My English CSET
phonemic awareness instruction
- isolation - identity - categorization/classification - substitution - segmenting - blending - deletion - addition
4-8 grade Developmental expectations (Fluent Reader)
- larger use of print - use analogy to decode larger words - decoding becomes fluent - reading, accuracy and speed are stressed
phoneme addition
- make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word
prewriting stage 1
-The writer plans and organizes what will be written while focusing on the task, purpose, and intended audience. -Notetaking -outlining -graphic organizers -clustering -Venn diagram
Fricatives
A type of consonant in which the air escapes through a narrow gap created between lips, teeth and tongue, as in /f/ fine, /s/ sign, /v/ vine
Autobiography
Account of one's own life
Action Verb versus Linking Verb
An action verb shows what something does, a linking verb shows what something is. Ex: The bear eats a fish versus the bear is hungry (hungry is linked to bear)
Language Acquisition device
Chomsky's theory that there is a hypothetical module of the human mind that explains children's innate predisposition for language acquisition; an instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language
Elizabethan drama
Christopher Marlowe (Tamburlaine, Doctor Faustus, and Edward II), Thomas Middleton, John Webster, and Ben Jonson (Satirical plays: Bartholomew Fair, Every Man in His Humour, The Changeling).*
Coordinating vs. Subordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions combine two independent clauses (and, or, but, nor, for, yet and so). Subordinating conjunctions make complex sentences with I/D clauses (after, although, as, as if, because, before, even though, if, since, unless, when, whenever, until, while)
Communicative Competence
Our knowledge of the appropriate use of language in a variety of social genres - we acquire it through experience eg: using the word sweetie during a job interview reveals one's communicative incompetence
Assimilation
Particularly in rapid speech there is a tendency for neighbouring phones to become more similar, presumably to make pronunciation easier. For example, although the words Aston and Asda are both written with an s, the second word is normally pronounced as if spelt Azda. The reason seems to be that [s] and [t] are both voiceless, whereas [z] and [d] are both voiced. The sequence fricative followed by stop is easier to say if both have the same voicing.
Jacobean Revenge Tragedy
Plays that are dark explorations of human psychology, with violence and sex. (example The Changeling by Middleton)*
elegy
Poem written in elegiac meter (alternating hexameter and pentameter lines). It is typically about love, death, or other somber subjects, written in first person point of view. Usually longer than a lyric but shorter than an epic and is not plot-driven.
Climax (Dramatic Elements)
Point of highest interest in terms of the conflict
Affix
Prefixes (Before) and Suffixes (After)
Present tense Past Past participle
Present - I do Past - I did Past participle - I have done
Anaphora
Some words in a sentence have little or no meaning of their own but instead refer to other words in the same or other sentences. Also one of the devices of repetition, in which the same phrase is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines.
Neoclassicism
Styles and ideas in European art and literature during the 1600s to 1798 is the age of Restoration in England, aka age of Enlightenment for its emphasis on reason and progress. While European writers such as Voltaire and Rousseau mocked the supremacy of the Catholic Church and believed in the ability to remake the world on a more rational basis, English writers such as Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and Samuel Johnson used their wit and learning to satirize the follies of mankind.
phoneme
The smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words. •English has about 41 of these. •A few words, such as "a" or "oh", have only one of these. •Most words, however have more than one of these: the word if has two of these (/I/, /F/); check has three of these (/CH/,/E/,/K/), and stop has four of these (/S/,/T/,/O/,/P/). •Sometimes one *term* is represented by more than one letter
Begging the question (logical fallacy)
This argument assumes as evidence the very conclusion it is trying to prove
Straw man (logical fallacy)
This argument creates a 'straw man' by exaggerating, overstating, or over-simplifying an opposing point of view.
Moral Equivalence Fallacy
This fallacy compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities. That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler. In this example, the author is comparing the relatively harmless actions of a person doing their job with the horrific actions of Hitler. This comparison is unfair and inaccurate.
Deconstructionist (Lit Analysis)
author's intention is irrelevant to possible meaning of the work, deconstruct to show the biases as postmodern collections of words can mean many things
metacognition
awareness or analysis of one's own learning or thinking processes - before reading - clarify purpose for reading - during reading - monitor understanding - after reading - check understanding of what was read
Developing Habits of Self-Monitoring
be aware of thinking process as you read: do you understand? how can you understand better?
blending
combining individual sounds to form words
limerick
comic 5 line poem. AABBA
applied comprehension
figuring out larger meaning outside of the story
Norman Conquest of 1066 (History of English)
gender for articles/adjectives being phased out, Chaucer was closer to today's English than this, shall and will started referring to the future
Structuralist (Lit Analysis)
how is this text like everything else? What does that mean? Idea that there are certain underlying patterns and symmetries common to the literature of most societies
transcendentalism
imagination and intuition are more crucial than logic, we have an original relationship to the universe. Ex: Thoreau and Emerson
Irony
in literature, irony is defined as an event that is the opposite of what would be expected or a meaning tat is the opposite of what is stated Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony Ex — Man I really love going to the dentist and having a cavity drilled. Situational Irony — when the actions somebody takes produced an opposite result of what was intended Ex — father gets a prophecy that he must be murdered by his own son. Son ended up killing his father. Dramatic Irony — we know something that the character does not know
Conjunctive adverb
indeed, moreover, consequently, however, therefore, nonetheless. Used to join 2 independent clauses with a semicolon.
Poe
influence by English Romanticism, he made his own style of Gothic literature that had elements of psychological horror
Caesura
a natural pause or break. Example: England - how I long for thee!
Spoonerism
the shuffling of the first letters of words to make different words and therefore change the actual meaning of the sentence, or else produce a humerous, non-sensical sound. Ex: Rather than "I have to blow my nose", "I have to nose my blows". Or, in an example by Strong Bad, rather than "this is a cellular telophone", "this is a tellular cellophone".
Linguistics
the systematic study of language in order to find general principles and structures that link human languages.*
semantic mapping
visually display word or phrase and a set of related words/phrases/concepts. Ex: rocks map would include types of rocks, different distinctions and groupings
Transfer (linguistic behavior of non-proficient English speakers)
when a speaker uses his or her L2 in a way that is semantically or syntactically appropriate for the first or native language but not for L2 (from L1 to L2)
Extrapolation (method of inductive reasoning in persuasive writing)
where areas beyond the area of focus are assumed to be like the focused-on area
Homophones
words that sound the same ex: ant & aunt, ad & add
Secondary language
-A conscious learning experience
Structuralist (view of language)
Ferdinand de Saussure saw language as a system in which each element of sound and meaning is mainly defined by how it relates to other elements.
Four major literary genres
Fiction, nonfiction, drama, and poetry.
Simile
Figure of speech with direct comparison using "as" or "like" (You're as quiet as a mouse.)
Aspect
Verbs can show not only the time location of an action (by grammatical tense), but also features such as whether the action is thought of as completed or continuing. Tense Present Past Aspect None I run I ran Progressive I am running I was running Perfect I have run I had run Perfect Progressive I have been running I had been running
Figure of speech
a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense for rhetorical or vivid effect
Preposition
a word that shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
Indefinite and definite articles
a/an: indefinite articles the: definite article
Clausal modifier
acts like an adverb or adjective and adds detail to a sentence, has a subject/predicate set. Adverb clauses/adjective clauses.
clausal modifier
acts like an adverb/adjective and adds detail
6-12 text complexity
addition of allegories, parodies, satire, graphic novels, more complex drama, epics, odes, sonnets, speeches and more technical informative texts
transfer
speaker uses 2nd language with good grammar for 1st
Concrete subjects
specific individuals or objects, as opposed to generalized people or things.
mise en scene (e has accent)
"putting the scene together" ex: setting, costumes, props, etc
Dyadic Communication
(between two people) more personal; opportunities for dialogue and feedback set expectations for roles as both listener AND speaker
Implications of teaching research in the classroom
-Gather and analyze information from multiple print and digital sources. -Show a command of keyboarding skills. -Use search terms effectively. -Evaluate the credibility of each source. -Quote, summarize, or paraphrase information from sources without plagiarism. -Cite multiple sources that support the analysis of text. -Use a standard format for bibliographic references.
Strategies for teaching tier 2 vocabulary words
1. emphasize the meaning of a word. 2. provide repeated exposure of the word through reading text 3. introduce word parts. 4. use context clues. 5.use print and digital dictionaries and other reference aids.
Dramatic arc
1. exposition/introduction 2. inciting incident 3. Rising action 4. climax 5. falling action 6. resolution/denouncement (sense of normalcy/peace, characters are reconciled and actions are validated)
first two word sentences (when)
18-24 months
Late Modern English
1800 to the present. Further expansion of the English vocabulary. Industrial revolution and rise of technology introduced new scientific words from Greek and Latin roots, or technological terms combined English roots. More of a differentiation from British pronunciation/spelling.*
Shakespearian Sonnet
3 quatrains and a couplet at the end. quatrains rhymed ABAB
Lyric Poem
A brief work in verse that addresses the reader directly and expresses the poet's feelings and perceptions*
Anachronism
A detail of a literary work that is not appropriate for its time setting*.
Antithesis
A figure of speech in which the opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with
Creole
A new language created when children acquire their parents pidgin language as their first language, for example Hawaiian creole and Guyanese creole
Antagonist
A person who opposes or is hostile to the protagonist (the villain)
Pastoral Poem
A poem that depicts rural life or the life of shepherds in an idealized form. Example: Christopher Marlowe 'The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.'*
Prefix
A prefix is a morpheme which is added before a root morpheme in the formation of a word.
Tragedy (drama)
A protagonist who is heroic or well respected brings about his or her own downfall through a fatal character flaw. Example: Macbeth
Structure-dependency
A restriction on movement in human languages that makes it depend on the structure of the sentence, rather than on its linear order. A principle of Universal Grammar.
Marxist Criticism
A school of literary criticism in which literary words are views as tainted products of exploited labor. Looks at the role of class, ideology, and revolutionary thought as reflected in texts. Concerned more with historical content than hidden meanings. Important names associated: Terry Eagleton, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels.
Bildungsroman
A story in which the protagonist undergoes growth throughout the entire narrative, generally starting off by being removed or chased from their home. Their growth is often impeded by opposition of their desires by other characters. Example: Les Miserables.
Realism
A style in art and literature emphasizing verisimilitude (the accurate representation of life and social reality.) Artists focused on the plight of the poor and the working classes and called for social reforms. Preferred subjects: the normal, everyday, humble, practical. Encouraged an objective, detached perspective by the author.
Suffix
A suffix is a morpheme which is added after a root morpheme in the formation of a word.
Dialect
A variation of a language that is spoken by inhabitants of a particular geographical area. Example: Southern America
Conjunctions
A word that joins two independent clauses, or sentences, together.
Critical Period Hypothesis
Ability to acquire second language peaks very young
Black Comedy
Also referred to as "tragic farce." The use of the morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes. Characteristic of the genre: tone of anger and bitterness, grotesque and morbid situations
Infinitive Noun Phrase
An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the actor(s), direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the infinitive, such as: We intended to leave early.
Lawrence Stern's Tristram Shandy
An Irish novel that allowed digressions from the plot (stream of conciousness - like).
Concepts of Print
And important predictor of learning to read. It is the familiarity with print conventions, such as reading left to right, top to bottom. The direction of print on a page, the use of spaces to do note words, and the ideas that print represents word and pronunciation.
Legends (Genres in Literature-Folk Tales)
Creation stories, tribal beginnings Supernatural or quasi historical figures (King Arthur) Told/retold as if based on facts
Science Fiction
Depicts scientific and technological breakthroughs and their effects on future society*
Descriptive Writing (Genres in Writing)
Describes a person, place or thing in a vivid way
Purpose of teaching children's literature
Develops an appreciation for a lifetime of reading enjoyment
Feminist (literary criticism)
Emphasizes the role of women in literature, either as authors and poets or as characters in a narrative.
The Lincoln-Douglas debate
Focused on the ability to persuade, it is usually a discussion of competing ethical values/actions. It is a 1-on-1 debate consisting of 5 speeches and 2 cross-examination periods.
Picaresque Novels (Genres in Literature)
Follows a rogue hero (dishonest, rascally)
Fantasy
Genre that blends historical material (i.e. Vikings) with invented elements (i.e. magical powers). Example: Lord of the Rings*
Edgar Allan Poe
Gothic literature and poems about love/death 1809-1849. Influenced by English Romanticism.*
Personification
Human traits to something not human "The angry sea crashed into the wall)
Appositive phrase
Identifies or describes a nearby noun
Slippery slope (logical fallacy)
If a first step is taken then a second and third step will follow inevitably until a disaster occurs
Aspiration
If a phone is accompanied by a 'puff of air' it can be said to be aspirated. The 'p sound' in the English word pit is, and is thus slightly different from the 'p sound' in spit, which is not.
Haiku
Japanese poetic form consisting of 3 lines with 5/7/5 syllables.*
Poetry Categories (Genres in Literature)
Narrative Dramatic Lyric
Dramatic Monologue
Poem in blank verse that presents the thoughts and emotions of a character in a particular situation with an implied listener and setting. Popular with Victorian poets such as Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Robert Browning.*
New Criticism (Lit Analysis)
Similar to formalist but focusing mostly on lyric poems, examining them as verbal objects without outside influences. just diction, imagery, underlying meaning
telegraphic speech (example for "I am cold")
Simple/early speech. Two word sentences to get point across, e.g. "I cold"
France's Romantic Poetry
Symbolism dominated as a reaction against metrical form and restricted emotion; it focused on moods and transient sensations instead of lucid statements and logical descriptions. Charles Baudelaire's the Flowers of Evil, Arthur Rimbaud's Illuminations, Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé*.
Persuasive Writing (Genres in Writing)
Take a stand on an issue and convince the reader of the plausibility or correctness of that issue
3-8 Grade Developmental expectations (Remedial Reader)
Taught from the same systematic framework taught in early grades to successful readers
American Literature
The first American literature was Native American oral myths explaining how the world was created, describing how mankind and culture emerged, and relating the adventures of mythic heroes and tricksters. In trickster tales, the hero, usually an anthropomorphized animal, often is involved in mischief, deception, or treachery. The trickster may be able to change shapes or perform magic to cheat or deceive gods, humans, or other animals. Among the first written literature in America was the poetry of Anne Bradstreet, a Puritan who lived with her family in Massachusetts. (To my Dear Loving Husband; describes family life, loss, and hopes for a future.) In general however, literature had an uncertain start in the American Colonies. Phyllis Wheatley (sold into slavery, yet received an education and published poems) Washington Irving (Rip Van Winkle; a man who fell asleep for 20 years and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," about the superstitions of Ichabod Crane) James Fenimore Cooper (The Last of the Mohicans) Edgar Allan Poe (influenced by English Romanticism; The Raven, distinctive style of rhythm and repetition) Transcendentalism: a New England movement whose members believed people have knowledge about themselves and the world that transcends the evidence of their senses, favored imagination and intuition. Henry David Thoreau's Walden Hawthorne/Longfellow Dickinson Whitman Melville Later nineteenth century appeared with regional novelists with stories about American life away from the major cities. Willa Cather (life on the Nebraskan prairie) Kate Chopin (The Awakening; an early feminist novel set in her native New Orleans Stephen Crane (Red Badge of Courage, a penetrating look at the reality of war from the point of view of a Union private) American modernism in the first half of the twentieth century. Ezra Pound, Lowell, and other helped found the Imagist movement, which featured free-verse poems phrased in common speech that addressed a wide variety of subject matter and conveyed meaning through clear, precisely described images. Fitzgerald Hemingway Faulkner American post-modernism, more American novelists and playwrights wrote about the illusions and disappointments of American life after WWII. The Death of a Salesman (Arthur Miller; play which depicted a man whose failures made him feel like an outcast. Kurt Vonnegut (Slaughterhouse Five) Harlem Renaissance///Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Alice Walker, Invisible Man (conveyed the sense of alienation from society felt by the main character)
Derivational Suffix
Used to make (or derive) new words. In particular, they are used to change a word from one grammatical class to another. For example, the noun "pore" can be changed into an adjective by adding the suffix -ous, resulting in the adjective "porous" 'having pores'.
