Music 162 final

N.W.A. (Niggaz with Attitude):

Pioneered West Coast gangsta rap with the release of the album Straight Outta Compton. Their recordings expressed the gangsta lifestyle, saturated with images of sex and violence. The nucleus of the group was formed in 1986, when O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson (b. 1969), the product of a middle-class home in South Central Los Angeles, met Andre "Dr. Dre" Young (b. 1965), a sometime member of a local funk group called the World Class Wreckin' Cru. They teamed up with Eric "Eazy-E" Wright (1973- 95), a former drug dealer, and the three began working together as N.W.A., eventually adding D.J. Yella (Antoine Carraby) and M.C. Ren (Lorenzo Patterson) to the group.

Afrika Bambaataa (Kevin Donovan; b. 1960):

Pioneering hip-hop DJ from the Bronx; his song "Planet Rock" was Number Four R&B and Number Forty-eight pop in 1982.

Prince (b. Prince Rogers Nelson, 1958):

Prince is one of the most talented musicians ever to achieve mass commercial success in the field of popular music. He has sold almost forty million recordings. Between 1982 and 1992, he placed nine albums in the Top 10, reaching the top of the charts with three of them (Purple Rain in 1984, Around the World in a Day in 1985, and Batman in 1989).

Clear Channel:

Publicly traded corporation that owns more than 1,200 radio stations, 39 television stations, 100,000 advertising billboards, and 100 live performance venues, ranging from huge amphitheaters to dance clubs, enabling them to present more than 70 percent of all live events nationwide.

M.C. Hammer (Stanley Kirk Burrell, b. 1962):

Rapper from Oakland, California; hit the charts in 1990 with Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em, which held the Number One position for twenty-one weeks and sold over ten million copies, becoming the bestselling rap album of all time

grunge rock:

Regional style of alternative rock from Seattle that blended heavy metal guitar textures with hardcore punk. Bands from Seattle included Green River, Mudhoney, Pearl Jam, Nirvana, and Soundgarden

punk rock

Rock style that emerged in the late 1970s. It was a "back to basics" rebellion against the perceived artifice and pretension of corporate rock music—a stripped-down and often purposefully "nonmusical" version of rock music.

digital recording:

Samples the sound waves and breaks them down into a stream of numbers (0s and 1s). A device called an analog-to-digital converter does the conversion. To play back the music, the stream of numbers is converted back to an analog wave by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The analog wave produced by the DAC is amplified and fed to speakers to produce the sound.

glam rock

Short for "glamour rock"; emphasized elaborate, showy personal appearance and costuming: David Bowie.

Kurt Cobain (1967-94):

Singer and guitarist who founded the alternative rock band Nirvana. His recordings broke through to the commercial mainstream and popularized grunge rock. He shot himself in Seattle in 1994.

Carole King

Singer-songwriter who wrote many hits in the 1960s with Gerry Goffin. In 1971, the success of her album Tapestry made her a major recording star

Joni Mitchell (b. 1943):

Singer-songwriter. Her album Blue (1971) consisted of a cycle of songs about the complexities of love

soft soul:

Slick variety of rhythm & blues, often with lush orchestral accompaniment: the O'Jays, the Spinners, Al Green, Barry White.

Bruce Springsteen (b. 1949):

Springsteen's music and personal image evoked the rebellious rock 'n' rollers of the 1950s and the socially conscious folk rockers of the 1960s. His songs reflected his workingclass origins and sympathies

Glen Campbell (1936):

Starting in the late 1960s, Campbell had a string of crossover hits on the country and pop charts, including "Gentle on My Mind" (1967), "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" (1967), and "Wichita Lineman" (1968).

Bakersfield sound:

Stood in direct opposition to the slick sound of much Nashville country music. Popularized by musicians like Merle Haggard and Buck Owens, this was one of the most influential country genres of the late 1960s. It revived the spirit of postwar honky-tonk and set the stage for subsequent movements such as country rock and outlaw country.

techno

Style of electronic dance music that originated in the Detroit area during the 1980s.

