music 102 exam 4 XW
Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827) was a German composer of the Classical Period. Notable works include nine symphonies, the "Moonlight Sonata" and "Fur Elise" for piano. Symphony No. 5 was written at the time when Beethoven was struggling with his increasing hearing loss. This piece is widely recognized by the ominous four-note "fate" motif (see Lesson 7)
johannas brahms
(1833-1897) was a German composer of the late Romantic period. His major works include four symphonies, the "Double Concerto" for violin and cello, and "Liebeslieder Waltzes" for voices and piano four hands. "Academic Festival Overture" was composed as a requirement for receiving an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Breslau. As described by Brahms, "Academic Festival Overture" is a cheerful potpourri of student songs.
Dmitri Shostakovich
(1906-1975) was a Russian composer. He composed music for almost every genre including the Second Waltz, Op. 99 for the film "The First Echelon" in 1956. Among his fifteen symphonies, Symphony No. 5 (1937) is Shostakovich's most popular work.
irish ensemble
(The Chieftans)
bowed string instruments
Bowed strings include violin, viola, cello, and double bass.
plucked string instruments
Examples of plucked strings are harp and guitar. The harp is plucked and stroked with the hands.
Which of the following musical work was written for the film "The First Echelon"?
Shostakovich's "Second Waltz, Op. 99".
string
The largest group within the orchestra is the strings. String instruments (chordophones) are sounded by stroking a bow across the strings or by plucking the strings with the fingers.
homophonic texture
implies a mixture of things, as in homogenized. The music has a predominant melody with subordinate accompaniment, which is non-imitative. Most popular songs such as rock, R & B, country, and alternative music have homophonic texture.
dynamics
in music refers to the relative loudness of various musical sounds. Musicians use Italian terms to speak of dynamics. Following is a list of common dynamic markings in music, and their meaning.
michel correte Laudate dominum
me: Introduction 0:00 String orchestra *terraced dynamics at 0:22. 0:34 Solo (soprano) 1:11 String orchestra 1:26 Ritornello theme (oboe & basson) 1:35 Solo (soprano) 2:12 Ritornello 1 (choir sings the ritornello theme in tutti) 2:48 Duo (soprano & baritone) & violin solo 3:14 Ritornello 2 (choir sings the ritornello theme in tutti) 3:52 Duo (soprano & baritone) & violin solo 4:29 Solo (soprano) & violin solo 4:57 Ritornello 3 (choir sings the ritornello theme in tutti), varied in minor key at 5:05 5:40 Solo (soprano) & flute solo 6:17 Ritornello 4 (choir sings the ritornello theme in tutti) 7:00 END
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
(1840-1893) was a Russian composer of the late Romantic period. His most popular works include ballets "Swan Lake" and "The Nutcracker", and orchestral works "1812 Overture" and "Romeo and Juliet". Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4 was written between 1877 and 1878 in the aftermath of his failed marriage. In reminiscence of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, Tchaikovsky also adopted a "fate" motif, which is announced by the brass section, "This is Fate, this is that fateful force which prevents the impulse to happiness from attaining its goal.
Antonin Dvorak
(1841-1904) was a Czech composer. In 1892, he was invited to become director of the new National Conservatory of Music in New York. Dvorak spent the summer of 1893 in Spillville, Iowa composing the String Quartet No. 12 in F major, Op. 96, "The American", and the String Quintet in E-flat major, Op. 97. Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" was premiered in December, 1893 by the New York Philharmonic at the Carnegie Hall. In 1997, the Dvorak American Heritage Association installed a statue of the composer in Stuyvesant Square Park, New York, across the street from where Dvorak had lived.
Gustav Mahler
(1860-1911) was an Austrian late-Romantic composer and a leading conductor. His significant works are large-scale symphonies and song cycles. Symphony No. 2, also known as "The Resurrection" was Mahler's wrestle with the question "Is there life after death?" This symphony, which includes 2 solo voices and a mixed chorus was premiered in 1895 in Berlin, conducted by the composer.
pace..