Symbol
Usually concrete objects or images that represent abstract ideas example the eagle is often used as a symbol of freedom.
Gerund
Verb with -ing attached to it - functions as a noun I like running. Thinking is my favorite thing to do
Middleton's The Changeling
Written with William Rowley, tells the story of Deflores, a troll-like henchman, who commits a murder for Beatrice, a lady at court, then demands her love as payment for the deed. Representative of Jacobean revenge tragedy and are plays of the dark explorations of human psychology
Independent clause
a clause that contains at least a subject and a verb, and can stand alone as a complete sentence ex: the rabbit ran from the fox
Demonstrative
a determiner used to indicate spatial, temporal, or discourse location. It functions as a modifier of a noun, or a pronoun. Examples: These Those, This, That
Soliloquy
a dramatic speech in which a character talks to him- or herself, allowing the audience to overhear and judge the character's state of mind. Example: Shakespeare's Julius Cesar Brutus contemplates murdering Cesar.
Synecdoche
a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa
Synedoche
a figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole. Example: an old man is known as 'a graybeard'
Biographical (literary criticism)
a form of literary criticism which analyzes a writer's biography to show the relationship between the author's life and their work's of literature
The Theater of the Absurd
a late-twentieth century dramatic movement that sought to illustrate the essentially purposeless and illogical nature of mankind's condition. Characters in these plays use dislocated, repetitious, and clichéd speech to present a chaotic, senseless modern world. Examples: Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot
King Lear
a play about an aging king who divides his kingdom between two daughters who pretend love for him, while rejecting the third, who genuinely loves him but feels it is unseemly to make a show of it. Lear portrays the terrors of age, betrayal, and isolation in scenes of matchless power and beauty.
Aesop's Fables
a selection of stories told/written by the ancient Greek Aesop that feature animals and tell a lesson/moral
Simple Sentence
a sentence made up of one clause will be an independent clause
Holophrase
a single word used to communicate an entire meaning ex: Instead of saying "can I have something to eat, I am hungry." THEY SAY "FOOD" use an entire thought in one word to communicate.
Petrarchan Sonnet
a sonnet form popularized by Petrarch, consisting of an octave with the rhyme scheme abbaabba and of a sestet with one of several rhyme schemes, as cdecde or cdcdcd. Expand. Also called Italian sonnet.
Auxiliary Verb
a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs. Ex:. DO you want tea? or He HAS given his all.
Participle
a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. The term verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, seen, and gone. The crying baby had a wet diaper. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
Hyperbole
an absurdly exaggerated statement. Example: 'I am so thirsty I could drink the ocean dry'*
Epithet
an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned. "old men are often unfairly awarded the epithet "dirty."" (nickname/label)
Myth
an ancient story that presents the exploits of gods or heroes to explain some aspect of life or nature. Example: Persephone*.
Modal Verb
an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. English modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might.
Stem
an underlying form to which an inflectional ending is attached, and can be made up of a root and affixes ex- unbelievable is stem of unbelievably if you have at least one bound morpheme attached to a root, and now you are attaching more then you are attaching a deravational morpheme to a STEM
Speech Act
an utterance considered as an action, particularly with regard to its intention, purpose, or effect. (linguistics)
Coordinating conjunction
and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so. Joins two simple sentences or independent clauses.
Logos
appeal to logic
lyric poem
brief work in verse that addresses reader directly and expresses the poet's feelings and perceptions
Ethos
credibility of the speaker
jacobean revenge tragedy
dark explorations of human psychology, penchant for violence and sex- middletons the changeling
Conceptualization (drama)
determining the class's approach to the play and what the play should say to the audience
victorian names
dickens, hardy, bronte, doyle sherlock holmes, dy jekyll
systematic phonics instruction
direct teaching of letter/sound relationships in a clearly defined sequence. helps for reading comprehension and spelling
medieval literature
divine comedy, petrarch;s songbook, decameron, canterbury tales- cycle of stories. the summoning of everyman
morphemic analysis
figure out word meaning using roots, prefixes, and suffixes
Note taking (reading comprehension)
helps a reader paraphrase and focus on meaning and interpretation
Affirmative
in a team policy debate the proposition side (arguing in favor/ agreement of the statement)
Rhetoric
is speech (or writing) designed to persuade. As with any speech, elements such as volume, pace, and the integration of non-verbal components all contribute to effectiveness. A rhetorical speaker may also employ rhetorical devices such as anaphora and rhetorical questions * best arguments have ethos, pathos, and logos!
Monitor Hypothesis (Krashen's 2nd Language Theory)
language acquisition initiates the language and learning monitors and edits speech
Romantic
late 1700s through mid 19th century. Focus on personal feelings and emotions, nature, ruins of past societies and Middle Ages (Gotchic Frankenstein stemmed from this). Ex: Wordsworth, Coleridge, lyrical ballads, Keats, Shelley. Austen brought new wit during this time
grapheme
letter or number of letters that represent a phoneme
Qualitative evaluation of the text
levels of meaning, structure, conventionality, clarity of language, demands on background knowledge
late 19th century American literature
life away from cities: Chopin as feminist, James, Jewett
Refrain
line or phrase that is repeated at regular intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza.*
Etymology
looking at the history of how words have come to mean what they mean tracking over time horseradish: originally, it was called mirror radish
inferential comprehension
make inferences and draw conclusions from the text
Declarative sentence
makes a statement declares something "I am going to the store"
hypercorrection
makes further mistake trying to avoid a correct error
testing comprehension activities
monitor comprehension graphic/semantic organizers answer questions generate questions story structure summarize prior knowledge mental imagery
Middle Ages Drama
mystery or morality plays- written to teach Christian values. Everyman- God accounting sins/deeds
Native American Literature
myths explaining how the world was created, describing how mankind and culture emerged, mythic heroes and trickster tales. Also first encounters with white Europeans. 1969 House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday; Louise Ehrdrich and Joy Harjo.*
Mood
overall "feeling" created by the word not specifically the authors feeling ex: light and bubbly vs. somber and dark
rime
part of word that contains vowel and all that follows, e.g. ag in bag or im in swim
synecdoche
part stands for a whole. Ex: calling an old man a beard
Phrase
parts of speech can be combined into two phrases. A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit within the syntax of a sentence. ex: "the rusty bucket"
participle
past participle: jumped present participle: jumping
verb tenses
past, present, future
Input hypothesis (Krashen's 2nd Language Theory)
person needs inputs (hearing language a lot)
noun phrase
phrase that acts as a noun
Idioms
phrases that mean something different than the meanings of the individual words would indicate
misplaced modifier
placed to close to word that it could, but shouldn't modify
Year 1476 (History of English)
printing meant more books/literacy, NKJV Bible in 1611, Shakespeare in 1623. London dialect became dominant because that it what was used for printing
diction
proper word usage, choice of words used
Expository writing
seek to inform, explain, instruct, clarify, or define
inflectional affixes
serve grammatical purposes but don't change word meaning. plurals, possessive, verb tenses, adjective
Before reading
set a purpose for reading- skim to help decide what this is: solve a problem, find information, compare elements, verify predeictions, overall effect, understand in history
holophrase
single word that expresses complete thought
subject-verb agreement
singular goes with singular, plural with plural, e.g. An apple is on the table. Three apples are on the table
morphemes
smallest unit of meaning in a language. Ex: last sound of a words indicates singular or plural
Semantic Feature Analysis (reading comprehension)
students use a chart to organize information by categories, analyze ideas, compare concepts, and make inferences about a written text.
borrowing
switch into native language when unsure how to say in 2nd language
pronoun
takes the place of the noun to avoid repetition (she, her)
fable
teaches a moral lesson, often animals have human characteristics. Ex: The Rabbit and the Hare
Immersion teaching
teaching the whole curriculum through the second language
phonetics
the actual properties of speech sounds and non-speech sounds; the study of how speech sounds are made and understood. Example: the pronunciation in a dictionary*
Articulation
the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech
Bloom's Taxonomy
the levels of higher-order thinking questions: Knowledge - Comprehension - Application - Analysis - Synthesis - evaluation
Qualitative evaluation of text
the levels of meaning, structure, conventionality and clarity of language, and demands on background knowledge.*
Antecedents
the person or thing that defines the pronoun in a sentence e.g.: Joe worked in the post office and he enjoyed it. (Joe is the antecedent.)
Code Switching
the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.
Morphemes
the smallest units of meaning in a language; roots, affixes, and bases. Example: plural endings
phonology
the sound patterns of words and phrases, how sounds are organized and used in languages, (part of grammar)*
Passive Voice
the subject is acted upon; he or she receives the action expressed by the verb. The agent performing the action may appear in a "by the..." phrase or may be omitted. Ex: The boy was bitten by the dog *You can recognize passive-voice expressions because the verb phrase will always include a form of be, such as am, is, was, were, are, or been. The presence of a be-verb, however, does not necessarily mean that the sentence is in passive voice. Another way to recognize passive-voice sentences is that they may include a "by the..." phrase after the verb; the agent performing the action, if named, is the object of the preposition in this phrase.
Metonymy
the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant; example- suit for business executive, or track for horse racing
Appeal to emotion (method of persuasive writing)
the writer employs an emotional argument designed to engage a reader's sympathies, values, and compassion.
Objective writing
to be unbiased, overall view of something
Antrhopomorphism
used with God or gods. The act of attributing human forms or qualities to an entities which are not human. Specifically, the describing of gods or goddesses in human forms and possessing human characteristics such as jealousy, hatred, or love.
inductive reasoning
using specific case examples to draw a conclusion
verbal phrase
verb and modifiers and object
Inflectional affixes
word endings that serve various grammatical purposes but don't change the meaning of the word. Example: added -s to make a word plural
Transitional phrases (Composition)
word or phrase to move reader on to new ideas
syllable
word part that contains a vowel/vowel sound
romantic names
wordsworth, coleridge, shelly, keats, gyron
Persuasive
writing that attempts to convince
parody
written in imitation to mock its conventions
monitoring comprehension
Making certain that the text makes sense to the reader.
Style
Mode of expression. Characteristic manner of expression
Inflection
A grammatical change in the form of a word (more accurately of a lexeme), which leaves the 'base meaning' and the grammatical category of the word unchanged. In English, inflections are restricted to the endings of words (i.e. suffixes). Other languages may show changes elsewhere.
Prediction (method of inductive reasoning in persuasive writing)
where the future is assumed to be like the past
Name the different kinds of meter
Monometer (1 foot), Dimeter (2 feet), Trimeter (3 feet), Tetrameter (4 feet), Pentameter (5 feet), Hexameter (6 feet), Heptameter (7 feet), Octameter (8 feet), nonameter (9 feet)
Philosophical (literary criticism)
Moral criticism evaluates the ethical content of literary works; evaluate work in its totality, not passages taken out of context
Fable
a literary genre: a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized (given human qualities, such as the ability to speak human language) and that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be added explicitly as a pithy maxim.
Ad hominem
a logical fallacy that is an attack on a person's character instead of on the person's position or argument
Year 1500-1800 (History of English)
a lot of new words introduced, English Renaissance, Great Vowel Shift, the faerie queene, shakespeare
Tone
a manner in which a writer approaches his or her material and is expressed in style and pervading atmosphere*.
regionalist names
chopin- new orleans, jewett new england, james portrait of a lady
Literary elements
deal with themes, characters, plot, and literary devices used by the author
The Faerie Queene
good example of English Renaissance- many leveled allegory to praise Queen Elizabeth
oral reading inventory
graded passages that give indication of: fluency accuracy reading level comprehension
Elicit vs Illicit
elicit: try to draw out from something illicit: illegal/ inappropriate
difference between fairy tale and fantasy
fantasy blends historical material with invented elements. Ex: Lord of the Rings
Oxymoron
figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect
Victorian French Poetry
old: Parnasian, verse emphasizing metrical form and restricted emotion new: symbolist (end of 19th century) focus on moods, transient sensations, transcendential, exact, sometimes morbid
Subjective writing
one persons view
Trochee (adj. trochaic)
one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable Ex: LOVer, LOOKing, and NUMbers "TYger Tyger BURNing BRIGHT,/ IN the FORests OF the NIGHT" (Considered trochaic even though it is missing the last unstressed syllable)
Iamb (adj. iambic)
one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable Ex: deLIGHT, beLONG, and perCHANCE "but SOFT! what LIGHT through YONder WINdow BREAKS?" (iambic pentameter)
short story
prose fiction concentrating on 1-2 main character
Essay
prose work written in the fist-person, expressing strong opinions about some topic or life experience*
alphabet knowledge
identify and form letters
Classroom activities to analyze/critique media messages
identifying point of view/bias, interpreting data, distinguishing between fact/fiction, analyzing the authority of sources, and other skills, evaluate a scene from movie/TV, evaluate an advertisement.
Four purposes of mass media
inform, persuade, entertain, transmit culture
Expository speech
informative, does not express the speaker's personal opinion. Factual information.
onset
initial consonant sound, e.g. b in bag or sw in swim
How is many/fewer used?
many and fewer apply to countable items there are many cars left on the lot
What does exceptional mean for the exam?
means an exception to the norm -- if they are ahead of the curve or behind the curve
high frequency word recognition
measures word recognition out of context
onomatopoeia
mimics natural sounds buzzbuzzzz
metaphor
my life's a tennis match, but i never get to serve"
onset-rime
- onset: first phonological unit before the vowel (b in book) - rime" part of word, vowels and consonants, that follow the onset (ook in book)
phoneme isolation
- recognize individual sounds in a word
verb complement
1 verb as an object of another. Ex: infinitives, gerunders
Convention
A device used so often it becomes a recognized means of expression (a lover cannot eat of sleep)
Adverb Clause
A group of words that function as an adverb; can modify verbs, adverbs, and adjectives by telling when, where, why, how, how much, and under what condition; begins with a subordinating conjunction, and contain subject and predicate
Novel
A long work of prose fiction that is often realistic and tends to address the concerns of the society in which it is produced; however, it is endlessly adaptable (elements of fantasy, history, and philosophy). Example: David Copperfield by Charles Dickens*
The Great Vowel Shift
A major series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place, beginning in southern England, primarily between 1350 and the 1600s and 1700s, today influencing effectively all dialects of English.
Ode
A meditative poem written in praise of someone or about a serious subject. Example: Ancient Greek and the modern John Keats*.
Falling Action (Dramatic Elements)
Events that follow from the protagonists actions
Active Voice
In a sentence using active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.
Anti-Slavery Declaration/Literary Movement
John Greenleaf Whittier wrote poems against slavery (The Slave Ship, 1846).
Adverbs
Just as adjectives modify nouns, adverbs modify, or further describe, verbs. Adverbs may also modify adjectives.
Oedipus the King
King learns he has unwittingly killed his dad and married his mom
Language acquisition theory
Noam Chomsky -language is innate and universally inherited by all human beings -infants are neurologically prewired to learn language -for example children intuitively know how to combine a noun with a verb to form grammatically correct phrases.
Early childhood to pre-K (Emerging Reader)
Pre-alphabetic
Realist Novels (Genres in Literature)
Realistic fiction is a genre consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a believable setting
Concepts of Print Assessment
Skill: print conventions of reading Standard assessment tool: marie clay's *term* assessment test
Mental lexicon
Speakers of a language store all the words they know in a mental dictionary or 'lexicon' containing many thousands of items.