West Coast rap:

Style of rap that originated in California; it differed from "old school" New York hip-hop in a number of regards. The edgy, rapidfire delivery of Melle Mel and RunD.M.C. remained influential but was augmented by a smoother, more laid-back style of rapping. The dialects of southern California rappers also contributed to the distinctive flavor of West Coast rap. And if the verbal delivery of West Coast rap was sometimes cooler, the content of the MCs' recitations themselves became angrier, darker, and more menacing.

thrash

Style that blended the fast tempos and rebellious attitude of hardcore with the technical virtuosity of heavy metal guitar playing

Waylon Jennings (1937-2002):

The centerpiece of "the Outlaws" and a member of Buddy Holly's rock 'n' roll group, the Crickets. Jennings cultivated an image as a rebel, and in 1972 recorded an album called Ladies Love Outlaws

Beastie Boys:

The first commercially successful white act in hip-hop. Their early recordings represent a fusion of the youth-oriented rebelliousness of hardcore punk rock—the style they began playing in 1981—with the sensibility and techniques of hiphop.

The Ramones:

The first punk rock band. Formed in 1974 in New York City, the Ramones' high-speed, energetic, and extremely loud sound influenced English punk groups such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash and also became a blueprint for 1980s L.A. hardcore bands. Although they projected a street-tough image, all of the band's members were from middle-class families in the New York City borough of Queens.

Jello Biafra (Eric Boucher, b. 1959 in Boulder, Colorado):

The lead singer of the Dead Kennedys. Wrote songs with titles like "Holiday in Cambodia," "California über Alles," "Kill the Poor," and "Chemical Warfare."

Bob Marley (1945-81):

The leader of the Wailers and a national hero in his native Jamaica, Marley was reggae's most effective international ambassador. His songs of determination, rebellion, and faith, rooted in the Rastafarian belief system, found a worldwide audience that reached from America to Japan and from Europe to Africa.

George Clinton (a.k.a. Dr. Funkenstein; b. 1940)

The leader of two groups, Parliament and Funkadelic. Clinton's style of funk music included a mixture of compelling polyrhythms, psychedelic guitar solos, jazzinfluenced horn arrangements, and R&B vocal harmonies.

Queen Latifah (Dana Elaine Owens, b. 1970):

The most important woman in the history of hip-hop, in terms of both her commercial success and her effectiveness in establishing a feminist beachhead on the maledominated field of rap music.

Andre (Dr. Dre) Young:

The most influential and economically successful member of N.W.A. He founded an independent record label (Death Row/Interscope), cultivated a number of younger rappers, and continued to develop a distinctive hip-hop production style, christened "G-Funk" in homage to the P-funk style developed in the 1970s by George Clinton

The Sex Pistols

The most outrageous—and therefore famous—punk band, formed in 1975 in London. They were the creation of Malcolm McAllen, owner of a London boutique called Sex, which specialized in leather and rubber clothing

analog recording

The norm since the introduction of recording in the nineteenth century. Transforms the energy of sound waves into physical imprints (as in pre-1925 acoustic recordings) or into electronic waveforms that closely follow (and can be used to reproduce) the shape of the sound waves themselves.

scratching

The sound produced when a record disc is spun backward and forward on a turntable. The distinctive sound of scratching became an important part of the sonic palette of hip-hop music.

alternative music:

The term "alternative"—like the broadly equivalent terms "underground" and "independent"— is used across a wide range of popular genres, including rock, rap, adult contemporary, dance, folk, and country music. It is used to describe music that challenges the status quo; anticommercial, and antimainstream, it is thought by its supporters to be local as opposed to corporate, homemade as opposed to mass-produced, and genuine as opposed to artificial. The music industry's use of "alternative" is bound up with the need of the music business to identify and exploit new trends, styles, and audiences.

Recording Industry

Trade association whose member companies—Universal, Sony,

Tupac (2pac) Shakur (1971-96)

Tragic victim of conflicts between East and West Coast factions within the hip-hop business. He was an upand-coming star with Los Angelesbased Death Row Records when he was shot and killed in Las Vegas in 1996.

Run-D.M.C.

Trio consisting of the MCs Run (Joseph Simmons, b. 1964) and D.M.C. (Darryl McDaniels, b. 1964), and the DJ Jam Master Jay (Jason Mizell, b. 1965). Perhaps the most influential act in the history of rap music, they established a hardedged, rock-tinged style that shaped the sound and sensibility of later rap music. Their raps were literate and rhythmically skilled, with Run and D.M.C. weaving their phrases together and sometimes even completing the last few words of each other's lines.

pop rock:

Upbeat variety of rock music represented by artists such as Elton John, Paul McCartney, Rod Stewart, Chicago, and Peter Frampton

MP3:

Variant of MPEG; MP3 enables sound files to be compressed to as little as one-twelfth of their original size.

gangsta rap:

Variant of hip-hop music; its emergence was heralded nationwide by the release of the album Straight Outta Compton by N.W.A. (Niggaz with Attitude). It included artists such as Snoop Doggy Dogg, 2Pac Shakur, and the Notorious B.I.G.