Adagio - Allegro molto (Slow, at ease - slightly faster than Allegro.) Largo (Slow and dignified.) Scherzo: Molto vivace (Scherzo: slightly faster than Vivace.) Allegro con fuoco (Fast, lively, bright and fiery.)
tempo
Allegro con brio (Fast, lively, and bright with energy.) Andante con moto (At a walking pace with motion.) Scherzo: Allegro (Scherzo*: Fast, lively and bright.) *a vigorous, light or playful composition. Allegro (Fast, lively, and bright.)
pace.....
Allegro maestoso - mit durchaus ernstem und feierlichem Ausdruck (at a lively tempo, in a majestic and dignified manner - with complete gravity and solemnity of expression.) In ruhig fliessender Bewegung (In quietly flowing motion.) Urlicht: sehr feierlich, aber schlicht (Primal Light: very solemn, but simple.) Im Tempo des Scherzos: Allegro energico - Langsam, misteroso. (In the tempo of the scherzo - Fast, lively, bright and energetic - Slow, mysterious)
pace
Andante sostenuto - Moderato con anima (Moderately slow in a smooth sustained manner - Animated with excitement and spirit at a moderate pace.) Andantino in modo di Canzone (Lighthearted in the same way as a canzona, a songlike instrumental piece.) Scherzo: Pizzicato ostinato - Allegro (Scherzo: Strings play a continually repeated musical phrase by plucking their strings - Fast, lively and bright.) Finale: Allegro con fuoco (Finale: Fast, lively, bright and fiery.)
Japanese Koto Ensemble - String Orchestra - Vocal Ensemble
Japanese koto is a plucked, zither-like instrument played with plectra worn on the fingers. The following video clip consists two performances of a familiar composition Vivaldi's "Spring" concerto. That piece was first played by a koto ensemble, which maybe unfamiliar to you, then the string orchestra performed the same excerpt, for which the music was originally written.
pace
Lebhaft (Lively.) Scherzo: sehr massig (Scherzo: very moderate.) Nicht schnell (Not fast.) Feierlich (Solemn.) Lebhaft (Lively.)
western art stylistic periods
Middle Ages (400-1450) Renaissance period (1450-1600) Baroque period (1600-1750) Classical period (1750-1820) Romantic period (1820-1900) Twentieth century (1900-present)
Internet Symphony "Eroica" was composed by Chinese composer Tan Dun. The live premiere was held in the Carnegie Hall, New York in 2009. It was performed by the YouTube Symphony Orchestra, whose members were selected by an internet competition
This four-minute symphony has four movements: Allegretto - Dolce Molto - Allegro - Allegro Vivace. The third movement quoted a theme from Beethoven's Eroica Symphony, hence this symphony nicknamed "Eroica"
diverse timbre
When different instruments (voices) are combined that do not blend, they create a diverse timbre. Combinations of instruments of unlike timbre encourage us to listen to individual parts of the musical texture, moving among the various instruments as we choose
gamelan
a collection of instruments, which are treated with great respect. The instruments themselves are the focus of attention, not the players. This derives partly from its association with religious ritual, and partly from its representation of royalty. The instruments are spaced out on the floor in a carefully organized manner. It is considered disrespectful when someone stepped over an instrument. The gamelan performs at religious functions, ritual gatherings, temple festivals, theatrical events, dances, and social events.
Which of the following musical instrument is an aerophones?
cimbasso
Which of the following musical term means gradually getting softer?
diminuendo
Antonio Vivaldi died from an indeterminate illness in Venice.
false
Antonio Vivaldi was the son of an organist.
false
Beethoven composed "Symphony No. 5" as a requirement for receiving an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Breslau.
false
Chinese percussion instrument "Yunluo" is an indefinite-pitch membranophone.
false
Double bass is evolved from the cello family.
false
In "basso continuo", only the melody line is written out in musical notation
false
In 1997, a statue of Ludwig van Beethoven was installed in the Stuyvesant Square Park, New York to commemorate his artistic achievements.
false
In Baroque music, the term "stile antico" refers to a musical style relies on melody and accompaniment.
false
Japanese music instrument "koto" is a large drum.
false
Similar to the bassoon, the cornet also utilizes a "bocal" at the top of the instrument.
false
Similar to the piano, the pedals on the harp are used to sustain the tones.