Jargon
Special language of a profession or group
parable
Story designed to suggest a principle, moral or answer a question
Blending
The ability to fluidly combine individual sounds to form words. It is also used to combine onsets and Rimes in order to form syllables, and it is used to combine syllables to form words.
Applied comprehension (levels of reading comprehension)
The ability to move beyond the story to think critically and creatively about its implications and larger meaning*.
Automaticity
The ability to read and recognize a word or series of words in text accurately and effortlessly. Skilled readers use this unconsciously or involuntarily when reading text
antecedent
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
Proposition of fact (type of persuasive speech)
The writer tries to convince the reader that a proposition is true or false.
Legend
Traditional story that has become part of the collective experience of a nation, ethnic group, or culture. They include characters that are not historical but seem to have existed at some point in the distant past. Example: King Arthur and the sword in the stone*
Multicultural and Postcolonial literature
Twentieth century, described and expressed emotions about the many human effects of imperialism and its final decline. Chinua Achebe (Things Fall Apart)*
Spondee (adj. spondaic)
Two stressed syllables Ex: HEARTBREAK, FOOTBALL, BREAKDOWN
Conjunction
Unite words, phrases, and clauses. Most common: and, or, but
Literal language
Winters end is the end of winter
Abstract subjects
an idea such as greatness or beauty
Nouns
adjectives describe
K-5 text complexity
adventure, fantasy, realistic drama with only brief scenes, nursery rhymes, narrative poems, free verse, biographies, directions, forms
Verbs
adverbs describe
Thematic Planning
aims at showing students how content actually transcends the boundaries of traditional subject areas. The team might, for example, coordinate the start of a unit on percentages in math with the calculation of election results in social studies and calories in health.
attributes of Greek theater
allegedly had maximum of 3 actors on stage at one time, tragedy and comedy were always separate genres (no comic relief)
other renaissance authors
ben jonson, christopher marlowe, every man in his humur, doctor fausus
Word Analogies (reading comprehension)
compare tow or more things by analyzing how they are alike or different Example: what features does this word share with other words you have seen?
simile
compares 2 things using like or as
compound vs complex sentense
compound: 2 independt clauses joined by coordinator complex: indpendent clause joined by 1 or more dependent clauses and a subordinator (when, after, etc)
precis
concise summary based on a complete reading of a work
relative clause
dependent clause that begins with relative pronoun "he went to the gym, which is closed now" key word: which
hyperbole
drastic overstatement
dialect
how communities use language
Faulty Parallelism
occurs when the elements put into pairs and series "go in different directions" because they do not have the same form. In other words, nouns should be coordinated with nouns, verbs with verbs, adjectives with adjectives, adverbs with adverbs, phrases with phrases, and clauses with clauses.
Formalism
school of literary criticism which began in Russia in the 1920s and 1930s, as a reaction against interpreting texts by considering their historical circumstances or intentions of the author and flourished in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and is still popular today. Studies the form of the work rather than the content.
private speech
talking out loud to oneself
Connotation
the use of precise words to give a positive or negative slant*
modernism names
ts eliot, joyce, yeats, proust, orwell
New Historicism (Lit Analysis)
understand a text through historical context/influences as well as interpret the cultural and intellectual history, usually involves studying a lot of relevant literary texts alongside
phonics
understanding there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and grapheme ( phonemes are the sounds and grapheme are the letters)
trochaic
unstressed, stressed
literal comprehension
what happened?
subject
what is being discussed in the sentence
Media-analysis questions
what kind of message is being presented? who created it? who is the intended audience? how are the words, images, and sounds emploed to influence audience response? what examples, if any, of bias or stereotypes are included? How does this message compare to your own experience of the world? Is there another side of the argument or important details left out of the message?
predicate
what the subject is doing
KWL
what you know, what you want to know and what you have learned
Code-switching
when a person changes dialects or switches from formal to informal speech depending on which group he or she is interacting with
Telegraphic Speech
when people typed on a telegraph, ppl. would type most essential words. "Sherrif arrive noon" Leaving out certain words — "daddy play fun" instead of "its fun to play with my dad"
Hypercorrection (linguistic behavior of non-proficient English speakers)
when someone who has been corrected for mistakes makes further mistakes in trying to avoid the original error. Example: eliminating me altogether after being corrected for it
discourse analysis
verbal exchanges/written texts
modals
verbs expressing capability/possibility. Ex: "can", "could,", "may", "might"
Paragraphing (Composition)
visual clue that holds ideas together starts with topic sentence
Genetic Predisposition/Innate Capacity (language development)
Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar, every human brain is programmed to develop language
Animal folktales
-abound in every culture -most cases the *term* characters are clearly anthropomorphic (having human characteristics) and display human personalities.
passive voice
-less dynamic -shows that the subject receives the action example: a message was posted on Twitter by Marcella.
Folktales
-short stories that come from oral traditions -adapted from different global cultures and enrich our world with customs and believes -genres including fairytales, legends of all types, tables, tall tales, and humorous anecdotes. -Arise through a similar process: recombining traditional elements ("motifs") and or transferring an established plot ("tale-type") from one hero, one location, or one area to another -culturally universal
3rd stage of Krashen's SLA
-speech emergence -Students have increased comprehension and language abilities. Students begin to produce simple sentences and phrases, but some basic errors in grammar in speech exist. Reading comprehension and writing skills are limited. Instructional strategies: -use question prompts that ask students to answer "who, what, where, why, and how" in written assignments. -Use question prompts that require a written or oral response of at least one sentence. -Ask students to write in a daily journal. -Use games in a role playing to illustrate oral and written text. -Use media, technology and, the Internet to illustrate examples. -ask students to problem solve using real world events.
fluency
-the ability to read a text accurately, effortlessly, and with expression (prosody). -*Term* readers can read silently while click quickly grouping words into meaningful phrases. -*Term* readers can accurately read aloud in such a way that communicates their understanding of the text. Reading sounds natural. -readers who have not yet developed term read slowly, word by word. Reading aloud is choppy and labored, and comprehension declines because they are trying to decode each word.
vocabulary
-the words we must know to effectively communicate our thoughts. -*Term* development correlates with increased academic performance and is fundamental to higher level thinking. -*Term* acquisition begins in early childhood with oral communication and later builds two written communication (reading).
Revising Stage 3
-writers begin modifying the wording of the draft and or rearranging the ideas or paragraphs in a logical sequence -use critical thinking skills while focusing on the original requirements of the writing task, purpose, and audience -think about its clarity, organization, and logical development. -Time to make any major corrections or changes (example add, delete, replace, or move written material) -Goal is to ensure that the ideas flow logically in that the writers points are presented with clarity.
MLA format
1" margins, Times New Roman, 12 Point Font, Double Space, In text citations are written using the author's last name and page number.
Five steps of writing
1) prewriting 2) drafting 3) revising 4) editing 5) proof reading
Krashen's theory of second language acquisition (5 hypotheses)
1. Acquisition-Learning hypothesis: there's acquired (is subconcious) and learning (is the traditional process of formal instruction of language), K believes acquired is better 2. The Monitor hypothesis: A/L related, focus on editing/correcting during L 3. The Natural Order hypothesis: acquiring grammar follows a natural order no matter conditions 4. The Input hypothesis: make progress along natural order 5. The Affective Filter hypothesis: motivation, self-confidence etc. play a role in language acquisition
Implications of teaching text comprehension instruction in the classroom
1. Ask questions about the text they are reading. 2.ask students to summarize or paraphrase parts of the text. 3.help students clarify words and sentences they don't understand it. 4. ask students to predict what might occur next in the text. 5. talk about the content. 6. model or think aloud about their own thinking and understanding. 7. lead students in a discussion about text meaning. 8. help students relate the content of their reading into their life experiences and to other text they have read.
Language acquisition- toddlers (1-2 years)
12-18months- Toddlers say their first monosyllable big words of familiar objects or people such as "Mama" or "bye-bye". By age two, toddler speak their first two word sentences and can intuitively understand grammatical relationships.
Beginning Reader K-2-3rd grade
Alphabetic
Derivational affixes
Alter the meaning of a word by building on a base, or it changes the part of speech. Example: cautious (adj.), add -ly becomes the adverb cautiously (a characteristic of)
Attitude
Authors disposition or opinion of subject
Red herring (logical fallacy)
Avoid the key issue by introducing another issue as a diversion.
Setting
Background of a story (time and place)
Over - regularization
trying to apply regular forms to irregular words or constructions
4th grade Reading standard
By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature (informational text) in grade text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high-end of the range.
3rd grade Reading standard
By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature (informational texts) at the high-end of the grades text complexity band independently and proficiently.
Utopian novel
Depicts the author's ideas about what a perfectly ordered society would be like. Example: Sir Thomas More's Utopia.*
Hispanic American Writers (20th C.)
Describing the tug of ancestral loyalties amid the bustle of modern life. Rudolfo Anaya, The House on Mango Street by Sandra Chisneros, Angela de Hoyos' To Walt Whitman*
Allophones
Different phonemes (but with the same meaning) For example, all three of the alternate sounds for the letter "s" mean the same thing: plural. /s/ (as in cats) /z/ (as in cars) /es/ as in churches. So we say phonemes /s/, /z/, and /es/ are allophones.
Nonrestrictive Clause
Does not serve to identify or define the antecedent noun. EX: The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested. In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France. Nether Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is a few miles from Bridgewater.
Language Development Stage 3:
Early childhood: 27 months to 4 years old "wanna" begin private speech: talking to oneself Future tense begins to be used, as well as articles "a" and "the" past tense is used Children begin to understand that multiple adjectives can be applied to one noun Before this stage if you said — "That is a big, hairy, smelly dog" they would lose track that all of those adj. describe that one noun. But during early childhood, they will develop ability understand all of that was describing dog Late in this period, plurals emerge and possessives are acquired Question words such as "who, what, which, when, how, and why" emerge — very curious during this stage Children begin to speak about things not present Ties in to cognitive development Before were more egocentric — only aware of things in their perception Now- might talk about what dad is doing at work even though he is not in their environment
American Poets of the nineteenth century
Emily Dickinson known for her unusual imagery and strong rhythms, Walt Whitman (celebrated ordinary working perople and the common experiences of life in America and repetitive candences drawn from biblical verses, Leaves of Grass)
Divine Comedy
Epic Allegory, had terza rima, stanzas are 3 rhymed lines
Myths (Genres in Literature)
Evoke events of time long past Adventures and misadventures of Gods, giants, heroes, nympths Beginning of creation Cultural myths - relate to religious beliefs/rituals
Postcolonial (literary criticism)
Examine literary works as examples of Western colonialism and imperialism and try to show how these works helped further ideas of racial and cultural inequality.
Interpretative (Genres in Writing)
Explains, explores or considers the significance of an event
Immigrant Literature
Explore the immigrant experience and the sensation of being suspended between two cultures. Jean Kwok's Girl in Translation, Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake, Junot diaz The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Woa.*
Submersion teaching
Extreme sink-or-swim form of assimilationist teaching in which minority language children are simply put in majority language classes
Syllogism
Form is reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. 1) All tragedies end unhappily 2) Hamlet is a tragedy 3) Hamlet ends unhappily
Imagist Movement
Form of American modernism with free-verse poems phrased in common speech that addressed a wide variety of subject matter and conveyed meaning through clear, precisely described images; Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle*
Reading Assessments
Formal and informal; used with students in grades K through 8 to target areas of strength and weakness, to monitor student reading development, and to aid the teacher in planning reading instruction. Decoding- Word recognition: -Concepts of print -phoneme awareness -alphabetic principle Fluency: -phonics -sight words -automaticity Comprehension- Academic language: -Background knowledge -syntax sentence structure -vocabulary Comprehension: -comprehension monitoring -reorganizing text
Postmodernist Literature
Fragmented view of reality that drew on parody, pastiche, unreliable narrators, irony, black humor, and a general feeling of cultural exhaustion. Postmodern protagonists often create their own versions of reality to compete with or replace the reality of everyday experience. Vladimir Nabokov (Lolita, Pale Fire), Jorge Luis Borges (infinite library), Margaret Atwood, Salsman Rushdie, Martin Amis (create fantasies to replace everyday reality)*
Jean Racine
French Neoclassical playwright such as Phédre, Andromaque, and Athalie written in alexandrine verse (twelve-syllable lines) of great precision, grace, and emotional force.*
Year 1250 (History of English)
French words introduced. Ex: chandelier, banquet
William Shakespeare
Harold Bloom claims this poet invented the modern of personality by giving his characters such a variety of traits and emotions. He tells age-old truths of human personality and fate, and includes aspects of feudalism*.
Cacophony
Harsh, discordant sounds. Opposite of euphony.
Trickster Tale
In oral traditions worldwide, a story featuring a protagonist (often an anthropomorphized animal) who has magical powers and who is characterized as a compendium of opposites.
Deletion
In rapid speech, we sometimes delete entire phonemes eg: Wednesday is pronounced /wensday/ (This accounts for many of the odd spellings found in English and difficulties in learning how to spell.
Historical Novels (Genres in Literature)
Historical fiction is a work of writing that reconstructs the past
Whom
If him or them fit when substituted then *term* is correct
Linguist
In the study of language, a linguist is usually someone who studies linguistics rather than someone who speaks several languages.
pragmatics
Language is a tool for communication and is concerned with how different types of sentences or phrases are used in different contexts and for different purposes. The speaker's intended meaning rather than liter meaning. Example: "Is your arm broken?" means go do it yourself.*
Sociolects
Language variations used by subcultures, speech communities - functions to reveal who is an insider Ex: teen talk (phat, bling-bling, shnizle) jargon (workplace terminology)
Mla- academic journal acceded from website
Last name, first name middle initial. " journal Title." Title of where published, volume (date published): pages. Access date day month year.
K to 2nd / 3rd grade - Alphabetic
Letters are associated with sounds. Children begin to read simple CVC words (such as mat, sun, pin).. They usually represent such words with a single sound, and later spell with the first and last consonant - Ex: CT for CAT. When writing later, vowels are included in each syllable. Children now rhyme and blend words. When reading later, they begin to recognize "chunks" or phonograms. Reading instruction: Systematic and explicit instruction: -Phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, and decoding -Vocabulary word attack , spelling -Text comprehension -Listening and writing
Strategy (rhetorical strategy)
Management of language for a specific effect (If you don't love me back, my heart will break)
Dystopia
Narrative that depicts an anti-utopia, a world where ordinary people live regimented lives at the whim of a totalitarian government. Ex. George Orwell's 1984*
differences between American English and British English
Native American words: hickory, canoe, BBQ. Spanish words: stampede, canyon, vigilante.
Decoding versus codebreaking
Processing language to get the 'message' versus processing language to get the 'rules'
Simple Aspect
The bare tense of whatever you are doing. Ex: "I walk" or "I will walk" or "I walked"
parallel sentence structure
The basic rule is is that when there are two or more linked constructs, they must show the same grammar construction example: he liked swimming, weightlifting, and to run. -incorrect he liked swimming, weightlifting, and running. -correct
Rime
The part of the word-vowels and consonants-that follow the onset (example the letters OOK in book).
Renaissance
The period of Western history from about 1453 A. D. (fall of Constantinople to the Turks) to about 1650. Characterized by renewal of interest in the cultures of Antiquity (particularly Greece and Rome), surge of intellectual, scientific, and artistic activity. Emphasis on the self, the enjoyment of earthly life, exploration, discovery, and empirical methods. Followed by the Enlightenment.
Middle Ages
The period of Western history from the fall of the Roman empire (476 A. D.) until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453 A. D.). Also known as the Medieval Period and the "Dark Ages." Characterized by feudalism (rule by independent war-lords and subject peasantry) and dominance of the Catholic Church. Preceded by Antiquity and followed by the Renaissance.
Antiquity
The period of history from around 3,000 B.C. to the fall of the Roman empire (around 476 A.D.). Followed by the Middle Ages.