Kenny Rogers (b. 1938)

Veteran of folk pop groups such as the New Christy Minstrels and the First Edition, star of made-for-TV movies. One of the main beneficiaries of country pop's increasing mainstream appeal.

John Denver (b. John Henry Deutschendorf, 1943):

Vocalist who recorded country pop hits such as "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" (1975). His poporiented hit records were despised by many in the traditional audience for country music.

Association of America (RIAA):

Warner Brothers, Arista, Atlantic, BMG, RCA, Capitol, Elektra, Interscope, and Sire Records— control the sale and distribution of approximately 90 percent of the offline music in the United States.

Eddie Van Halen:

Widely recognized as a primary innovator in electric guitar performance. He was the guitarist for the heavy metal group Van Halen and contributed the stinging guitar solo on "Beat It" from Michael Jackson's 1982 album Thriller.

The Notorious B.I.G. (Christopher Wallace, a.k.a. Biggie Smalls, 1972-97):

Worked with producer and rapper Sean "Puffy" Combs (a.k.a. Puff Daddy, P. Diddy). He was shot to death in Los Angeles in 1997.

pedro navaja

! Conceived as an homage to the song "Mack the Knife" from The Threepenny Opera ! Story of the violent death of a tough guy who attacks a prostitute ! Enormous impact on Latin American audiences (including Latin New York) ! Arrangement provides a sophisticated musical frame for the narrative portrait

hardcore country:

"Back to basics" spirit of country music that included the straightforward, emotionally direct approach of postwar honky-tonk. It is perhaps best captured in the recordings of Merle Haggard.

David Bowie:

"Glam rock" pioneer who established the character of Ziggy Stardust.

Charlie Rich

"The Silver Fox"; born in Arkansas in 1932, he was a talented jazz and blues pianist. He switched to poporiented country music by the 1960s and scored a series of Number One crossover hits during the mid-1970s.

The Velvet Underground:

A New York group promoted by the pop art superstar Andy Warhol. Their music was rough-edged and chaotic, extremely loud, and deliberately anticommercial. The lyrics of their songs focused on topics such as sexual deviancy, drug addiction, violence, and social alienation.

sampling

A digital recording process wherein a sound source is recorded with a microphone, converted to a digital stream of binary numbers, and stored in a computer. The sampled sounds may be retrieved in a number of ways.

Ani DiFranco (b. 1970 in Buffalo, New York):

A folk singer dressed in punk rock clothing, DiFranco has spent her career resisting the lure of the corporate music business, releasing an album and playing upward of two hundred live dates every year, and building up a successful independent record label (Righteous Babe Records) and a substantial grassroots following.

country pop:

A style of soft rock, lightly tinged with country music influences: John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Kenny Rogers.

outlaw country

A term used by the record industry to capitalize on the overlap between audiences for rock and country music. It included Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings.

Peter Gabriel (b. 1950 in England):

Achieved celebrity as a member of the art rock group Genesis before embarking on a solo career. Gabriel's best-selling single "Sledgehammer" became Number One pop and Number Sixty-one R&B in 1986. The award-winning video version of "Sledgehammer" was an eye-catching, witty, and technically innovative work that pushed the frontiers of the medium.

AOR (albumoriented rock):

Aimed at young white males aged thirteen to twenty-five. The AOR format featured hard rock bands, such as Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple, and art rock bands, such as King Crimson; Emerson, Lake, and Palmer; and Pink Floyd. AOR generally excluded black artists.

Emerson, Lake, and Palmer

Art rock band that formed in London in 1970. Their live album, Pictures at an Exhibition (1971) borrowed its structural elements from a suite of piano pieces by the Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky (1839-81).

Krist Novoselic (b. 1965 in Compton, California):

Bassist for the Seattle-based alternative rock trio Nirvana

Michael Jackson (1958- 2009)

Began his performing career as a member of the Jackson Five. He achieved unprecedented success with his 1982 album Thriller, and his elaborately produced music videos helped boost the new medium of music videos. Jackson became the first African American artist to be programmed with any degree of frequency on MTV.