false
Suona and Guan are single-reed instruments.
false
The bass trombone and tuba can play in the same range, and their timbres are the same.
false
The clarinet has five pieces, which starts with the barrel, the lower joint, the bell, the upper joint, and finally the mouthpiece.
false
The roots of Western European orchestra can be traced back to the 15th century when grand scale orchestral works and performances were prevalent.
false
The stringed instruments violin, viola, and cello are tuned in fifths G, D, A, and E.
false
The term "dynamics" refers to the way the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are woven together in a composition.
false
The word "orchestra" is originated from Greek, which referred to the instruments of the orchestra.
false
Vivaldi's The Four Seasons achieved an instant and durable success in Vienna.
false
When the keys are pressed down on an oboe, the tube inside the oboe is made shorter, thus lowering the pitch.
false
Vivaldi's Spring concerto follows the ritornello plan of:
fast-slow-fast
An orchestral version
for Chinese instruments including percussion instruments of the Beijing opera and ancient Chinese instruments Bianzhong and guqin was arranged by Chew Hee-Chiat. Chinese Orchestra, similar to Western European Orchestra consists of four sections: bowed-string, plucked-string, wind, and percussion.
polyphonic texture
has many layers of sound. More than one melody can be heard at the same time, and all of which imitate each other, as in a round.
monophonic texture
has only one layer of sound, which is a single melodic line without accompaniment or other background. It may be produced by several voices or instruments playing or singing the identical musical line in unison.
the first concerto of "spring"
has three movements: Allegro (fast) - Adagio (slow) - Allegro (fast). The first and the third movements are written in ritornello form. The full orchestra plays a ritornello in tutti alternating with music plays by one or more soloists. In 1765, French composer Michel Corrette adapted Vivaldi's "Spring" concerto for his motet Laudate dominum. Listen to the following excerpt from the last section (Pastorale) of Corrette's Laudate dominum. Pay attention to the recurring "ritornello" theme. Does this theme sound similar to the Vivaldi's you heard in the video? Also, can you hear the terraced dynamics throughout this excerpt?
Antonio Vivaldi was known as "Il Prete Rosso" (the Red Priest) because:
he had red hair
The musical texture of a predominant melody with subordinate accompaniment is:
homophonic texture
majority of the orchestra
in the 18th century were patrons of the aristocracies, royalties, churches or theatres. By the 1730s, there were numerous orchestras across Europe. Standard orchestral instrumentation was gradually established. Some musicians had a range of responsibilities, such as wind players shifting from flute through oboe to clarinet. The rise of the orchestra was further prompted by changes in instrument design and manufacture, the development of standard tunings and temperaments as well as the emerging systems of musical training in conservatories. At the end of the 18th century, orchestra began to shift from private to public patronage with the growth of public concerts and concert societies. Between 1840 and 1859, promenade concerts in London drew enormous and socially diverse audiences. Grand scale orchestral works and performances were also prevalent. French composer, Hector Berlioz's Requiem called for a huge orchestra with 108 strings, 4 brass choirs at the corners of the stage, 16 drums, 10 pairs of cymbals, and 200 voices. Austrian composer, Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8 "Symphony of a Thousand" was written for a chorus of 800, as well as 350 children's voices, eight soloists and an augmented orchestra. Towards the end of the 19th century, independently constituted concert orchestras such as the Berlin Philharmonic and the Boston Symphony Orchestra began to emerge as a professional, self-governing body, and a corporation of instrumental musicians. With this development came an increasing standardization in terms of size, instrumentation, employment structures, and repertorial policy. In the early 20th century, the invention of broadcasting, film and recording opened new possibilities for orchestras and orchestral music. Radio stations in Europe began to establish their own orchestras, which broadcast regular concerts. By the mid-1940s, recording became an essential marketing tool for establishing an orchestra's identity and bringing its work to a wider audience. The growth was challenged by chamber orchestras, the revival of historical instruments, and ensembles that specialized in one area of the repertory. Towards the end of the 20th century, tremendous efforts have been made to adapt the changing cultural environment, and to bridge the gap between composers, orchestras and audiences
percussion instruments
include idiophones and membranophones that are with definited-pitch and indefinite-pitch. Also included in this group are orchestral keyboard instruments such as the piano and celesta.