Epistrophe
The repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences.
Polysyndeton
The repetition of connectives or conjunctions in close succession for rhetorical effect, as in the phrase here and there and everywhere.
Proposition (debate)
The statement that will be argued for/against with the proposition side/opposition side
sociolinguistics
The study of language in relation to social factors, including differences of regional, class, and occupational dialect; gender differences, and bilingualism
Semantics
The study of the meaning of words, clauses, and sentences Meanings are constantly evolving, and vary among cultures, ages, social groups, and geographic regions Adults and teenagers might use very different words that mean the same thing Geographic regions: Eskimos might understand the meaning of "cold' as someone who lives in Jamaica The word "cold" doesn't necessarily mean the same thing Meanings change over time
Phonetics
The sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the production and perception of the speech sounds themselves is called phonetics and contrasts with phonology.
Empiricism
The theory that experience, especially by the senses (through observation or experiment) is the only source of knowledge.
Alphabetic Principle
The three rules for writing and speaking English; 1. letters are named with Uppercase and lowercase letters 2. each letter or group of letters (words) represent sounds and 3. using the systematic relationship between letters and phonemes (letter-sound correspondence), you can decode the English language to identify, pronounce, and spell words.
Compound Prepositions
These prepositions are called compound prepositions, or multisyllabic prepositions. Formed when they preface a preposition to a noun. Like most prepositions, they have both literal and figurative meanings. "The boys ran around the bench"
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts. Example: Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course. In this example, the author is basing his evaluation of the entire course on only the first day, which is notoriously boring and full of housekeeping tasks for most courses. To make a fair and reasonable evaluation the author must attend not one but several classes, and possibly even examine the textbook, talk to the professor, or talk to others who have previously finished the course in order to have sufficient evidence to base a conclusion on.
Slippery Slope Fallacy
This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur, A must not be allowed to occur either. Example: If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers
Post hoc ergo propter hoc Fallacy
This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.' Example: I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick. In this example, the author assumes that if one event chronologically follows another the first event must have caused the second. But the illness could have been caused by the burrito the night before, a flu bug that had been working on the body for days, or a chemical spill across campus. There is no reason, without more evidence, to assume the water caused the person to be sick.
Tragedy
Type of play characterized by the depiction of misfortunes, disasters, and/or the death of the main protagonists. The main protagonist is often afflicted by a "tragic flaw" which leads to tragic outcomes. The tragedies of Aeschylus (525-456 BC), Sophocles (496-406 BC), and Euripides (c. 480-406 BC) were very popular as part of the dramatic competitions during the Dionysia, or festival in honor of Dionysus.
Overextending
Typical during the late toddler stage Teach a child - this is a dog. Their basic schema is that it has four legs and is furry. Then, they think a cow is a dog. ** overextend the meaning ** must accommodate to incorporate new info.
Media messages
Underlying messages in the media that show bias, authoritativeness, and hidden motives of persuasion
Amplification
Use of bare expressions, likely to be ignored or misunderstood by a hearer or reader because of the bluntness. Emphasis through restatement with additional detail to increase its worth and understandability. Ex: Original, The thesis paper was difficult. After, The thesis paper was difficult: it required extensive research, data collection, sample surveys, interviews and a lot of fieldwork.
Perfect Aspect
Used in reference to something already finished, i.e. a period of time between past and present by adding "have", before the past by adding "had", and slightly before the future by adding "will have" Ex: "I have walked" (perfect), "I had walked" (past perfect), "I will have walked" (future perfect)
Figurative language
Uses words to mean something other than their literal meaning (similes, irony, metaphors) "The black bat night has flown" = night is over
phrasal verb
an idiomatic phrase consisting of a verb and another element, typically either an adverb, as in break down, or a preposition, for example see to, or a combination of both, such as look down on.
Perfect Progressive
We use the perfect progressive aspect to talk about an action that was once ongoing, but has since completed, like "I had been waiting for twenty minutes.".
Phoneme Manipulation
When children work with phonemes in words , they are manipulating the phonemes. Types of manipulation are blending , segmenting , delating,adding, suntracting one for another
1st grade Reading standard
With prompting and support, read prose and poetry (informational text) of appropriate complexity for this grade
Middle English
Within the 300 years between the Norman Conquest and Chaucer the English language changed more than any other period. The elaborate system of cases, genders, and numbers disappeared from articles and adjectives and simplified in noun usage. Modals such as shall and will became common, and more dialects and variance occurred based on region. Vocabulary didn't change until 1250, more French words.*
Onomatopoeia
Words that imitate sounds
Correlative Conjunctions
Work in pairs to connect parts of a sentence. Ex: either/or neither/nor both/and as/so whether/or
Epistolary Novels (Genres in Literature)
Written as a series of documents, e.g. letters, diary entries
The Changeling
Written by Thomas Middleton about a troll-like henchman who commits murder and wants love in return. It is an example of Jacobean revenge tragedy*.
Epistolary Novel
Written in the form of letters, diaries, and journal entries. (The Color Purple)
Epistolary novel
Written in the form of letters, diarries, and journal entries. Dracula, The Color Purple*
deductive reasoning
applying a generalization to a specific case
common text structures
cause/effect, problem/solution, hypothesis/support, compare/contrast, defintion/description, illustration, analogy, chronological, directions, classification
Henry IV
describe the progress of Prince Hal from tavern roustabout to victorious warrior to king of England. Hal's lowlife companions include Falstaff, the fat, cowardly knight with a razor-sharp wit - one of the greatest comic characters in literature.
Basal Reading Approach
designed to meet the needs of ALL students, not individuals
reading assessment objectives (3)
determine areas of strength weaknesses monitor development aid in planning/instruction
idioms
expressions that are commonly used and are accepted
adverbs
end in -ly (always is also an adverb)
Washington Irving
first American writer to achieve international fame, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle*
Historical (Lit Analysis)
focus on a work's context in history- how do the allusions, style, and POV fit or defy conventions of the period?
Philosophical (Lit Analysis)
focus on questions of the ethics and morality of the author/current culture
falstaff
from henry the fourth- fat cowardly knight- one of the greatest comic characters in lit
Monroe's Motivated Sequence for motivating an audience
get attention identify a need show how it can be satisfied have them be able to visual the result request action
Developing Literacy Whole language approach
gives children more exposure to different words Strength: allows them to become more familiar with irregulars Weakness: doesn't allow students to sound out and decode unknown words
king lear
giving kingdom to two daughters: terrors of age, betrayal, and isolation
chorus in a Greek theater
group that explained the plot and commented on the action
metaphysicla poets
john donne, george herbet, andrew marvell, outrageous metaphors, extended comparisons, and subtle wit to explore the fundamental nature of reality and humanitys place
explicit instruction
precise directions on teaching phonics
gerund
present participle used as a noun. Ex: "winning requires dedication"
Sociocultural factors (language development)
social class has a major effect on how children use language, including the style and structure of their spoken narratives, discrimination against gender or ethnic groups (have a bearing on second language learning)
revision tips
take out prepositional phrases vary sentence length avoid sexist or slang or jargon no padded phrases
Part-to-whole (method of inductive reasoning in persuasive writing)
the whole is assumed to be like individual parts only larger
Expletives
two indefinite pronouns - it and there - that are used as subjects in vague or weakly constructed sentences.
Couplet
two successive rhyming lines
2nd person
used a lot less where YOU are the character in the story
graphic organizer
web, chart, frame, cluster to illustrate concepts/relationships in a text
Application questions
"Could this have happened in...?" "Can you group by characteristics such as...?" "Can you apply this outcome to some experience of your own...?" "Would this example be useful if you had a...?"
Analysis Questions
"Which events could have happened..?" "If...had happened, what might the ending have been?" "What were some motives behind..?" "What was the problem with...?"
Glittering generalities (logical fallacy)
'glad words' are used to sound important but actually have little or no real meaning.
Flapping
(a kind of assimilation): a process by which rapid speech affects the phonemes we hear (one letter seems to become another) eg: say butter slow /buter/ say butter fast: /buder/ (The voiceless /t/ becomes a voiced /d/ in rapid speech - This is the most commonly assimilated sound.) More examples: water, rotting, putting - /t/ is assimilated into the flapped /d/
Essential Clause
(or phrase) used to modify a noun. It adds information that is critical to the meaning of the sentence. Essential clauses are not set off by commas. The people WHO WORK IN MY OFFICE are loud *The word "that" is almost always an indicator of an essential phrase or clause.
language arts instruction
- 2 1/2 hours per day is minimum time allocated for language arts instruction
3-8 Grade Reteach all modalities (Remedial Reader)
- Assessment of weaknesses - Explicit strategies based on findings - Link instruction to prior knowledge - Increase instruction time - Divide skills into smaller steps - Provide reinforcement and positive feedback
universal language acquisition theory
- Noam Chomsky - language is innate and universally inherited by all human beings - infants are neurologically prewired to learn language
critical period for language acquisition
- a critical period when children find it easier to learn verbal skills in their native language - corresponds with brain development
Vygotsky's Second Language Acquisition Theory
- a student must think before any new idea can be formulated - student must be competent in primary language before thinking about the concepts, rules, or conventions of the second language - solid command of primary language must be present
adjective
- a word used to modify a noun or pronoun
adverb
- a word used to modify a verb
Phonemic (phoneme) Awareness
- ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words - understand that sounds work together to make words - most important determinant toward becoming a successful reader - tasks are usually oral
Primary language
- an unconscious acquisition experience
Early childhood to pre-K Developmental Expectations (Emerging Reader)
- awareness that texts goes from left to right - scribble - recognize visual clues in print, such as letters in name
phoneme segmenting
- break a word into separate sounds, saying each sound
phoneme blending
- combine the phonemes to form a word
Narrative writing
- essays — also known as expressive or creative writing -used to provide entertainment, information, or instruction. -This type of writing tells a real or imaginary story and draws from personal thoughts and experiences. -Whether fiction or nonfiction, the events in a *term* work are presented in a story like fashion that builds to a scene of climactic action. -Often includes a timeline and appeals to the readers senses by including details pertaining to sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Examples-stories, autobiographies, anecdotes, and memoirs. -Creative writing includes poems, plays, fables, and myths
Elements of an effective speech presentation
- eye contact -volume and tone of voice -pacing and clarity -hand gestures -posture -visual aids -sensitivity to bias and stereotyping
alphabetic principle
- letters are named with uppercase and lowercase letters - each letter or group of letters (words) represents sounds - using a systematic relationship between letters and phonemes (letter-sound correspondence) you can decode English language to identify, pronounce, and spell words
K-2-3rd grade Developmental expectations (Beginning Reader)
- letters associated with sounds - simple CVC words - rhyme and blend words - recognize chunks of words
parts of speech
- noun - pronoun - verb - adjective - adverb
five steps of writing
- outline - note taking - brought draft - revision - final draft
Beginning Reader Systematic and explicit instruction
- phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, decoding - vocabulary word attack skills, spelling - text comprehension - listening and writing
Krashen's Second Language Acquisition Theory
- primary language is an unconscious acquisition experience while secondary language is a conscious acquisition learning experience -
text complexity
- qualitative text evaluation - quantitative text evaluation - matching the reader to the text
prosody
- reading with expression - the rhythmic and tonal aspects of speech - appropriate emphasis, stress, intonation, pitch, pausing, and phrasing
phoneme categorization/classification
- recognize a word with a sound that does not match other sounds in other words
Early childhood to pre-K Phonemic awareness
- recognize print in environment - make predictions in stories - pretend to read - help recognize letter shapes
phoneme identity
- recognize same sounds in different words
phoneme deletion
- recognize the word that remains when a phoneme is removed from another word
folktales
- short stories that come from oral traditions - fairy tales, legends, fables, tall tales, humorous anecdotes
Letter-Sound Correspondence
- sounds are represented by letters in the alphabet - letters used to represent sounds
Phonemic (phoneme) awareness
- the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds— phonemes—in spoken words. It is the understanding that sounds work together to make words, and it is the most important determinant toward becoming a successful reader.
language acquisition
- the process by which the infants learn to understand and speak their native language - shaped by cognitive and sociocultural influences - language is not speech, it is a communication system
4-8 grade Systematic and explicit instruction (Fluent Reader)
- word attack (multi syllable) - decoding - spelling/vocab - fluency - text comprehension (context skills) - utilizing metacognition
Vygotsky's second language acquisition theory
-"A word devoid of what is a dead thing, and a thought on in bodied in words remains a shadow. "-*term theorist*. -provides a rich foundation for understanding the meaning for interrelationships between thinking processes and language processes. -Language is not just an instrument of communicating one's knowledge, it is at the center of all learning experiences. -to acquire knowledge of a second language, a student must think before any new ideas can be formulated. -A solid command of the primary language must be present before each new understanding of the second language can be internalized and mentally unified.
Critical period (language acquisition)
-. When children find it easier to learn verbal skills in their native language. -Begins in infancy and ends in puberty. -The first few years of life is the optimal time for infants to acquire language. -If children do not interface with language in early childhood, they may demonstrate a limited range of language fluency, predominantly with grammar systems.
child-directed speech
-0-24 months -primary caretakers parents play an active role in the development of their child's language as identified in child directed in *term*. -In *term* primary caretakers often modify their speech to make it easier for a child to learn language. For example modifying sentence structure, repeating keywords, and focusing on present objects. -First words are spoken by 12 months and are usually familiar objects or persons (holophrases). -First sentences are spoken by 18 to 24 months and are usually two word sentences (telegraphic speech).
telegraphic speech
-2 years old -in early form of speech and can be observed when a toddler selectively omit or simplifies words in a phrase or sentence to communicate his message. -This is usually a two-year-old's first two word sentence consisting of just enough words to get the meaning across (example no... Hot, meaning the food is too hot to eat).
Fast mapping
-2-5 years old -children learn new vocabulary, they begin *term* it to figure out the meaning of words. -*Term* is a mental process in which young children are able to use the context of a word or phrase in accurately arrive at the words meaning. Nouns (objects) are easier to *term* than verbs (actions). -For example, researchers Carey and Bartlett (1978) showed a group of toddlers two objects (one blue, one beige). The color blue is familiar to the toddlers, but the color beige was not familiar. The toddlers were able to quickly decipher the meaning of beige when the researchers asked the children to bring me the beige one all of the children were able to differentiate (*term*) the two objects because of their familiarity with the color blue
Private speech
-3 years old -"talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others. " -*term* helps children integrate language and thought. -Psychologist Lev Vygotsky suggested that children begin to use the *term* at age three to become more competent at language -the use of *term* helps children self regulate. Through self regulation, children organize, guide, and control their behavior. -According to Vygotsky, term is responsible for all higher levels of intellectual functioning.
Remedial reader stage 6 (Stages of Reading Development)
-3rd to 8th grade -students who do not demonstrate reading competency -The key approach to successful reading programs is preventative rather than remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom. -Students who are struggling to read or top from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers.
overregularization
-4-5 years old -*term* of grammatical errors are observed in early childhood when children miss use regular grammatical patterns of past tense or plural words (noun or verb) in speech (example saying foots instead of feet or she singed a song).
Fluent reader stage 4 (Stages of Reading Development)
-4th to 8th grade -orthographic -students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words. -Decoding becomes fluent and is representative of adult readers. Reading, accuracy, and speed are stressed.
holophrase period
-8-12 months -A composite of a one-word and nonverbal gesture to express a complete and meaningful thought. -as toddlers recognize that symbols (words) represent a specific object, desire, or event, they say one word and or a gestured expression to communicate their thoughts and feelings. -*Term* include symbolic gestures and representational gestures. -For example, symbolic gestures are observed want to toddler shakes his head to indicate no when he doesn't want to eat something or when he blows on food to mean hot. Representational gestures are demonstrated by the infant or toddler when he shows the parent what he desires (example holding up a bottle does show the parent he wants more to drink).