Sly Stone (Sylvester Stewart) (b. 1944):

Born in Dallas, moved to San Francisco with his family in the 1950s. Stone gradually developed a style that reflected his own diverse musical experience, a blend of jazz, soul music, San Francisco psychedelia, and the socially engaged lyrics of folk rock.

Olivia NewtonJohn (b. 1948)

Born in England, grew up in Australia. She scored a series of Top 10 country crossover hits during the mid-1970s

Townes Van Zandt (1944- 97):

Born in Fort Worth, Texas, Van Zandt was a singer-songwriter who became a cult hero of the progressive country movement. Although Van Zandt never placed a record on the country Top 40 charts, his fifteen LPs became underground classics, and his songs were covered by prominent country musicians.

Kool Herc (Clive Campbell; b. 1955):

Born in Jamaica, immigrated to New York City at age twelve. Herc was one of the pioneering celebrities of hip-hop in the 1970s.

Carlos Santana (b. 1947):

Born in Mexico, he began his musical career playing guitar in Tijuana. He formed his band in San Francisco in the late 1960s. Their 1971 album Abraxas established a Latin American substream within rock.

David Byrne (b. 1952):

Born in Scotland, Byrne was the leader of the new wave band the Talking Heads. He is known for his trembling, high-pitched voice and his eclectic songwriting

Willie Nelson (b. 1933):

Born in Texas, Nelson was one of the most influential figures in the progressive country movement. Nelson's rise to national fame came in the mid-1970s, through his association with a group of musicians collectively known as "the Outlaws."

reggae

Born in the impoverished shantytowns of Kingston, Jamaica, reggae first became popular in the United States in 1973, after the release of the Jamaican film The Harder They Come and its soundtrack album. The heart of reggae music consists of "riddims," interlocking rhythmic patterns played by the guitar, bass, and drums. The guitar often plays short, choppy chords on the second and fourth beats of each measure, giving the music a bouncy, up-anddown feeling. The bass-drum combination is the irreducible core of a reggae band, sometimes called the "riddim pair." Political messages were central to reggae music.

Led Zeppelin:

British hard rock band that formed in London in 1968. Zeppelin's sledgehammer style of guitarfocused rock music drew on various influences, including urban blues, San Francisco psychedelia, and the virtuoso guitar playing of Jimi Hendrix.

Sean "Puffy" Combs (a.k.a. Puff Daddy, P. Diddy):

CEO of the New York independent label Bad Boy Records.

funk music:

Centered on the creation of a strong rhythmic momentum or groove, with the electric bass and bass drum often playing on all four main beats of the measure, the snare drum and other instruments playing equally strongly on the second and fourth beats (the backbeats), and interlocking ostinato patterns distributed among other instruments, including guitar, keyboards, and horns. Funk brought the focus on dancing back into the pop mainstream.

bubble gum:

Cheerful songs aimed mainly at a preteen audience: the Jackson Five, the Osmonds.

Def Jam

Co-founded in 1984 by the hip-hop promoter Russell Simmons and the musician-producer Rick Rubin. During the 1980s, Def Jam crosspromoted a new generation of artists, expanding and diversifying the national audience for hip-hop, and in 1986 became the first raporiented independent label to sign a distribution deal with one of the "Big Five" record companies, Columbia Records.

"peer-to-peer" (p2p):

Computer file sharing networks in which users share files containing audio, video, data or anything in digital format.

Eurythmics

Consisted of a core of only two musicians—the singer Annie Lennox (b. 1954 in Scotland) and the keyboardist and technical whiz Dave Stewart (b. 1952 in England). Eurythmics' first chart appearance in the United States came with the release of their second album, Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This), in 1983.