the four seasons
is a set of four solo concertos for violin, string orchestra, and basso continuo. They are the first four concertos in a collection titled Il Cimento dell' Armonia e dell' Inventione (The Test of Harmony and Invention). This collection of twelve concertos was published in 1725 in Amsterdam, dedicated to a Bohemian nobleman, Mr. Venceslao, Count of Marzin. The concertos of The Four Seasons portray the sounds and events of the seasons, imitating birdsong and thunderstorms in spring, the sweltering Italian summer, the joyous celebration in autumn, and trembling in the icy cold winter. Each section of the concerto has programmatic references with lines of a sonnet that Vivaldi provided. They appear at the beginning of the solo violin part, and within the music notation to show exactly which poetic descriptions relate to which musical phrases.
homorhythmic texture
is a type of homophonic texture, in which several parts or voices move together with the same or very similar rhythm.
music
is an art based on the organization of sounds in time. Dynamics, timbre and texture are musical elements that distinguished music from other sounds.
heterophonic texture
is characterized by the simultaneous variation of a single melody or rhythm.
types of instruments
pencon (bossed or knobbed gong) Wilahan (genders): instruments with slab (bar-shaped) keys hung over bamboo resonators. Kendang (double-headed cylindrical drums): Rebab (bowed two-stringed fiddle):
dynamic types
pianissimo (pp) --- very soft. piano (p) --- soft. mezzo piano (mp) --- medium soft. mezzo forte (mf) --- medium loud. forte (f) --- loud. fortissimo (ff) --- very loud. crescendo --- (<) gradually getting louder. decrescendo or diminuendo (>) --- gradually getting softer. sforzando (sf or sfz) --- a strong, sudden accent on a note.
Which of the following Chinese music instrument is a plucked string instrument?
pipa
Polyrhythmic texture
refers to two or more rhythms, which are independent of one another are played to a unifying pulse (beat). This is a feature of most African music
woodwind instruments
situated in the middle of the orchestra. Woodwinds (aerophones) produce sound by setting in motion the column of air inside the instrument. This family of instruments are comprised of three groups: the flute (flute, piccolo), single-reed (clarinet, bass-clarinet), and double-reed (oboe, English horn, bassoon).
The instruments in a Western European Orchestra are categorized into four groups
strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion
A concerto is a multi-movement work for orchestra and one or more soloists.
true
A sonnet is a strict poetic form consisting of fourteen lines divided into two major sections.
true
Most of Chinese bowed-string instruments have two strings.
true
Oboe is made of a North African wood called "granadilla".
true
Ritornello is a recurring section of music usually play by the full orchestra or chorus.
true
Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4 was written in the aftermath of his failed marriage.
true
The individual timbre of each instrument is determined by the material that is vibrating and how it is set in motion.
true
The trumpet is a transposing instrument whose music is notated at a pitch different from the pitch that actually sounds.
true
The tubas are made to sound by vibrations of the player's lips combined with a steady stream of breath.
true
musical instruments
vary greatly in construction and tone color. The instruments of Western symphony orchestra are divided into four groups: string, woodwind, brass, and percussion. Similarly, Chinese orchestra is made up of four sections.
Antonio Vivaldi
was born in Venice, Italy. He was known as Il Prete Rosso (the Red Priest), a reference to his red hair and his religious training. For much of Vivaldi's professional career, he was associated with a girl's orphanage Ospedale della Pieta. Many of his concertos were written for the orchestra of the Pieta. His compositions also include sacred vocal music and operas. Vivaldi died in Vienna, Austria in 1741.
turkish military band
was developed in the Middle East from the fourteenth century until 1826. Customarily there are seven different wind and percussion instruments used in the band: two melody instruments, three drums, large crash cymbals, and the Turkish crescent. The music is very rhythmic and even. All instruments play almost all the time.