Writing / Drafting Stage 2
-Actual sentences and paragraphs -does not worry about correctness or editing. -simply to get all of the pre-writing ideas on paper so that the essays content can take shape.
Publishing stage 5
-Add graphic illustrations, copyright references, or pictures -the essay should be bound or electronically transmitted.
phonological awareness
-a "listening skill" that typically develops in pre-kindergarten. It is the ability to hear, think about, and manipulate sounds. When children are competent in this, they know that: 1)sounds make up words; 2) can be manipulated into new words; 3) words can be separated into individual sounds, syllables, and rhymes; 4) words have meaning. -*Term* is important because of children if children can relate sounds to printed words, they can begin to decode makes sense of how sounds and letters are organized in print. Note: *term* and phonemic awareness are not interchangeable. Phonemic awareness is one component of *term*.
5th stage of Krashen's SLA
-advanced fluency -student of competency in English oral and written communication. Student should be participating fully in grade level classroom activities. Instructional strategies: -instruction should be included all grade level expectations. Adaptations can be made as needed according to academic proficiency and cultural implications.
Written essays
-argument, informative/explanatory, and narrative. -A simple composition that is organized and written in paragraphs. -May or may not contain citation sources -contains introduction and a conclusion
Poems
-commonly employed in writing is that call for a heightened intensity of emotion, dignity of expression, or subtlety of contemplation. -An excellent instructional tool for students to gain enthusiasm for literature as they listen to the rhythmic patterns of verse expressed in narrative, dramatic, in lyrical terms. -Uses rhythmic patterns of a condensed and refined language to speak, sing, or chant. -Patterns are frequently associated with the rhythm or meter, and may be supplemented by rhyme, alliteration, or both -includes variations and syntax and elaborates the use of figures of speech (metaphor and simile).
Transition words and phrases
-continue the world of ideas and move the reader toward new ideas. -Sometimes settle in sometimes obvious -help the reader understand not only ideas, but also their relationship to one another. -Good *terms* can make a difference in the continuity of ideas and thoughts. -First, initial, and a primary consideration indicate the beginning of a chain of logic. -Another, also, and in addition let the reader know that there is a continuation in further development of reasoning.
Contemporary linguists (Language acquisition)
-develops when children interact with their social environment -for example when children are exposed to the linguistic construction and patterns of words by hearing people talk, new brain pathways are formed (neuroplasticity). -Hence cognitions, behaviors, and emotions stimulated by environmental changes in Hance language abilities.
Paragraph unity
-each paragraph should be orderly, starting with a topic sentence that focuses on the paragraphs purpose. The subsequent sentences provide a continuity of ideas by presenting definitions in supporting examples that clarify and develop the meaning of the topic sentence. -Well developed paragraph provide examples while exhibiting clear reasoning in a logical analysis of ideas. -Remember that each paragraph begins with a topic sentence in the final sentence of the paragraph should relate back to the paragraph topic sentence.
Early emergent reader stage 1 (Stages of Reading Development)
-early childhood to kindergarten -pre-alphabetic -Young children relying on story reading from picture books with minimal prompts, and begin it and awareness that text progresses from left to right. -Children scribble and recognize distinctive visual cues in environmental print, such as the letters in their names. -Teachers often observe children pretending to read and using private speech.
2nd Stage of Krashen's SLA
-early production -A period When students have limited comprehension and language skills, but can speak familiar one-or two-word responses (telegraphic speech). Instructional strategies: -use pre-production strategies, especially visual aids (pictures, graphics, media). -Use question prompts that require a yes/no or either/or answer. -Use question prompts that require familiar one-or two-word response. -Help students expand one-or two word responses. -Use games in a row playing to help students learn new vocabulary. -Use handouts and worksheets with fill in the blank exercises.
Argument Writing
-essay or research papers -attempt to convince the reader that something is true: 1. stating an issue, problem or topic 2. investigating the issue by conducting research 3. evaluating the issue to establish a position or claim 4. providing substantive support with relevant evidence, sound reasoning, and logic that defends the position -useful for social studies and science subjects, whereby the writer can address an issue or scientific claim and formulate a *term* of interpretation.
Informative writing
-essays -also known as explanatory writing -a mode of writing in which the purpose is to inform, explain, clarify, describe, or define a subject to the reader. -Can provide instructions, processes, and procedures to readers. -Meant to provide information from a factual, and checked of perspective. -Focus on explaining unbiased information about a topic and never give the writers opinion about the topic -provide sound information in explanations to help the reader understand the topic while providing accurate and complete examples. -Examples include literary analysis, resumes, instruction manuals, business letters, summaries, and historical reports. -Student should draw from primary and secondary sources but can also incorporate personal observations, readings, and experiences to provide evidence that support the conclusion -writer should also cite specific quotes and paraphrases from each written assignment to explain the response.
Context
-gives the reader a sense of appropriateness for different writing situations. For example, one clearly follows different writing *term* when writing a research report, a summary, an essay, a descriptive piece, or an argument. -The *term* often dictates the appropriate tone, as well as the vocabulary, organization, and so on.
4th stage of Krashen's SLA
-intermediate fluency -hey. When students have any advanced command of the English language in comprehension. Students combine phrases and sentences and have a good command of oral and written communication. Instructional strategies: -use instruction that include analyzing complex reading, writing, and speaking assignments. -Apply reading instruction assignments that include the students ability to paraphrase, define, compare, contrast, summarize, describe it, and explain text. -Help students expand language through oral presentations and discussions. -ask students to write in a daily journal. -Assign reading assignments for a variety of genres from fiction and nonfiction texts. -Encourage the use of media, technology, and the Internet. -Increase student's ability to problem solve in reading and writing assignments.
Novels
-more complicated plots, adding subplots, creating more nuanced characters, and deepening the development of ideas. -Genres include picaresque, Epistolary, Gothic, romantic, realistic, and historical
Phonics classroom instruction
-most effective when it begins in kindergarten or first grade. -Approximately two years of *term* instruction is sufficient for students. -Goal of a good *term* program is that teachers systematically help students learn to automatically identify the sound associated with the corresponding letter.
Non-Written Communication
-person to person, small group presentation, or large group presentation -listening and speaking oral communication -two characteristics: receptive language and expressive language -listening is a receptive language which means that understanding requires the input of hearing to facilitate comprehension -speaking is an expressive language which which means that a verbal output is necessary to produce language. -Reading is receptive language through decoding and comprehension and writing is an expressive language to handwriting, spelling, and composition.
Phonemic Awareness
-phonemic awareness instruction emphasizes phoneme sounds. -Tasks are usually oral. -Children have an awareness of individual sounds in spoken words. -Children use mostly auditory and oral skills. -Children learn to manipulate sounds.
First stage of Krashen's SLA
-preproduction -A period when second language students begin to internalize the English language. Students have minimal or no language and comprehension skills. Students typically respond with physical gestures such as nodding yes or shaking their head no, pointing to an object, drawing a picture, or physically acting out. Instructional strategies: -use visual aids pictures, graphics, media. -Use gestures to communicate. -Use simple question prompts. -Focus on minimal key vocabulary words and phrases. -Assign writing exercises that combine pictures and simple words. -Provide instruction that is sensitive to cultural norms and academic competencies
Fairy tales
-presented as entirely his stork in fictional pieces, they often begin with a formulaic opening line, such as "once upon a time..." Or "in a certain country there once lived... " -Reoccurring thoughts recount the supernatural adventures and mishaps of youngest daughters, the misadventures of transformed princes, and encounters with mermaids, Woodberry, and elves (example Cinderella, Snow White, Hantzel and Gretel)
Krashen's second language acquisition theory
-primary language acquisition is an unconscious mental processes. -Infants are not consciously aware of learning how to speak or how to apply the rules of grammar. -On the other hand, when an ELL students learn a second language, they must consciously participate in learning experience to study the rules, conventions, and patterns of the second language. -Primary language acquisition is an implicit, unconscious mental process -secondary language acquisition is an explicit conscious mental process.
Four essential parts of plot
1) Introduction/Exposition: gives the reader information about the setting, characters, and earlier situation 2) Rising Action: creates suspense (complication is part of the rising action that creates conflict for the protagonist.) 3) Climax: the moment of greatest emotional tension, the turning point at which the rising action reverses and becomes the falling action. 4) Conclusion/Denouement: the resolution of the plot's conflicts and complications.
Implications of teaching language acquisition
1. Teachers must be aware that the process of language development is multifaceted, including physical sounds, cognitive thought, and social interactions. 2. teachers should recognize that language cognitively, linguistically, and emotionally begins at home. Parents play an active role in teaching language to children. Adults teach language to children through infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and labeling. 3. teachers should recognize that children were willing acquire the use of language when their native language is the only language spoken at home. 4. teachers who provide language instruction based on language development expectations (including ELL students) must meet the requirement of "no Child left behind". According to the requirements, curriculum and instruction are differentiated based upon each student specific zone of proximal development. 5. teachers who are instructing diverse classroom population should differentiate primary language acquisition from secondary language learning. 6. teachers should recognize Lev Vygotsky's language acquisition theory, which supports the conceptual of use that language is essential to the development of thinking. 7. teachers should support appropriate student private speech in order to facilitate self-regulation and help students access a higher level of intellectual and behavioral functioning.
Acquisition of a second language
1. most learners of a second language begin with a silent period where they engage in internal private speech 2. the next phase of acquisition is formulaic speech, during which the learner employs memorized phrases 3. experimental phase : learners begin to employ simplified semantics and grammar to construct original, impromptu phrases This stage leads to fluency in the new language
sonnet
14 line poem from Italy. 2 quatrains and a setet. Rhyme is ABBA for quatrains and setet is in pairs
English Renaissance Literature
1550-1660; Edmund Spencer's The Faerie Queene, the plays and poems of Shakespeare, Milton's Paradise Lost (purpose to justify the ways of God to man), John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, and the Spanish Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes, a man who reads novels of chivalry that lead him to set out on knightly quests*)
Neoclassical
1600-1798. Looking to Greek/Roman models in France, focus on reason and progress, comfortable in literature to look at old texts and laugh about the current state. Ex: Swift, Pope, Johnson (wit to satirize follies of man kind), Gullivers Travels, Crusoe. APHORISTIC COUPLETS. fullivers travels is satire of imaginary journey of funny people. sterne tristam shandy
Late alphabetic stage
1st grade students begin to consistently include vowels and also begin to recognize groups of letters called phonograms phonograms: group of letters that make a single sound ex: ought (bought)
Orthographic stage
2nd and 3rd grade students reading speed and accuracy increases dramatically the ability to recognize text in larger units is a primary contributor to this increase in speed Students begin to utilize decoding skills with fluency as well as develop broader word recognition During this phase, teachers will also generally begin to emphasize comprehension by having students perform activities such as summarizing what they have read Main character, etc? Have childs summarize passage.
cinquain
5 line poem from France with no particular rhyming scheme
haiku
5-7-5 set-up non-rhyming
triolet
8 line poetic form based on French. Lines 1,3,7 are identical
Triolet poem
8-line poetic form where the first, fourth and seventh lines are identical as are its second and final lines. Example: Thomas Hardy's 'How Great My Grief'*
subtest 3 length of ansers
800-1000 words, writing for educators in the field
Lexeme
A 'meaning entity' (eat, eats, eating, eaten, and ate form a single lexeme)
Transcendentalism
A New England movement whose members believed people have knowledge about themselves and the world that transcends the evidence of their senses, favored imagination and intuition over logic. Ralph Waldo Emerson (sought an original relation to the universe through self-reliance, self-respect, and the pursuit of truth), Henry David Throeau (Walden, living a simpler life close to nature), Nathaniel Hawthorne/Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.*
affix
A bound non-word morpheme that is combined with the word, stem, or phrase to produce a word. For example, combining the prefix ad- and suffix-ING to the word join produces the word adjoining
Social interaction (language development)
A child's social environment is crucial to language development
Shakespearean Sonnet
A collection of poems about love, time, pride, loss, and regret. They are written in iambic pentameter, with 3 quatrains and 1 couplet with the rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefgg, and the turn of thought or argument (volta) is before the final couplet. Modern example: Robert Frost's 'A Silken Tent'*
Prosody
A component of fluency that refers to reading with expression, which includes the use of appropriate invoices, stress, internation, pitch, pauses, and freezing that demonstrates understanding of syntax and mechanics. -*Term* may also reflects the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or comment); or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or choice of vocabulary.
Adjective Clause
A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun; begins with words such as that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which, and why
Limerick
A humorous poem consisting of only five lines. The first, second, and fifth line have to rhyme with at least seven to ten syllables and the third/fourth lines have to rhyme but its only five to seven syllables.
Magical Realism
A modern Latin-American narrative technique characterized by the mixing of the real and the fantastic. The best-known figure in magical realism is the Colombian writer Gabriel García-Márquez.
Absolute Phrase
A modifier, or a modifier and a few other words, that attaches to a sentence or a noun with no conjunction; usually consist of a noun and a modifier that modifies this noun, not another noun in the sentence
Participial Phrase
A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle, such as: Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.
Deconstructionist (literary criticism)
A philosophical movement and theory of literary criticism that questions traditional assumptions about certainty, identity, and truth; asserts that words can only refer to other words; and attempts to demonstrate how statements about any text subvert their own meanings
Bilabial
A phone produced by the closure or partial closure of both lips. See the diagram of a head. The English sounds represented by the letters p in pit and b in bad are bilabial stops, produced by stopping and then releasing the air flow out of the mouth by closing the lips.
Dental
A phone produced when the tongue touches the teeth. See the diagram of a head. The English sounds beginning the words this and think are alveolar fricatives, produced by partially stopping the air flow out of the mouth by touching the tongue on the teeth.
Phoneme
A phoneme is the smallest unit (sound) of language which serves to distinguish words from one another. A minimally distinctive set of sounds in a language; sound sequences which differ in a single phoneme can constitute different words. Thus the pairs tip-dip and trip-drip show that English has two distinct phonemes, which we can write as /t/ and /d/, since substituting one for the other produces a different word. However, the pronunciation of /t/ (and /d/) is not the same in each pair: the tongue is further back in the mouth when /t/ is followed by /r/. Hence there are at least two phones corresponding to the /t/ phoneme. However there are no two English words in which the ONLY difference is that the 't sound in trip' is replaced by the 't sound in tip' -- these two sounds are allophones of the same phoneme. English speakers do not need to recognize the difference between them.
Epigraph
A quotation from another source that appears at the beginning of a literary work and suggests its theme*.
Pragmatic competence
A reader or listener understands the true meaning of a passage or utterance.
Allusion
A reference in a literary work to some famous person, place, event, artwork, or other literary work in order to make a comparison in the reader's mind
Plosive
A speech sound made by blocking the air-stream completely with the tongue or lips, allowing the air to burst out after a brief moment, as in English /t/ tea or /b/ bee.
language
A system of communication based on native rules and symbols (grammar and words) that carry meaning to children.
Malapropism
A word mistaken for another word with a similar sound.
Trope
A word or expression used in a figurative sense, for example, a metaphor. Derived from Greek: tropos, "a turn".
Anagram
A word or phrase made by transposing the letters. Ex: cask to sack; weird to wired.
figurative language
A word or phrase that departs from literal language. The most common examples or metaphor and simile. Example: winter's end implies the end of a persons life.
Periphrasis
Adding in superfluous words to extend the message you are trying to give - "beating around the bush", so to speak.
Language Development Stage 1:
Age 0-12 months: During the early 1st stage (0-12 months), infants first exhibit vocalizations in the form of cooing and crying and later begin to develop patterned speech in which they repeat certain phonemes in the form of consonant-vowel strings ex - Buh Buh Bah Bah (constant Buh and vowel Ah)
Morphemic Analysis
Along with context clues, another way to decode an unfamiliar word by identifying the parts of the word. Students should be able to recognize prefixes, roots, and suffixes and know their meaning.