Grandmaster Flash (Joseph Saddler; b. 1958 in Barbados):

DJ and leader of the furious five, he developed many of the turntable techniques that characterized early hip-hop music.

old school New York hip-hop:

Describes the earliest styles of hiphop that came out of New York City in the 1970s and 1980s

synthesizer

Device that enables musicians to create or "synthesize" musical sounds. Began to appear on rock records during the early 1970s.

sequencer

Device that records musical data rather than musical sound and enables the creation of repeated sound sequences (loops), the manipulation of rhythmic grooves, and the transmission of recorded data from one program or device to another.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI):

Device that standardized digital technologies, enabling devices produced by different manufacturers to "communicate" with one another

drum machines

Drum machines such as the Roland TR 808 and the Linn LM-1—almost ubiquitous on 1980s dance music and rap recordings—rely on "drum pads," which performers strike and activate, triggering the production of sampled sounds.

rap:

Emerged during the 1970s as one part of the cultural complex of hiphop. It consisted of rhymed speech accompanied by funk-derived rhythmic grooves

hard core:

Extreme variation of punk, pioneered during the early 1980s by bands in San Francisco (the Dead Kennedys) and Los Angeles (the Germs, Black Flag, X, and the Circle Jerks).

disco:

Form of dance music popular in the late 1970s, characterized by elaborate studio production and an insistent beat: Donna Summer, Chic, the Village People, the Bee Gees.

art rock:

Form of rock music that blended elements of rock and European classical music. It included bands such as King Crimson; Emerson, Lake, and Palmer; and Pink Floyd.

Green River:

Formed in 1983, the band is often singled out as an originator of the "Seattle sound." Their 1988 album Rehab Doll, released on Sub Pop, helped popularize grunge rock.

The Stooges:

Formed in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1967, the Stooges were the working-class, motorcycle-riding, leather-jacketed ancestors of punk rock. The lead singer of the Stooges, Iggy Stooge (a.k.a. Iggy Pop, James Osterburg), was famous for his outrageous stage performances, which included flinging himself into the crowd, cutting himself with beer bottles, and rubbing himself with raw meat.

The New York Dolls:

Formed in New York City in 1971, they dressed in fishnet stockings, bright red lipstick, cellophane tutus, ostrich feathers, and army boots. The all-male Dolls were an American response to the English glam rock movement.

Lionel Richie (b. 1949):

Former member of a vocal R&B group called the Commodores. African American singer and songwriter whose career overarches conventional genre boundaries. Although his big hits of the 1980s were soul-tinged variants of adult contemporary music, Richie also placed two singles in the country Top 40 during the 1980s.

MTV (Music Television)

Founded in 1981, MTV changed the way the industry operated, rapidly becoming the preferred method for launching a new act or promoting a superstar's latest release.

Public Enemy:

Founded in 1982, Public Enemy was organized around a core set of members who met as college students, drawn together by their interest in hip-hop culture and political activism. The group included the standard hip-hop configuration of two MCs—Chuck D (a.k.a. Carlton Ridenhour, b. 1960) and Flavor Flav (William Drayton, b. 1959)—plus a DJ—Terminator X (Norman Lee Rogers, b. 1966). It was augmented by a "Minister of Information" (Professor Griff, a.k.a. Richard Griffin) and by the Security of the First World (S1W), a cohort of dancers who dressed in paramilitary uniforms, carried Uzi submachine guns, and performed martial artsinspired choreography.

Madonna (b. Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone, 1958):

From the late 1980s through the 1990s, Madonna's popularity was second only to Michael Jackson's. She created controversial songs and music videos, including "Papa Don't Preach" (1986), "Express Yourself" (1989), and "Like a Prayer" (1989).

Snoop Doggy Dogg (Calvin Broadus, b. 1972):

Gangsta rapper born in Long Beach, CA, he was a protégé of Andre "Dr. Dre" Young and collaborated on Dr. Dre's 1992 album The Chronic. Snoop's soft drawl and laid-backbut-lethal gangster persona were featured on Doggystyle, which debuted at the top of the album charts in 1993.

heavy metal:

Genre that developed out of hard rock in the 1970s and achieved mainstream success in the 1980s.

Paul Simon (b. 1941):

Got his start in the 1960s as a member of the famous folk rock duo Simon and Garfunkel. His album Graceland (1986) was a global collaboration recorded in South Africa, England, and the United States. It is the album responsible, more than any other, for introducing a wide audience to the idea of world music.

The Message

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five (Number Four R&B, Number Sixty-two pop in 1982) Established a new (and, in the end, profoundly Established a new (and, in the end, profoundly influential) trend in rap music: social realism ! Grim, almost cinematic portrait of life in the South Bronx ! A whole stream within the subsequent history of rap music can be traced from this gritty record. ! "The Message" helped establish canons of realness and street credibility that are still vital to rap musicians and audiences.

