Music 101 Exam 2

Genre: Chamber Cantata

- For solo voice and accompaniment - written to be performed at home or small auditorium (chamber like setting) - Had recitatives and arias, similar to Opera Comp: Strozzi - wrote more than any other composer of cantata - supported by her father to write!

Genre: Oratorio

- thought of as a un-staged Opera - more focused on the Chorus than the Soloist - sacred - no costumes or sets Associated composer: Handel

Arioso

-A manner of singing halfway between aria and recitative -More declamatory than an aria but has a less rapid-fire delivery than a recitative Example: Orfeo's learning of the death of Euridice

Aria

-Italian for "song" -More passionate, more expansive, and more tuneful than a recitative -Has a clear meter and more regular rhythms conveys what the character feels about events - lyrical song; has a meter & rhyme

The Baroque Period

1600-1750

How many members are there in a Basso Continuo?

2- (Harpsichord and Cello)

How many movements does a Concerto have?

3 movements- fast slow fast

How many movements does a Chamber Sonata have?

4- slow fast slow fast

Ternary Form

ABA

Fugue

Bach Episode - no more theme or subj Texture - imitative polyphony Organ is main instrument! subject (tonic answer)/answer (dominant key) --> episode --> subject/answer...

From what word does Baroque originally come?

Barroco-pearl of irregular shape

For whom did Vivaldi write most of his works?

Concertos for female wards of the state

Doctrine of Affections

Different musical moods could and should be used to influence the emotions, or affections, of the listener

What connection did they discover during the Baroque between human moods and music?

Doctrine of Affections - each section of work is limited to a single emotion

Song: Trio Sonata in C Major, Op. 4, No.1 (ALL MOMENTS)

Ensemble: 2 violins, cello, harpischord, - walking bass - Dance (2nd mvmnt) AABB - Stationary Chords - 4 movements: S,F,S,F Composer: Corelli - move to Rome at 20 - superstar on violin - 1st to write functional harmony - buried in the panthenon

Genre: Opera

Entirely Sung: no spoken dialogue - Recitative: Accompanied by BC - Aria: accompanied by an Orchestra Has music, drama, scenery, costumes, and sometimes dance Comp: Montevardi and Purcell

What are three characteristics that define the Baroque style in architecture, art, and music?

Excess, distortion, extravagance - Busy, strong base, extravagant soprano voice,

What is a Trobairitz?

Female troubadors gypsys that would go around in mixed groups with men

Song: Voglio Morire

Genre: Chamber cantata Form: Basso Ostinato Composer: Strozzi - Aria -wrote more cantata than anyone else - supported by father to write music

Song: "When I am laid in earth", from Dido and Aeneas

Genre: Opera Character: Dido singing to Belinda Composer: Purcell - Basso Ostinato!

Song: "Thy hand, Belinda", from Dido and Aeneas

Genre: Opera Characters: Dido singing to Belinda, Composer: Purcell - Recitative - chromatacisim - tension where flat or sharp is in diff sign - dark and gloomy

Song: "A l'amara novella" & "Tu se'morta", from Orfeo

Genre: Opera Characters: Orfeo & 2 shepherds, Composer: Monteverdi R & Ariosa

Song: "Possenta Spirto", from Orfeo

Genre: Opera Characters: Orfeo & Charon Composer: Monteverdi

Song: Toccata, from Orfeo

Genre: Opera Composer: Monteverdi (trumpets, then strings)

Song: Cantata No. 140, "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme". Mvt. 1, IV, and VII

Genre: Sacred Cantata texture: - 1 Poly (steady march speeding up) Christ coming! - 4- Polyphonic, Church Cantata (slow and steady) Watchmen calling his people! - 7- Homophonic (like a chorus!) composer: J.S. Bach Declaration of Faith

Song: Minuet and Trio from "Water Music"

Genre: dance from dance suite form: binary (AB) within larger ternary (ABCDAB) composer: Handel - Begins with French Horn and follow with woodwind

Song: Organ Fugue in G minor, BWV 578

Genre: fugue texture: polyphonic composer: J.S. Bach - study his life in notes!

Song: "Hallelujah Chorus", from The Messiah

Genre: oratorio chorus form: through-composed composer: Handel

Song: "He Shall Feed His Flock", from The Messiah

Genre: pastoral aria from an oratorio form: strophic composer: Handel

What was Orfeo's special power?

He played a magic harp and whoever heard it fell in love

The Renaissance was dominated by polyphony, what texture was the Baroque dominated by?

Homophony

What and where were women allowed to perform?

In the home; chamber

How did Instrumental music change in relation to Vocal music over the course of the Baroque era?

Instrumental Music became more popular!

For what reason was Handel's "Water Music" composed?

King George's birthday. Was also a public relations move.

For whom did Bach write his Brandenburg Concertos?

Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg

Song: Violin Concerto in E Major, p. 8 No. 1 "The Spring"

Meter: Duple Texture: Mainly Homophonic Form: Ritornello - solo concerto Composer: Vivaldi - from Venice Italy, ordained priest at 20, banned from church and died poor and obscure - the red priest! - invented ritornello form which is tutti - concertino - tutti - concertineo....

Who was the first great Opera composer?

Montaverdi

Who wrote the first opera and was the last madrigalist?

Monteverdi

Baroque Genres:

Opera - recitative - aria Chamber Cantata Chamber Sonata - solo and trio sonata Concerto - solo concerto and Concerto Grosso Fugue Sacred Cantata Dance Suite Oratorio

What is the difference between a Cantata/Oratorio and an Opera?