Allophone
Alternative pronunciations of phonemes in a particular language that never affect the meaning
Triolet
An eight-line poetic form based on French models. 1-4-7 lines are identical and 2-last are too. (Thomas Hardy's "how Great My Grief")
Hyperbaton
An inversion of normal word order. A generic term for a variety of figures involving transposition (see below), it is sometimes synonymous with anastrophe.
Research papers
Analytical or argument -longer, always include citations, and focus on the conclusion drawn from the sources. -Always include well researched facts, data, and citation sources. -The body of the term contains an in-depth analysis of credible, authoritative sources to support or oppose the writers view points on the given topic.
Animals folk tales (Genres in Literature-Folk Tales)
Animals are clearly anthropomorphic (display human characteristics)
Early American Literature
Anne Bradstreet, a Puritan wrote the first poems in 1612-1672 that describe family life, personal loss, and hopes for the future. Historical/Political writing was the best writing at first.*
Appositive
Another term for appositional
Modernism and Postmodernism
Arose as a feeling of disillusionment with modern culture and society, shock and a sense of waste after WWI, and a new urge to reject past forms and experiments with new ones. T.S Eliot (The Waste Land; uses dozens of allusions to myth, legend, and past literature to suggest mankind's restless search for spiritual meaning & "Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," Eliot used dramatic monologue to depict a frustrated, indecisive man at large in a modern city.) James Joyce (Ulysses) William Yeats (embraced modernism in powerful, allusive poems such as "The Second Coming") Virginia Woolf Franz Kafka George Orwell (1984) Postmodernism as a literary movement presented a fragmented view of reality that drew on parody, pastiche, unreliable narrators, irony, black humor, and a general feeling of cultural exhaustion, writes often create their own version of reality. Jorge Luis Borges Gabriel Garcia Marquez Salman Rushdie Margaret Atwood Postcolonial literature in the twentieth century has described expressed emotions about the many human effects of imperialism and its final decline. Writers such as Nigerians Wole Soyinka and Chinua Achebe, South Africa's Athol Fugard, and India's R.K. Narayan and Arundhati Roy have chronicled the struggles of their societies against Western and European dominance both economically and culturally. Things Fall Apart (Achebe; expresses the people's distress and anger at the cultural imperialism in which whites try to change African customs and beliefs)
Gothic Novels (Genres in Literature)
Atmosphere of mystery and horror and having a pseudomedieval setting
Citation rules
Authors name is written "last, first +initial Major works, such as novels, collection of stories, and journals are underlined or italicized. Websites hosting numerous articles are treated as major works as well Shorter words, such as poems, short stories, or individual articles (both print and electronic) are written in quotes
Metacognition
Awareness of your thought processes while reading; while reading you should include: pre-reading, predicting, questioning, word analysis, and concept formation*.
Early emergent reader (Reading instruction)
Begin phonemic awareness and concepts of print instruction by helping students to: -recognize print concepts in the environment. -Recognize that print has meaning. -Understand that text is read from left to right. -Make predictions and stories. -Enjoy matching words and sounds rhythm. -Name pictures associated with the spoken word. -Recognize letters shapes in their name. -Learn the alphabet song.
Reading Development: Early Childhood to Pre-K - Pre Alphabetic
Beginning awareness that text progresses from left to right. Children scribble and recognize distinctive visual clues in environment print, such as letters in their names. Reading instruction: Begin phonemic awareness -Help to recognize print in environment -Help to make predictions in stories -Observe pretending to read -Help to recognize letter shapes
Pilgrim's Progress
By John Bunyan, a Christian allegory of mankind's journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. On the way, the pilgrim discovers the joys and challenges of a Christian believer's spiritual quest.
5th grade Reading standard
By the end of the year, reading comprehend literature (informational text) at the high end of grades text complexity band independently and proficiently
transformational grammar
Chomsky, languages have shared deep structure and a variable surface structure.
Clause versus Phrase
Clause: a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb that complement each other. Phrase: a group of words that does not contain a subject or a verb that complement each other.
Farce
Comic play that employs stock situations and characters and exaggerated emotions. Considered to be the lowest form of dramatic comedy.
Novels (Genres in Literature)
Complex plots Subplots Nuanced characters Development of ideas
Short Stories (Genres in Literature)
Condensed usually 2000-10,000 words.
Denouement (Dramatic Elements)
Conflict resolved, loose ends tied up, morals intimated or stated directly
Nasals
Consonants created by blocking the mouth with the tongue or lips, lowering the soft palate (velum), and allowing the air to come out through the nose, as in English /m/ mouse.
Pidgin
Contact language made up of 2 or more languages with a small vocabulary and simple grammatical structure. Example: Europeans talking to indigenous people.*
Dependent Clause
Contains a subject and verb, but the clause cannot stand independently. Dependent clauses can often be identified by the use of because, since, when, until, if, though, although, unless, after, before, once, etc.
Enjambment
Continuation of a clause or sentence from one line of poetry to the next. A running on of a sense from one couplet or line to the next without a major pause or syntactical break. Creates a faster pace or change in rhythm.
Multilingualism
Countries where more than one language is used for every day purposes
The Romantic Period
Dating from the late 1700s to the mid-nineteenth century, Romanticism was a reaction against an overemphasis on reason in favor of imagination and creativity. Romantic writers examined their own feelings and emotions with unprecedented curiosity, many opposed the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial Revolution, most of the best literature is lyric poetry but the novel also cam into its own. Wordsworth and Taylor Coleridge (Lyrical Ballads; first great work of English Romanticism, the poets rejected rigid conventions in favor of the language that ordinary people used every day. Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Coleridge; a long poem that consists of an old sailor's account of a cursed sea voyage that ends in tragedy. Water, water, every where:/Nor any drop to drink") Percy Shelley, Keats, Gordon, Byron Ozymandias (Percy Shelly; a lyric about the vanity of the ancient kings whose monuments to themselves decayed to dust) Ode on a Grecian Urn The Romantic infatuation with the ruins of the past led to GOTHIC NOVELS (Mary Shelly's Frankenstein) Jane Austen Bridging the gap between Romanticism to Modernism was the Victorian Period: Charles Dickens wrote bildungromans Also novels of great long-suffering heroins ( Tess of the D'Urbevilles, Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights) and detective stories (Holmes) and Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr.Hyde
Important aspects of public speaking
Diction (accent inflection, intonation, and speech-sound quality employed by a speaker), enunciation, volume, rate, pitch (range/proper breathing), body language and gestures, eye contact, and response to the audience.
Canto
Each one of the sections or chapters in a poetic epic like Dante's Divine Comedy. The word "canto" literally means "song."
Élite Billingualism
Either the choice of parents of bringing up children through two languages, or societies in which members of a ruling group speak a second language
Affective factors (language development)
Empathy, self-esteem, extroversion, lack of inhibition or anxiety, ability to imitate, and overall outlook that would positively/negatively affect the acquisition of language skills.
Appeal to reason (method of persuasive writing)
Employs logic to make an argument
Rising Action (Dramatic Elements)
Event or evetns that allow the protagonist to make his/her commitment to a course of action as conflict intensifies
Stylistic techniques
Examples: diction, syntax, figurative language, imagery, detail, sound effects, tone
French Neoclassical Literary Period
Focused on ancient Literary ideas such as Aristotle's ideas of unity. Pierre Corneille was a dramatist. Jean Racine, Moliére wrote comedies (the Misanthrope) that satirized the hypocrisy of French moralists and religious leaders, Jean de La Fontaine wrote fables.*
Folk tales
Genres include novels, short stories, folk and fairy tales, poetry, among others Each genre and sub genre has its own unique conventions Ex — Native American folk tales typically tach a lesson or answer questions about the origins of life and the universe. Because they are part of an oral tradition, they usually feature simple plot structures. They also often include anthropomorphic animals and a character who is a trickster (typically raven/coyote in Indian stories) Oral tradition: not written down — passed on verbally from parents to children Anthropomorphic: having human characteristics
Bloomsbury Group
Group of thinkers, artists, and writers living in the district of London known as Bloomsbury, near the British Museum in the 1920s and 1930s. The group began meeting in 1907 and were a powerful force in British literary and intellectual life. Members: Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, Vanessa Bell, Roger Fry, E. M. Forster, Duncan Grant, David Garnett.
American Literature of the 19th Century
Herman Melville's Moby Dick, Mark Twain the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (recognizes the foolishness of racism); Kate Chopin's The Awakening (feminist novel set in New Orleans), Sarah Orne Jewett, Henry James (Portrait of a Lady), Stephen Crane*
Tier two vocabulary
High frequency "general academic "words that have multiple meanings. These words appear in multiple academic subjects: informational text, literal text, and technical text. *Term* words are the focus of most direct instruction. These words provide the best indicator of a student to vocabulary growth.
Point of view
How a literary work is narrated. First person, second person, third person. Omniscient (the narrator has knowledge of everything including all the characters' thoughts and emotions) vs. limited omniscient (the narrator knows the thoughts and inner emotions of one character)*.
Parallel Structures
How can you correct this sentence? The sales rep expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. Answer: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions. Each clause starts with "that" + subject + "would" + verb
who
If he or they fit when substituted, *term* is correct
American Modernist Poets (20th c.)
Imagist movement; Robert Frost (traditional forms to present scenes from nature and explore tragic lives), Edwin Arlington Robinson, William Carlos William's*
american modernism in the early 20th century (type of free verse)
Imagist: free verse poem in common speech addressing a wide subject matter
Complex sentence
Independent + Dependent Clause "Before I woke up I was sleeping soundly" Before I woke up — dependent I was sleeping soundly — Independent
Comic novel
It seeks to amuse the reader with larger-than-life characters and outlandish events*
Bloom's Taxonomy: Levels of understanding a work
Knowledge: Straight Comprehension Comprehension: main idea, example Application: to your own life Analysis: issues, what could have happened Synthesis: how would you put it all together Evaluation: what would you do better/differently
Neoclassical Literary Period
Late 1600's to 1798 is the era of Restoration in England and the age of enlightenment, with a focus on reason and progress. Voltaire and Rousseau mocked the supremacy of the Catholic Church (wanted more rational thinking); Jonathan Swift (Gulliver's Travels), Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson (also wrote a dictionary) satirized the follies of mankind; Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (realistic tale of a shipwrecked traveler); the French were inspired by ancient literature (Aristotle's idea of unity).
Romantic Literary Period
Late 1700's to the mid-nineteenth century; a reaction against an overemphasis on reason in favor of imagination and creativity; Romantic writers examined their own feelings and emotions with curiosity and found inspiration in nature and Medieval writings and ruins of past societies. William Wordsworth (Lyrical Ballads) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (The Rime of the Ancient Mariner), Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats (Ode to a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale), George Gordon (Lord Byron, gloomy lyrics including satirical Don Juan); Gothic novels such as Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho; Jane Austen, Charles Dickens (bildungsroman, Oliver Twist (social issues)); the Bronte sisters, Thomas Hardy, Gustave Flaubert (Madame Bovary), Leo Tolstoy (Anna Karenina) (novels of heroines long suffering; and novels of female protagonists).*
Other genres in Writing
Letters, diaries, journals, summaries, research papers
Word family
Like context clues and morphemic analysis, another way to analyze unfamiliar words by understand similar words around the same word part. Example: anachronism, chronicle, chronometer, and chronological all include the word part chron- which comes from the Greek for time
Phrase structure
Links all the parts of a sentence together in a structure like that of a family tree. Ex: The noun phrase Sidney Bechet combines with the Verb Phrase played the soprano, to get the sentence: Sidney Bechet played the soprano.
Tier three vocabulary
Low frequency, context specific words appear in specific and specialize subject areas. For example, molecules, radioactive, Congress, Pythagorean, and intelligence quotient.
Linguistic Imperialism
Means by which a 'centre' country dominates 'Periphery' countries by making them use its language
Petrarch
Medieval Italian guy who wrote sonnets to Laura. rhyme scheme abbaabba for the first octave and one setet (6 lines) which has a more flexible rhyme scheme
Narrative techniques
Methods used in telling a story (point of view, manipulation of time, dialogue, interior monologue)
Slave Narrative
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass*
Alexander Pope
Neoclassical author who wrote satires in heroic couplets that created a style known as the mock-epic (Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Man, Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, The Dunciad) The Dunciad ridicules those who pretend to have wit, culture, or knowledge but achieve only dullness.*
Auxiliary
One of a small set of verb-like words which can precede a main verb in a verb phrase. The auxiliaries and verbs are sometimes said to form a 'verb group' or 'compound verb'. Examples of auxiliaries are "do" in I really do not know, or "may" in I may see him tomorrow. Auxiliaries have verb-like properties, and may show changes in number, person and tense.
Writing applications
Persuasive, expository, autobiographical/biographical, business and technical documents, historical investigation, descriptive, narrative
Narrative Poem
Poem that tells a tale. Should have and contains at least, one or more characters, setting, conflict, and a series of events. Contains a formal meter and rhyme structure, typically broken into stanzas that contain a series of cinquains or rhyming couplets.
Free Verse
Poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern, or meter
Bibliomancy
Prediction based on a Bible verse or literary passage chosen at random.
Romantic Novels (Genres in Literature)
Primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people, and must have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending
First American Literature
Puritan values, about family, God. Best early American writing was political documents/slave writing, also washington irving
Expository Writing (Genres in Writing)
Purpose - inform, explain, clarify, describe or define a subject to the reader
Advertising techniques
Repetition, claims, association, bandwagon, promotions, Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Satire
Ridicules the follies and vices of individuals and society, often through comic exaggeration. Example: Jonathan Swift's 'A Modest Proposal'*
Postcolonial Criticism
School of literary criticism and is a type of cultural criticism that involves the analysis of literary texts produced in countries that have come under the control of European colonial powers at some point in their history. Focuses on the way in which the colonizing First World invents false, stereotypical images of the Third (postcolonial) World to justify its exploitation. looks at the literature that arises after the colonizer has left as its victims grapple with the consequences of having been exploited. Common themes: rape metaphor (J.M. Coetzee's Disgrace), racial self-hatred, the struggle to resurrect native culture/folklore. Important names associated: Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, Chinua Achebe
Reader-Response Criticism
School of literary criticism which arose in the 1960s as a reaction against New Criticism, which ignores the role of the reader in determining the meaning of a text. Suggests that a text is given meaning by the reader and that the reader "co-authors" the text by the act of reading and interpreting it. It is similar to new historicism in that it values the reader but is not interested in exploring the writer's intentions. Total opposite of Formalism and New Criticism Important names associated: Norman Holland, Stanley Fish, Wolfgang Iser, Hans-Robert Jauss, Roland Barthes, Louise Rosenblatt, C.S. Lewis
Queer Theory
School of literary criticism which arose in the early 1990s and is considered a subset of post-structural critical theory and derived from post-structuralist theory and deconstruction. Builds on feminist studies of gender and the nature of sexual identities. Engages in "queer readings of texts" with the goal of exploring the categorization of gender and sexuality. Important names associated: Eve Kosofsky Swedwick, Judith Butler, Michel Foucault, Andrienne Rich, David Halperin
Feminist Criticism
School of literary criticism which became popular in America in the late 1970s and is concerned with the representation of women in literature. The goals of feminist critics are to examine how female characters are portrayed in literature to expose the patriarchal ideology implicit in the literary canon to increase awareness of sexual politics in language to uncover the female tradition of writing (which may include rediscovering old texts) to study writings by women to find out how women writers across the ages have perceived themselves Today's feminist critics point out that because women are members of different societies, they have different concerns. Important names associated: Isobel Armstrong, Nancy Armstrong, Barbara Bowen, Jennifer DeVere Brody, Laura Brown, Margaret Anne Doody, Eva Figes, Sandra Gilbert, Judith Butler
Post-structuralism
School of literary criticism which began in France but became popular in the U.S in the mid to late 1960s and arose as a reaction against structuralism and the belief that language can represent logical, finite truths. The goal is to show, by examining texts, that truth is resistant to scientific methodology. Reality is fragmented, diverse, and tenuous. Since we live in a linguistic universe, and linguistics is made up of symbols, we can only speak of what we have language for so there is a limit to knowledge and it is impossible to arrive at final truths. Important names associated: Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, Louis Althusser
New Historicism
School of literary criticism which is aka "Contextualism" and was developed in the 1980s and was popular in the 90s. It was a reaction against New Criticism, it focuses on a work's historical content and the relationship between the text and other factors, such as the author's life or intentions in writing the work.