Sugarhill Gang

Harlem-based crew who recorded the first rap hit, "Rapper's Delight." The record reached Number Four on the R&B charts and Number Thirtysix on the pop charts and introduced hip-hop to millions of people throughout the United States and abroad. The unexpected success of "Rapper's Delight" ushered in a series of million-selling twelve-inch singles by New York rappers.

k.d. lang (b. 1961 in Alberta, Canada):

Has always occupied a marginal position in the conservative world of country music. She began her career in 1982 as a Patsy Cline imitator, going so far as to christen her band the Reclines. lang never sat quite right with the Nashville establishment, who found her campy outfits (rhinestone suits and cat-eye glasses) and somewhat androgynous image off-putting

Lauryn Hill (b. 1975):

Hip-hop artist whose work is a selfconscious alternative to the violence and sexism in the work of rap stars such as Dr. Dre, the Notorious B.I.G., and 2Pac Shakur. Her commitment to female empowerment builds on the groundbreaking example of Queen Latifah, but Hill raps and sings in her own distinctive voice

hip-hop

Hip-hop culture, forged by African American and Caribbean American youth in New York City, included distinctive styles of visual art (graffiti), dance (an acrobatic solo style called breakdancing and an energetic couple dance called the freak), music, dress, and speech. Hip-hop was at first a local phenomenon, centered in certain neighborhoods in the Bronx, the most economically devastated area of New York City.

Vanilla Ice (Robert Van Winkle, b. 1968):

Ice's first album, To the Extreme (1990), monopolized the Number One position for sixteen weeks in early 1991, selling seven million copies. When it was discovered that Van Winkle, raised in reasonably comfortable circumstances in a middle-class neighborhood, had essentially invented a gangster persona for himself, many fans turned their backs on him.

Ice-T (Tracy Marrow):

In 1987, he recorded the theme song for Colors, Dennis Hopper's violent film about gang-versuspolice warfare in South Central Los Angeles. Both the film and Ice-T's raps reflected ongoing changes in southern California's urban communities, including a decline in industrial production, rising rates of joblessness, the continuing effects of crack cocaine, and a concomitant growth of drug-related gang violence.

progressive country:

In progressive country, performers wrote songs that were more intellectual and liberal in outlook than their contemporaries and were more concerned with testing the limits of the country music tradition than with scoring hits. The key artists included Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, Tom T. Hall, and Townes Van Zandt.

Napster:

Internet-based software program that enabled computer users to share and swap files, specifically music, through a centralized file server. A federal court injunction forced Napster to shut down operations in February 2001.

iPod:

Introduced in 2001 by Apple Computer; an MP3 player that can store up to 1,000 CD-quality songs on its internal hard drive. The iPod and other MP3 players enable listeners to build unique libraries of music reflecting their personal tastes ("playlists").

Tina Turner (b. Annie Mae Bullock, 1939):

Made her recording debut in 1960 as a member of the Ike and Tina Turner Revue. In 1983 she was offered a contract by Capitol Records. Her first album, entitled Private Dancer (1984), reached Number Three on the album charts.

alternative rock:

Marketing category that emerged around 1990; it is most often used to describe bands like R.E.M., Sonic Youth, the Dead Kennedys, and Nirvana.

Pro-Tools:

Music software program designed to run on personal computers. This software enabled recording engineers and musicians to gain even more control over every parameter of musical sound, including not only pitch and tempo but also the quality of a singer's voice or an instrumentalist's timbre.

house music

Named after the Warehouse, a popular gay dance club in Chicago, it was a style of techno dance music. Many house recordings were purely instrumental, with elements of European synth-pop, Latin soul, reggae, rap, and jazz grafted over an insistent dance beat. By the mid- 1980s, house music scenes had emerged in New York and London, and in the late 1980s, the genre made its first appearances on the pop charts, under the guise of artists such as M/A/R/R/S and Madonna.

Donna Summer:

One of the biggest stars to emerge from disco in the 1970s. She sang on several disco classics, including "Bad Girls".

rave:

One of the main venues for techno. Semipublic event modeled partly on the be-ins of the 1960s counterculture.

Philadelphia sound:

One of the most commercially successful forms of soul music during the 1970s. Produced by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff and performed by groups such as the O'Jays and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes.

Dolly Parton (b. 1946):

Parton was born in the hill country of Tennessee and began her recording career at age eleven. She moved to Nashville in 1964 and built her career with regular appearances on country music radio and television.