The sackbut is an early form of tuba.
false
Which of the following is a pitched percussion instruments?
crotales
Maurice Ravel
(1875-1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. His best-known works are ballets "Bolero", "Mother Goose", and music for piano. "Daphnis and Chloe", commissioned by Sergei Diaghliev is a ballet in one act with three scenes based on an ancient Greek mythology. The premiere was performed by the Ballets Russes at the Theatre du Chatelet, Paris in 1912. This work calls for an enormous orchestra and a chorus, heard both offstage and onstage. Ravel extracted materials from the ballet for two sets of orchestral composition. Suite No. 1 (1911) is based on the "Nocturne," "Interlude" and "Danse guerriere," while the last three sections "Lever du jour"," Pantomime," and "Danse generale" are adapted for Suite No. 2 (1912)
Igor Stravinsky
(1882-1971) was a Russian composer who was well known for his music for ballet including "The Firebird", "Petrushka", and "The Rite of Spring". The Firebird Suite is a concert version of the ballet, premiered in the U.S.A. by Boston Symphony in 1919. Stravinsky wrote "For me, the most striking effect in The Firebird was the natural-harmonic string glissando near the beginning, which the bass chord touches off like a catherine wheel."
david stock
(1939-2015) was an American composer. He founded the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble in 1976. Blast! was commissioned by the Seattle Symphony in celebration of Gerard Schwarz's final season with the Seattle Symphony. The composer said "I knew what kind of piece this needed to be, and I knew I wanted it to be loud, and I knew I wanted it to be fun, so that's how it came to be "Blast!", and I had a blast writing it!"
Bernard Rands
(b. 1934) is a Pulitzer-prize-winning composer and Harvard Professor of Music. "Adieu" (Goodbye) was commissioned by the Seattle Symphony in celebration of Gerard Schwarz's final season with the Seattle Symphony. The piece is a juxtaposition of the quintet of strings and the quintet of brass.
basso continuo
(figured bass) is a shorthand method of composing. Only the bass line is written out in musical notation. The figures (numbers) placed above or below the bass indicated the intended harmony. concerto is a multimovement work for orchestra and one or more soloists. motet is a short piece of sacred choral music. ritornello is a recurring section of music usually play by the full orchestra or chorus in tutti. sonnet is a strict poetic form consisting of fourteen lines divided into two major sections of eight and six lines. tutti indicates that the music is performed with all voices or instruments together.
timbre
(tone color) is the quality of sound that distinguishes the instruments. The individual timbre of each instrument is determined by the material that is vibrating and how it is set in motion. For example, the vibrating medium in both the piano and the guitar might be a metal string, but the string is struck in the piano and plucked on the guitar. Other factors include the shape and nature of other vibrating parts of the instrument. In the case of an acoustic guitar, the hollow wooden body of the instrument vibrates along with the strings. The piano, on the other hand, has a large wooden sound board behind the strings that picks up the vibrations from the strings and helps project them into the air. Some of the adjectives used to describe the timbre are dark, bright, warm, sweet, full, thin, mellow, and round.
robert schumann
1810-1856) was a German composer and a professional pianist of the Romantic period. Among his many compositions are four symphonies, song cycles "Dichterliebe" (A Poet's Love) and "Frauenliebe und -leben" (A Woman's Love and Life), and piano pieces "Carnaval" (Carnival), and "Kinderszenen' (Scenes from Childhood). Schumann's Symphony No. 3 "Rhenish" was inspired by the city of Cologne and the Cathedral. It was composed after a trip on the Rhein River with his wife Clara, who was also an accomplished composer and pianist. The premiere was led by Schumann himself in Dusseldorf in 1851.
chinese instruments
Bowed-string instruments (chordophones), which generally refer to huqins. Most of them are two-stringed including Erhu, Gaohu, and Zhonghu. Only a few are four-stringed, such as Gehu and Bass Gehu. Bowed-string instruments have no frets. Special playing techniques include portamento (a slide from one note to another), and vibrato. Plucked-string instruments produce sounds by plucking the strings with a plectrum or plectra on the fingers, or by striking the strings with a stick. The instruments are either horizontal such as Yangqin and Guzheng, or vertical like Liuqin, Pipa, Zhongruan, Daruan, and Sanxian. Wind instruments produce sounds through pipes vibrated by air. Instruments are grouped by their ways of producing sound. Dizi including Bangdi, Dongxiao, Dadi and Qudi produce sounds by blowing across a hole. Sheng has a single-reed mouthpiece while Suona and Guan are double-reed instruments. Percussion instruments with indefinite pitch include idiophone such as gong, cymbal, and clappers, and membranophone such as Dagu, Paigu, Bangu, and timpani. Percussions with definite pitch are Yunluo, chimes, and marimba.