Reader-Response (literary criticism)
School of literary theory that focuses on the reader (or audience) and their experience of a literary work, in contrast to other schools and theories that focus attention primarily on the author or the content and form of the work
Context (Composition)
Sense of appropriateness for different writing situations, e.g. letter to editor, diary entry, essay
Pre Neoclassical (between Ancient - 1600)
Shakespear, Everyman, Don Quixote, Paradise Lost, Pilgrim's Progress partly middle ages
Pragmatics
Situational context, verbal tone, body language, knowledge and beliefs of the speaker, and the relationship between the speaker and the listener are all factors that can contribute to how the meaning of a word, clause, or sentence is interpreted. The study of these factors is called pragmatics. Ex:"he is a really nice guy" — sincere vs. saying it rolling your eyes, sarcastic. Did not change the words themselves! Most language learners develop an intuitive sense of the rules of pragmatics through observation Why young kids wont pick up on sarcasm The rules of pragmatics can vary greatly between cultures
Modernist techniques
Stream of consciousness, allusion to myth and legend, and parody. Also seen by Virginia Woolf (psychological portraits).*
List the schools of literary criticism
Structuralism, Formalism, New Criticism, Psychoanalytic Criticism, Marxist Criticism, Reader-Response Criticism, Post-structuralism, Deconstruction, Feminist Criticism, Queer Theory, New Historicism, and Postcolonial Criticism
Total immersion (second language learning)
Students must immediately take part in English-only classes with no transitional period.
Remedial Reader 3-8 Grade
Students who do not demonstrate competency
Sociolinguistics
Study of variation within a culture and between cultures e.g.: doing business in Japan vs. US: "We'll think about it" in the US means just that, but in Japan it means no.
Influence of first language on second language
Syntactic errors (applying L1 rules to L2); creation of interlanguage; if L1 is more advance it will be easier to learn L2; prior knowledge of L2 helps; L1/L2 level of prestige; L1 doesn't mean abandoning L2; positive role models
Beginning reader (Reading instruction)
Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, segmenting, and decoding. -Vocabulary word-attack skills, spelling. -Text comprehension. -Listening and writing. -Encouraging students to make predictions about stories. -Exercises that include filling in open ended sentences.
Structural grammar
Teaching term for grammar concerned with how words go into phrases, phrases into sentences.
Assimilationist Teaching
Teaching that expects people to give up their native languages and to become speakers of the majority language of the country.
Narrative (Genres in Writing)
Tells a story usually in chronological order
Verisimilitude
The appearance of truth; the quality of seeming to be true. Something that has the appearance of being true or real.
Literary Criticism
The art or practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character of literary works; Examples of book form are T.S. Eliot's The Sacred Wood, Randall Jarrell's Poetry and the Age, Harold Bloom's The Western Canon, and Susan Sontag's Against Interpretation. Also prominent in The New York Review or NYT Book Review etc.
Begging the Claim Fallacy
The conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Example: Filthy and polluting coal should be banned. Arguing that coal pollutes the earth and thus should be banned would be logical. But the very conclusion that should be proved, that coal causes enough pollution to warrant banning its use, is already assumed in the claim by referring to it as "filthy and polluting."
Minimalist Program(me)
The current version of Chomsky's Universal Grammar theory, as yet only partially developed, which tries to reduce grammar to the minimum possible principles.
Grapheme
The equivalent of a phoneme in written language, a letter or number of letters that represent a phoneme or sound.
Phonology and Alphabetic Principle
The idea that sounds used in oral speech are represented by written symbols, and that these symbols can be combined to form units of speech as words In China, they utilize a logographic writing system instead of alphabetic system where symbols represent meanings.
Old English
The language of the Anglo-saxons (up to about 1150), a highly inflected language with a largely Germanic vocabulary; very different from modern English Example: the oldest preserved English epic is Beowulf
Language Acquisition
The process by which people acquire the ability to understand and use words (Chomsky's Universal Grammar explains this)
Decoding
The process of translating print into spoken words in order to understand the meaning of the written letters. this primarily refers to Word identification.
Parsing
The process through which the mind works out the grammatical structure and meaning of the sentence
Alliteration
The repeating of initial consonant sounds in a sentence, paragraph, or line of poetry to emphasize certain words or create a hypnotic effect.
Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds in a sentence or line of poetry.
Pronunciation
The same letter, or group of letters, can often represent multiple phonemes. In the case of vowels, these may be referred to as long and short sounds. The rules of pronunciation often depend on placement Test tip: might as, which of these are most consistent in pronunciation? -OA -OU -OO Try to get them to make different sounds by changing their placement in diff. words and seeing which of the three are least consistent. Those you will eliminate. ** THE ONE THAT IS MOST DIFFICULT IS THE MOST CONSISTENT **
derivational morphemes
The smallest linguistic unit every word that has meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller elements. For example, the word sing is (the term). It can be a syllable, affix, or root word. (The term) can be added to a word to create another word. When adding an affix, the grammatical part of a speech can sometimes change for example, the word sing is a verb, but if we add "-er"word becomes a noun, singer.
Questions of value (type of persuasive speech)
The writer tries to convince the reader that an action or activity was right or wrong, moral or immoral, ethical or unethical, or better or worse than another action.
Questions of policy (type of persuasive speech)
The writer tries to convince the reader that some action should or should not be taken.
Appeal to ethical belief (method of persuasive writing)
The writer tries to gain support for an argument by linking it to a widely accepted value or ethical belief.
Thesis
Theme, meaning or position that a writer undertakes to prove a point
Free Morpheme
They can stand alone as a word. For example: dog
A bound morpheme (prefix or suffix)
They can't be used on their own; they have to be combined with at least one other morpheme within a word. (such as the "-s" at the end of dogs)
Either/or (logical fallacy)
This argument falsely reduced an argument to two oversimplified alternatives.
Ad Populum Fallacy
This is an emotional appeal that speaks to positive (such as patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (such as terrorism or fascism) concepts rather than the real issue at hand. Often this is an appeal that presents what most people, or a group of people think, in order to persuade one to think the same way. Getting on the bandwagon is one such instance of an ad populum appeal. Example: If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want. In this example, the author equates being a "true American," a concept that people want to be associated with, particularly in a time of war, with allowing people to buy any vehicle they want even though there is no inherent connection between the two.
Parse
To analyse a sentence using a grammar, including deciding whether it is valid and what its structure is according to the grammar.
Romantic to Modern Bridgge
Victorian era. Ex: Dickens, young person coming of age, social issues of the 19th century, symbolism, bronte, hardy, tolstoy
Alfred Lord Tennyson
Victorian poet who used dramatic monologue ("Ulysses")
Analogy
When a writer emphasizes the ways two apparently unlike things are actually similar*.
Ancient Literature
World's oldest literature dates to the Bronze Age (27th century BCE) based on traditions and oral storytelling. The Epic of Gilgamesh (long poem originated in Babylon. It tells the story of the Sumerian King Gilgamesh 1/2 human 1/2 god epic quest Homer's The Iliad (describes the Trojan War between the cities of Sparta and Troy and includes characters such as Achilles and Hector, Spartan King Agamemnon, and the Trojan prince, Paris, who sparked the war by stealing Helen from her husband Menelaus) and The Odyssey Aesop's Fables The Roman Empire produced 3 great poets with enormous influence on world literature: Virgil, Horace, and Ovid The Aeneid (Virgil; describes the adventures of Aeneas as he escapes the sack of Troy, voyages to Italy and establishes a city that is the precursor of imperial Rome. Horace (Odes; addressed almost every aspect of Roman life, Epodes; satirical look and is a model for lyric poets) Ovid (Metamorphoses; a long series of tales about the gods as well as human beings whose bodies are transformed into flowers, trees, etc. Is one of the best sources for details about the mythology of the Greeks and Romans & Ars Amatoria; sophisticated with with love and seduction. Inspired Shakespeare)
Foil
a character that contrasts second character that highlights certain qualities of that first character. Ex: Stan Laurel is a foil to Oliver Hardy; Lou Costello is a foil to Bud Abbott;
Allegory
a fictional narrative that contains a second, symbolic meaning in addition to its overt story. (Example Animal Farm)
Appositional Phrases
a grammatical construction in which two elements are side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way
syllogism (method of deductive reasoning in persuasive writing)
a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion prove something to be true. Example: Major: All the players on the soccer team are A students; Minor: Jocasta is on the soccer team; Jocasta is an A student
Cohesion Analysis (reading comprehension)
a method of analyzing how all the parts of a work come together to create an overall effect or convey a message. Example: reading ahead/re-reading to try and understand
Derivational morphemes
a morpheme is combined with roots or stems to form new words with new meanings, and has the potential to change the part of speech, is called derivational morpheme (very similar to bound morphemes) Ex: in unbelievably, "ly" would be considered a derivational morpheme
Root
a morpheme that underlies an inflectional or derivational paradigm ex: believe is the root of unbelievably
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African
a narrative of an African American's capture in Africa and voyage to America
Villanelle
a nineteen-line poetic form consisting of five tercets followed by a quatrain. There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes, with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza, which includes both repeated lines.
"Sentimental Education" by Gustave Flaubert
a novel by Gustave Flaubert, that is considered one of the most influential novels of the 19th century, being praised by contemporaries George Sand, Émile Zola, but criticized by Henry James. The story focuses on the romantic life of a young man at the time of the French Revolution of 1848. Classic example of bildungsroman
Absurdist Fiction
a novel or play that presents humanity's plight as meaningless and without purpose; characters cannot find purpose in life; includes satire, dark humor, incongruity, the abasement of reason, and controversy regarding the philosophical condition of being "nothing"
Paradox
a paradox is a thing or event that seems self-contradictory literary: desires longing for a tough of the vanished hand -- how can you feel a vanished hand? plot paradox: sci fi stories. Will accidentally kill their own grandfather back in time -- how were they born?
Noun phrase
a phrase that can be replaced by 'it' in a sentence, it acts as a noun/subject.
Phrasal modifier
a phrase that functions as an adjective/adverb in a sentence.
Impromptu speech
a speech delivered on the spur of the moment with no preparation beforehand. Less structured and less supported by facts and evidence than other forms in order to allow for spontaneity.
Orthography
a standardized system for writing words with proper letters according to accepted rules of usage. Including spelling rules. Example: the rule 'I before E except after C'
Fairy Tale
a story that features fantasy characters from folklore and usually begins with "Once upon a time.." and ends happily.*
Repeated Oral Reading (reading comprehension)
a student repeatedly reads aloud a short text, improving a student's fluency and reading rate.
Meter
a way of measuring rhythm in formal verse. Lines are divided into feet or units of two or three syllables. Iambic means unstressed syllable followed by stressed. Pentameter = five feet*.
Pronoun
a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Example: She decided to go to a movie. In the sentence above, she is the pronoun. Like nouns, pronouns may be used either as subjects or as objects in a sentence.
Parody
a work written in imitation of an author's style or of a genre in order to make fun of it and mock its conventions. Example: Max Beerbohm "the Mote in the Middle Distance" imitating Henry James.*
Word transformations
altering the syntax of a sentence yet employing or retaining a key word and the basic sentence meaning. An exercise where students can fill in the blank of a sentence to say the same thing but in a different way.
Comma Splice
an error in which two independent clauses are joined by a comma. Ex: Dan struggled with his homework, his father helped him. *Here, you need to add a conjunction (like so), make two separate sentences, or insert a semi-colon
How is much/less used?
applied to uncountable items I am much less happy
Dialects
are different forms of language used by speakers from diff. social groups, cultures, or geographic regions ex - "you guys" in the north vs. "y'all" in south
Appositive Phrases
are offset with commas, further describe nouns eg: Mr. Dobbs, our teacher, is here. That car, a brand new Toyota, is what I want.
Idiolects
are speech patterns unique to each individual Someone says "boom" a lot
African American Literature
brought a new depth and realism to the depiction of African American life, including a sense of alienation from society (Invisible Man by Ellison). Other authors include: Toni Morrison, James Baldwin, Alice walker (The Color Purple), Zora Neale Hurston (Their Eyes Were Watching God), Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright (Native Son)*
Compound Sentence
contains two or more coordinate independent clauses, usually joined by one or more conjunctions, but no dependent clause " The rabbit ran from the fox and he got away" Both parts of sentence can stand alone - two or more independent clauses and make sense all by themselves
antithesis
contrast/opposition of two things. Ex: "some say the world will end in fire, some say in ice"
Cohesive devices (for writing)
coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions
Classical Argument
created by the Greeks in the 5th c. BCE, a method for speakers and writers to argue a case logically to an open-minded audience. 1. Introduction (thesis) 2. narration (summarize background information) 3. Confirmation (support thesis with evidence) 4. Refutation and concession (anticipates certain objections, counterargument) 5. Summation (conclusion with rhetorical force)
Determiner system
determiners: articles (a, an, the), possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, numbers, indefinite pronouns
Post Colonial (Lit Analysis)
examine literary works as examples of Western colonialism/imperialism and show how these works helped further ideas of racial and cultural inequality
overregulations, ex. for foot
example -- saying foots instead of feet
plot structure
exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution
Modals (auxiliary verbs)
express capability, possibility, willingness, suggestion, or something similar. Example: can, could, may, might etc.
Asian American Literature
express the common struggle with feelings of inferiority or exclusion from the larger society. Amy Tan, Maxine Hong Kingston, and Gish Jen*
heroic couplet
form of English poetry with pairs of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter (5 stresses per line). EX: Pope, Johnson, Dryden
syllogism
form of deductive reasoning with a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclustion. Ex: major premise: all players are A students. minor premise: Jocasta is a player. Conclusion: Jocasta is an A student.
New Criticism (literary criticism)
formalist movement that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century; emphasized close reading, particularly pf poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object
postmodernism
fragmented view of reality drawing on parody, pastiche, unreliable narrators irony, and cultural exhaustion. idea of everything has been done so testing boundaries and resisting definitions. Ex: "if on a winters night a traveller", "lot 49", "white noise", "fight club"
concepts about print (examples)
front/back of book print tells a story letters, words, sentences spaces between have meaning
anthropomorphism
giving nonhuman things some human qualities
Importance of blocking
grab the audience's attention, unfolds the events with increasing urgency, focuses the audience's attention on individual actors or small groups when necessary. Triangular relationships build tension, move actors in diagonal lines to create more interesting movement. Can create harmony or discord or focus the audience's attention. 8-10 framing moments in a play.