Opera has costumes, stage setups, is much more elaborate and is costly an oratorio and a cantata are simply large scale genres of complex sacred music without costumes, stage setups, etc.

Early Baroque

Period of Innovation (No specific years)

Late Baroque

Period of Refinement (No specific years)

Who was the "greatest of all English composers"?

Purcell

Were Bach's cantata's intended as concert pieces or religious instruction?

Religious instruction

Sonata vs Cantata vs Concerto

Sonata - something sounded -solo sonata = 3 players (1 solo and BC) - 4 movements - s,f,s,f Cantata - something sung Trio Cantata = Concerto - soloist and orchestra - 3 movements - f,s,f

Who was a very famous violin maker?

Stradivarius

What was the core of the Baroque Orchestra?

String section

Genre: Dance Suite

Stylized Dances- you don't dance to them; all movements in the same key Binary Form: AB or AABB Different parts: - Alamant - Courante - Sarabande - Gugue - Horn Pipe - Aire , Comp: Handel

Song: Canon in D

Texture: polyphonic form: canon composer: Pachelbel

What is difference in form between an Italian Overture and a French Overture?

The number of movements. Italian has 3 (fast slow fast), French 2 (slow duple, fast triple) - Lully Jean Baptiste

What is a Tocatta

The opening orchestra piece

Libretto

The text of an opera

What composer is known as the "Father of the Concerto"?

Vivaldi

Who invented Ritornello Form?

Vivaldi

Who is the red priest?

Vivaldi

Who was the father of Concerto?

Vivaldi

Who were the Florentine Camarata and what did they do?

a group seeking to recapture expressive power of ancient Greek music (1 voice w/ single accomp), were from Florence "Comrades in Arms", discussed ideas, decided the madrigal was silly -> Opera

Ostinato

a melody, harmony, or rhythm that repeats continually throughout a musical composition

Genre: Church Sonata

a suite for keyboard or small instrumental ensemble made up of movements indicated only by tempo marks such as grave, vivace, and adagio; originally intended to be performed in church

Accompanied Recitative

accompanied by a full orchestra

Simple Recitative

accompanied only by a basso continuo or a harpsichord, not the full orchestra

Trio

an ensemble, vocal or instrumental, with three performers or a brief self-contained composition contrasting with a previous piece, such as a minuet or a mazurka; originally only performed by 3 instruments

Genre: Concerto

an instrumental genre in which one or more soloists play with and against a larger orchestra. can be solo or grosso (group), 3 movements - fast slow fast Ritornello Form Instrumental exploits contrast between solo and orch Comp: Vivaldi and J.S. Bach

What did Jean-Baptiste Lully do?

created french opera, established core of modern orchestra, innovator and favorite composer of Louis XIV, disciplinarian with his instrumentalists, would beat them with staff and one day stabbed himself in the foot and died of gangrene

Terraced Dynamics

describes the sharp, abrupt dynamic contrasts found in the Baroque era

Functional Harmony

each chord has a specific role, or function, in the overall succession of chords; sounds directed and purposeful, sounds modern to our ears (i.e. I, IV, I, V7, I) - cycle of 4th, invented by Corelli

Genre: Chamber Sonato

earlier: something sounded rather than something sung (a capella) later: a multi movement work for solo instrument, or instrument with keyboard accompaniment Two Types: Solo Sonata - Trio Sonata - 3 lines of music & BC instrumental chamber music, not vocal 4 movements all in same key - slow fast slow fast Comp: Corelli

Genre: Sacred Cantata

earlier: something sung later: several movements, including one or more arias, ariosos, and recitatives; cantata can be on secular subjects or religious - adapted from chamber Cantata - vocal soloist - more emphasis on chorus - religious sermon - entirely german

Ritornello Form

form in a Baroque concerto grosso in which all or part of the main theme returns again and again, invariably played by the tutti (orchestra). Popularized by Vivaldi

Tutti

full orchestra

Song: Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, Mvt. 1

genre: concerto grosso (six instruments) texture: polyphonic form: Ritornello composer: J.S. Bach - instrumental music for the court in Cothen Germany - sent as an application

Concertino

group of instruments that function as soloists in the concerto grosso

Figured Bass

in musical notation, a numerical shorthand that tells the player which unwritten notes to fill in above the written bass note

What are the six aspects of Late Baroque Musical Style that were discussed in class?

melody typically long and asymm melodies governed by progressive expansion return to polyphony often driven by melodic sequences strong sense of meter one rhythmic motive dominates throughout

Minuet

modern dance in 3/4 danced in patterns of 6 steps, with no upbeat but highly symmetrical phrases

Idiomatic Writing

musical composition that exploits strengths and avoids weaknesses of particular voices and instruments

Binary Form

musical form consisting of two units; AB

Recitative

musically heightened speech often used in an opera, oratorio, or cantata to report dramatic action and advance the plot - no clear meter

What was Bach's instrument of choice?

organ

Basso Ostinato

repeating line in bass

Sonata De Chiesa

sacred (church)

Sonata Da Camera

secular (Slow fast slow fast) - 4 movements - s,f,s,f

Cadenza

showy solo near the end of a movement in a concerto; incorporates runs, arpeggios, and repetition of previous theme

Monody

solo singing accompanied by a basso continuo in early Baroque era

Basso Continuo

the bass-driven, chordal support played by one or more instruments; harpsichord & cello

Genre: Trio Sonata

three melody lines, 4 people; two violins and two basso continuo

Genre: Concerto Grosso

when a small group of soloists works together against the full orchestra