blended timbre
Instruments (voices) are said to blend when they cannot be clearly distinguished from each other when playing together. The most perfect blend is achieved in groups of like instruments, such as string quartets, brass ensemble, and vocal ensembles.
..
Introduction The Firebird and Her Dance - Variation of the Firebird The Khorovod: Round of the Princesses Infernal Dance of King Kashchei Berceuse: Andante (At a walking pace.) Final: Lento maestoso - Allegro non troppo - Doppi valore. Maestoso (Slow, majestic and dignified - Fast, but not too much - Twice as slow, majestic and dignified.)
western European orchestra
The word "orchestra" is originated from Greek, which referred to the place where the Greek chorus sang and danced. The roots of western European orchestra can be traced back to the 15th century consorts, small groups of instrumentalists employed in noble households. The early history of the orchestra is closely tied to the opera house. The orchestras were used to accompany the voices, to set the tone of the scene or to illustrate the meaning of the text, for instance, strings for heaven scenes, soft winds for the pastoral, and trombones for the underworld. In 1607, an Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) adopted a 40-piece orchestra for his opera Orfeo, which was an early example of a symphony orchestra.
Wayang Kulit (Shadow-Puppet Theater)
a popular religious form in both Java and Bali. The performances often last for more than seven or eight hours. The play is usually based on parables, myths or religious subjects taken from the Hindu scripture Mahabharata. Sometimes, instructions on moral and ethical issues as well as current topics of the day including social and political are adopted in the play. The performance is given by a puppet-master/priest called dalang who operates the puppets, speaks all the parts, and conduct the gamelan orchestra to enter with appropriate music. Master puppeteers are expected to memorize a vast repertory of stories, and to recite ancient narrative passages and poetic songs in a witty and creative manner. The repertory and performance techniques were transmitted orally within the families of puppeteers, musicians and puppet-makers.
Dynamics, timbre and texture
are musical elements that determine how music sounds to our ear, and the difference between music and sound.
Which of the following is a single-reed instrument?
bass-clarinet
The color of the F strings on a harp is:
black or navy blue
Stravinsky's "The Firebird Suite" was premiered by the __________ in 1919.
boston symphony
gamelan..
is notated in numbers or in names. Musicians play the instruments with mallets and often involves playing two separate parts simultaneously while muting some notes with the fingers and hands. The musical materials of the gender wayang are almost entirely melodic. Musicians sometimes play a single line together (monophony) as well as individual variations of the material, which produce moments of heterophony. Other times, there are several simultaneous independent lines in the texture (polyphony) with the basic melody below and a variety of secondary lines above called kotekan. In 1889, the Exposition Universelle was held in Paris, France. Dancers and a gamelan from Java, an Indonesian island were featured at the exhibition. Many classical composers including Claude Debussy was inspired by the sounds of the gamelan. The following is a historical clip of a short gamelan performance. Pay attention to the complexity of the rhythm in the music, and the timbre of the instrument.
gender wayang
is the smallest gamelan with four genders. It consists of two gender gede (large lower-pitched gender), and two geder garangan (small higher-pitched gender). The instrument is tuned to a pentatonic (five-tone) system called slendro. Its tuning divides the octave into five nearly equal parts instead of twelve as found in Western tuning system. In addition, the instruments are mistuned among themselves, thus producing a characteristic shimmering sound.
texture
is the way the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are woven together in a composition. It is determined by how many layers of sound there are in the composition and what the relationships of those sounds to each other are.
brass instruments
made to sound by the vibrations of the player's lips combined with a steady stream of breath. Instruments include trumpet, French horn, trombone, bass trombone, and tuba.
Turkish military band was developed from the fourteenth century in :
middle east
