expression - Depressor anguli oris (Triangular shaped)

1.origin - lower border of the mandible 2.insertion - skin at angle of mouth 3.action - depresses corners of the mouth (frown of the mouth) 4.innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of Facial Expression - Zygomatic minor

1.origin - maxillary process of the zygomatic bone 2.insertion - upper lip medial to the corner of the mouth 3.action - elevates upper lip (also smiling) 4.innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of Facial Expression - Orbicularis oculi orbital part, much thicker

1.origin - medial margin of the orbit 2.insertion - fibers encircle margins of orbit and insert into medial palpebral ligament. 3.action - closes eye forcefully 4.innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of the Soft Palate and Pharynx - Tensor veli palatini

1.origin - medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid 2.insertion - soft palate midline 3.action - tenses the soft palate, opens inner end of auditory tube during swallowing. Uses pterygoid hamulus as a pulley

Muscles of Facial Expression - Mentalis

1.origin - mental fossa 2.insertion - skin of chin 3.action - wrinkles chin - elevates skin of chin protrudes lower lip (pouting) 4.innervation - mandibular branches of Facial VII

Muscles of the Soft Palate and Pharynx - Levator veli palatini

1.origin - petrous part of temporal bone 2.insertion - soft palate midline 3.action - lifts soft palate upward from back of tongue towards posterior pharyngeal wall. Helps close nasopharynx.

Muscles of the Soft Palate and Pharynx - Palatopharyngeus (posterior tonsillar pillar)

1.origin - soft palate 2.insertion - pharyngeal wall 3.action - lifts tongue and thyroid cartilage to close off nasopharynx during swallowing 4.innervation - Vagus X

Muscles of the Neck - Trapezius

1.origin - spines of all cervical and thoracic vertebrae, nuchal ligament, and superior nuchal line 2.insertion - part of the scapula, lateral third of clavicle 3.action - squeezes and shrugs shoulders. Assists in pulling the head posterior and laterally.

Muscles of the Soft Palate and Pharynx - Stylopharyngeus

1.origin - styloid process 2.insertion - lateral wall of pharynx between middle and superior constrictors 3.action - raises and opens esophagus during swallowing

Muscles of Facial Expression - Zygomatic major

1.origin - temporal process of the zygomatic bone (lateral to zygomatic minor) 2.insertion - corner of the mouth 3.action - lifts corner of the mouth (smiling) 4.innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of Facial Expression - Buccinator Trumpeter's muscle (anterior portion of cheek)

1.origin: pterygomandibular raphe (a seam or ligament extending from the hamulus to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line), and the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxilla 2.insertion - upper and lower lips 3.action - compresses cheek, draws corners of mouth back and flattens lips against the teeth (trumpet, balloon squirting water) 4.innervation - Facial VII

Infrahyoids - Omohyoid - ___ bellies

2 bellies

Accessory Muscles of Mastication - muscles of the ___________ neck

Accessory Muscles of Mastication - muscles of the anterior neck

Suprahyoids - Digastric- most superficial, has ____ bellies

Digastric- most superficial, has 2 bellies

Muscles of Facial Expression - Epicranius - (frontal belly also called ___________) creates horizontal creases

Epicranius - (frontal belly also called Frontalis) creates horizontal creases

Muscles of Facial Expression - Epicranius

a. origin - epicranial aponeurosis (scalp tendon) b. insertion - skin of eyebrow and root of nose c. action - raises eyebrows as in surprise d. innervation - Facial VII

Muscles of the Tongue - Extrinsic Muscles - Genioglossus

a. origin - genial tubercles b. insertion - tongue and hyoid bone c. action - protrude tongue and retract tip of tongue d. innervation - Hypoglossal XII

Muscles of the Tongue - Extrinsic Muscles - Hyoglossus

a. origin - hyoid bone b. insertion - lateral surface of the tongue c. action - depresses the sides of the tongue d. innervation - Hypoglossal XII

Muscles of the Tongue - Extrinsic Muscles - Palatoglossus

a. origin - soft palate b. insertion - side of base of tongue c. action - elevates back of tongue, aids soft palate in closing off mouth from pharynx during swallowing and speech d. innervation - Vagus X

Muscles of the Tongue - Extrinsic Muscles - Styloglossus

a. origin - styloid process of the temporal bone b. insertion - lateral surface (inferior border sides of tongue) c. action - retracts and elevates the tongue d. innervation - Hypoglossal XII

Muscles of Facial Expression - Corrugator supercilii (deep to orbicularis oculi)

a.origin - frontal bone above nasal bone b.insertion - skin of eyebrow c.action - pulls brows medially. Responsible for vertical folds at root of nose (frowning) d.innervation - Facial VII

Suprahyoids - Geniohyoid

a.origin - genial tubercles b.insertion - hyoid bone c.action - elevates the hyoid or depresses the mandible if the hyoid bone is held in place by the infrahyoid muscles

Suprahyoids - Stylohyoid - ______ and superficial to posterior belly of ________

anterior and superficial to posterior belly of digastric

Suprahyoids - assist the ________ pterygoids with opening and the ______ muscles when the mandible is being ________

assist the lateral pterygoids with opening and the temporalis muscles when the mandible is being retracted

Muscles of Facial Expression - Procerus

fibers run vertically a.origin - nasal bone close to midline b.insertion - skin of brow and forehead between eyebrows c.action - draws brows down and together d.innervation - Facial VII

Suprahyoids - Mylohyoid - forms the anatomical _______ of the mouth

forms the anatomical floor of the mouth

Suprahyoids - Mylohyoid

forms the anatomical floor of the mouth 1. origin: mylohyoid line/ridge on each side of mandible 2. insertion: mylohyoid raphe (most posterior fibers insert on the hyoid bone) 3. action: elevates the floor of the mouth/tongue and hyoid during swallowing, aids in depressing mandible

Infrahyoids - Sternohyoid - most deep or superficial?

most superficial

Muscles of Facial Expression - Orbicularis oculi palpebral (eyelid) part, very thin

palpebral (eyelid) part, very thin 1.origin - inner canthus (corner) of eye (frontal process of maxilla and lacrimal bone) 2.insertion - skin at lateral corner of eye 3.action - gentle wink or prolonged closure 4.innervation - Facial VII

Infrahyoids - Thyrohyoid - _____________ and thyrohyoid are essentially one continuous muscle

sternothyroid and thyrohyoid are essentially one continuous muscle