Prescriptive grammar
grammar the 'prescribes' what people should say rather than 'describes' what they do say
Formalist (Lit Analysis)
how the literary elements contribute to author's intent (opposite of deconstructive analysis). think AP Lit
Atomistic (view of language)
in the 180s linguists thought language was a collection of speech sounds, words, and grammatical endings.*
Interlanguage
internalizes systematic set of rules to use in speaking/understanding the second language, it is an intermediate step in acquiring the target language.
villanelle
intricate French poetic form with 19 lines: 5 3-line stanzas, 1 final quatrain. Difficult in English
dangling modifier
introductory phrase that doesn't clearly refer to what follows
Dependent clause
is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and function as a noun, adjective, or adverb ex: before I woke up
Relative clause
is a type of dependent clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun, adjective, or adverb, and usually modifies an antecedent (something that comes before it) ex: my dad is the tall man who wears glasses * look for who, which, and that for the exam
Connotative meaning
is the secondary meaning (s) associated with a word these meanings can be linked to the word's historical usage as well as the context in which it is being used Ally has a more positive connotation because of cold war than comrade even though they have the same denotative meaning Context — say something playfully to your friend vs. your professor
child directed speech (motherese)
modifying speech to make it easier for children to learn language
Psychoanalytic Criticism
originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Emphasizes the ways in which authors create works that appeal to readers' repressed wishes and fantasies. Consequently, they shifted their focus away from the author's psyche toward the psychology of the reader and the text.
Quantitative evaluation of text
readability measures and similar methods of scoring complexity.*
Intonation
refers to changes in the tone or frequency of sounds during speech. For example, in English the tone usually falls at the end of a statement and rises at the end of a question, so that You want some coffee. and You want some coffee? can be distinguished by tone alone. In some languages (e.g. Chinese, Thai), sequences containing the same phones but with different intonation patterns correspond to different words.
Reading the audience (giving a speech)
remain polite/set the tone, change the course/allow the audience to determine where the presentation goes, 'name the elephant in the room'/acknowledge at the start what everyone is thinking.
habituation
repeat sounds that are reinforced
Matching the reader how-to
right level of text complexity: motivation, background knowledge, skill level
English Renaissance names
shakespeare, spenser, middleton, milton, bunyan
extemporaneous speech
short, informal speech on a provided topic that is made without extensive time for preparation, no text/notes and is improvised rather than composed
Literal comprehension
the ability to obtain the basic facts and details of the story
Verb complement
the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb (infinitives, gerunds, noun clauses) Example: I told him to begin.
Morphology
the composition of words; the internal structure and forms of words (grammar)*
Visual Imaging skills (reading comprehension)
the student's ability to use personal images or experiences to comprehend a word's meaning. Example: Can you describe an incident from your own life that reminded you of this word?
Interrogative
to question someone "are you going to the store?"
anapestic
unstressed, unstressed, stressed
fast mapping
use context to arrive at a quick guess of word meaning
Compound words
words made up of two or more smaller words. Example: curveball or sailboat
determiners
words that are always followed my a noun. Ex: articles, possessive noun/pronouns, numbers, indefinite pronouns "few" "more" etc
Homographs
words that are written the same ex: bat (piece of sports equipment or an animal)
Sight words
words that can be decoded on sight immediately such as I, is, that, there, and am
homonyms
words that sound alike but have different meaning
Expository
writing that attempts to set forth or explain a concept, etc. trying to teach something
Descriptive
writing that tells or depicts a person, place, thing, or idea
Analytical
writing which examines a work or issue and attempts to identify and evaluate critical elements
Interpretive
writing which examines an existing work and attempts to find or explain meaning write an essay about another piece of literature - interpreting the theme, etc.
Narrative
writing which tells a story
Hasty generalization (logical fallacy)
'jumping to conclusions,' it bases its conclusion on too few samples to prove the point
Lyric
(from Greek lyra "song") Short verse poem about a "lyric moment." or a moment in time. The lyric form is as old as Egypt (surviving examples date back to 2600 BCE), and examples exist in early Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Common traits of the lyric: a short poem (usually no more than a dozen lines long) written in stanzas designed to be set to music (In classical Greece, the lyric was a poem written to be sung, accompanied by a lyre.) without plot (unlike a ballad, there is no chronology of events) expresses the feelings, perceptions, and thoughts of a single poetic speaker (not necessarily the poet) intensely personal, emotional often written about a moment of contemplation and appreciation has the form and musical quality of a song The term "lyrical" can also be applied to any prose or verse characterized by a spontaneous outpouring of intense feeling. Remember that it is one speaker who will express this feeling. Types of lyrics include the sonnet, ode and elegy.
Deus Ex Machina
(literally "god out of a machine")) is an improbable contrivance in a story. The phrase describes an artificial, or improbable, character, device, or event introduced suddenly in a work of fiction or drama to resolve a situation or untangle a plot (such as an angel suddenly appearing to solve problems). The term is a negative one, and it often implies a lack of skill on the part of the writer.
scaffolding
- temporary means of support to assist students with more complex tasks in reading, writing, thinking, and understanding until they are ready to proceed to the next level on their own
Eytomology
- the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history
Grammatical Agreement
-Based on the concept that words in a sentence must match in number (singular or plural), gender (feminine or masculine), and the person (first, second, or third). -*Term* is one of the most fundamental concepts of standard written English in appears in three forms: subject-verb, noun-noun, pronoun-antecedent.
Language Acquisition- ages 5-7
-By ages 5-7, children ask many "why" questions (why is the sky blue?). -They can understand metaphor (don't be a quacking duck). And can use 4- to 5-word declarative sentences (I am not sleepy.), Interrogative sentences (why can't I go?), and imperative sentences (turn off the TV!). -By age 6, children have a near adult ability to speak. They can form complete and meaningful sentences and are aware that one word can have multiple meanings. -They have an average vocabulary of about 2,500 words and have the ability to speak about 8,000 to 14,000 words.
Criticisms of Phonics Instruction
-English spellings are too irregular for phonics instruction to really help children learn to read words -However, phonics instruction teaches children a system for remembering how to read words -Once children learn, for example, that "phone" is spelled this way rather than "foan," their memory helps them to read, spell, and recognize the word instantly and more accurately than they could read "foan" -The same process is true for all irregularly spelled words -Most of these words contain some regular letter-sound relationships that can help children remember how to read them -The alphabetic system is a mnemonic device that supports our memory for specific words
Language acquisition- 0-12 months
-Make eye contact and gestures. -Early vocalizations with spontaneous sounds of cooing (vowels) or crying. -Babbling sounds phonemes begin with verbalization that sound more like patterned speech of consonant-vowel strings ("da-da-da-da").
Text Comprehension Classroom Activities
-Monitoring comprehension -Using graphic and semantic organizers -Answering questions -Generating questions -Recognizing story structure -Summarizing -Making use of prior knowledge -Using mental imagery
Common themes in mythology
-One reoccurring truth of term is that whatever happens among the gods and other mythical beings in someway a reflection of human events on earth. -Many themes and motifs reoccur in the *term* of various cultures in ages. -A common theme in many cultures explains the creation of the world; these range from a God fashioning the earth from abstract chaos to a specific animal creating it from a handful of mud. -Other *term* of cyclical distraction and creation or paralleled by *term* of seasonal death and rebirth. -Another common theme is the idea of a long lost golden age of seeming perfection from which humanity has degenerated -The motive of distraction is extremely widespread; it is one element of a group of term of that concern the distraction and re-creation of the world or a particular society. -Other reoccurring term explain the origin of the fire or it's retrieval from some being that refuses to share it, the expectation of transcendent changes in the millennium to come, or the complex relationships between the living and the dead.
language acquisition- preschool (3-4 years old)
-Preschoolers make dramatic advances in language. -Children learn about 8-9 words each day with an average vocabulary of about 1000 words. -A 4-year-old starts private speech, can use plural and possessive forms of nouns (cats and cat's), and can add-ING to verbs. -Children this age know that more than one adjective can apply to the same noun (Rusty is black and fluffy).
word choice (diction)
-Skilled writers pay attention to the types of words used in an essay to convey a message that is ambiguous and concise. -Be as brief and specific as possible -overall tone of The essay is communicated through the writers *term* that help the reader feel a sense of connection with a written material. -*Term* writer uses to describe events, people, or places it should be concise statement that will give the reader a clue about what or how the writer wants the reader to feel or think.
Editing (proofreading) stage 4
-The final stage of reevaluating the written essay -only minor changes are made at this stage -fine-tuning or polishing stage -check the text for mechanical in dictionaries (spelling, punctuation, grammar, capitalization, etc.), Sentence structure errors, and bibliographic reference errors. -This stage ensures that the final draft is as accurate in error free as possible
Active voice
-Use the *term* when writing an essay -conveys clarity and strength to the reader -shows that the subject preforms the action example: Marcella posted a message on Twitter
Analyzing Poetry
-What is the dramatic situation? -What is the structure of the poem? -What is the theme of the poem? -Is the meaning clear? -What is the tone of the poem? -What are the important images and figures of speech?
Short story
-condensed story, usually ranging in length from 2000 to 10,000 words -purpose that is singular or limited.
Myths
-have no author, but offer models for living through universal narratives and essential truth of the natural world -evoke events of a time long past that generally concerned the adventures and misadventures of fictional supernatural beings, gods, heroes, ancestors, giants, nymphs, Satyrs, and larger than life villains -set in a time altogether different from our human, historical timeline, and often occur at the beginning of creation or in some timeless past age -closely related to religious beliefs and rituals of a culture
Phonics
-instruction emphasizes graphemes or letters in print. -Tasks are associated with the sound-spelling relationship in print. -Children have an awareness of printed written words and their sounds sound and written symbol relationships. -Children use both visual and auditory skills. -Children learn to read and write letters according to sounds and the spelling of the letters.
Beginning reader stage 2 (Stages of Reading Development)
-kindergarten to 1st grade -alphabetic (decoding) -has an awareness that letters are associated with sounds sound/symbol relationships. -Children begin to identify some printed words by decoding simple consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words (such as Mat, sun, pin). -Children usually know that letters or words represent sounds. -Children later spell with the first and last consonants. For example, CT for Cat.
literacy
-the ability to read and write -provides children with unlimited access to new information
Implications of Teaching Phonics in the Classroom
1. Assess phonics and other word identification strategies. Select and use formal and informal tools such as decoding tests, fluency tests, and sight word checks to collect data, and analyze to plan instruction. 2. Plan instruction that is systematic, explicit, and sequenced according to the increased complexity of linguistic units including sounds, phonemes, onsets and rimes, letters, letter combination syllables, and morphemes. 3. Explicitly teach and model phonics, decoding, and other word identification strategies in reading for meaning. Positive explicit feedback for word identification errors is an essential strategy in this process. 4. Select and design resource material and strategies for assessment and instruction. Resources include materials for teaching decoding, word identification strategies, and sign word mastery in multiple and varied reading and writing experiences. 5. Provide fluency practice in a variety of ways: -Practice decoding and word-attack skills so that they become automatic in reading text. -Provide application and practice decoding skills to fluency in decodable (controlled vocabulary) text and word recognition skills taught out of context. -Continue to develop fluency through the use of decodable texts and other texts written at the student's instructional level. 6. Provide ongoing assessment to demonstrate the student's progress toward the mastery of State Standards.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (for advertising)
1. Physiological need or life survival 2. Safety and security 3. Love and belongingness 4. Self-esteem 5. Self-actualization
Stages of the Writing Process
1. Prewriting 2. Drafting 3. Revising 4. Editing 5. Publishing
Measuring Text Complexity
1. Quantitative measurement computer based software programs (example Lexile framework for reading) 2. Qualitative measurement:-levels of meaning and purpose.-Structure.-Language clarity and conventions.-Theme and knowledge demands. 3. Match the students task or purpose with the appropriate text
Implications of teaching fluency instruction in the classroom
1. Teachers are good models of fluent reading. By listening, students learn how a reader's voice can help written text make sense. 2. Teachers should read aloud to students daily. 3. Teachers should help students practice orally rereading text that is reasonably easy for them (text containing mostly words they know or can decode easily). The texts should be at students' independent reading level and relatively short (probably 50-200 words) depending upon the age. 4. Teachers should assess to see if the text is at the students' independent reading level. Students should be able to read with about 95% accuracy (only 1 of every 20 words misread). If the text is more difficult, students will focus so much on word recognition that they will not have an opportunity to develop fluency. 5. Teachers use a variety of reading materials, including stories, nonfiction and poetry. Poetry is especially well suited to fluency practice because poems for children are often short and contain rhythm, rhyme, and meaning, making practice fun, easy and rewarding.
Implications of Teaching Phonological Awareness in the Classroom
1. Teachers help children identify and make oral rhymes. "The pig has a (wig)." "Pat the (cat)." "The sun is (fun)." 2. Teachers help children identify and work with syllables in spoken words: "I can clap the parts in my name: An-drew." 3. Teachers help children identify and work with onsets and rimes in spoken syllables or one-syllable words. "The first part of 'sip' is s-." "The last part of 'win' is -in."
Implications of Teaching Phonemic Awareness in the Classroom
1. Teachers help children recognize which words in a set of words begin with the same sound. ("Bell, bike, and boy all have /b/ at the beginning.") 2. Teachers help children isolate and say the first or last sound in a word. ("The beginning sound of dog is /d/." "The ending sound of sit is /t/.") 3. Teachers help children combine or blend separate sounds in a word to say the word ("/m/, /a/, /p/—map"). 4. Teachers help children break or segment a word into its separate sounds ("Up"—/u/,/p/). 5. Teachers should help children isolate and say the first or last sound in a word. ("The beginning sound of dog is/D/. ""The ending sound of set is/T/. ")
Sonnet
14 line poem written in iambic pentameter, usually with an ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, and 4 quatrains and a couplet
Early Modern English
1500-1800 CE (from the English Renaissance to Wordsworth). Focus on the ancient led to many Greek/Latin words being imported. Great vowel shift. 1476 was the start of print.*
The Neoclassical Period
1600s to 1798 is the age of the Restoration in England, aka the Neoclassical Period and the enlightenment for its emphasis on reason and progress. While Voltaire and Rousseau mocked the supremacy of the Catholic Church and believed in the ability to remake the world on a more rational basis, English writers such as Jonathon Swift, Alexander Pope, and Samuel Johnson used their wit and learning to satirize the follies of mankind. Swift's A Tale of a Tub satirizes what he sees as his era's excessive faith in rationalism & Gulliver's Travels Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe (one of the early classics of novel form) Samuel Johnson (A Dictionary of the English Language) one of the great literary figures *In France, the Neoclassical Period abounded in writers who looked to Greek and Roman models for their inspiration
Beginning reader stage 3 (Stages of Reading Development)
2nd-3rd grade Alphabetic -learning fluency -Children are beginning to develop fluency and reading text and recognize words by patterns in sight. -Children attempt to read words using phonics knowledge. -Children can read/re-read text within a story. -Children now rhyme and blend words. -They can check for the meaning of words to make sense of the text. -The older student now begins to recognize chunks, or phonograms, and can identify similarities and differences of sounds within words.
Humanism
A Renaissance philosophical and educational movement emphasizing the importance and dignity of the human existence. Characterized by: seeking knowledge and understanding of all matters pertaining to earthly, secular life, interest in the educational philosophies of classical antiquity, the development of human virtue and potential, and reform of culture to improve human life. Originated in Italy in the 14th century in the work of Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio.
Ballad
A ballad is a relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung, with dramatic action (a plot). Ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. The theme is often tragic. Common traits include: the beginning is often abrupt, the story is told through dialogue and action, language is simple or "folksy", contains repetition (usually a refrain is repeated, with small variations), quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic tetrameter.
Parenthetic Expressions
A clause of phrase that is inserted within another clause or phrase. In a sense, it interrupts the flow of the first expression; it usually can be omitted and you will still have a complete sentence, as, The best way to see the country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.
Postmodernism
A cultural and intellectual trend of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries characterized by emphasis on the ideas of the fragmentation of meaning and coexistence, of different cultures and perspectives. Tries to deal with the despair of modernism with playfulness, irony, and black humor: yes, the world is fragmented and let's play with that idea.
Postcolonialism
A cultural, intellectual, political, and literary movement of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries characterized by the representation and analysis of the historical experiences of the victims (both individuals and nations) of colonial power. Attempts to understand the emergence of colonial power and its lasting consequences.
Comedy
A dramatic literary genre generally defined as the opposite of tragedy. Characteristics of the genre: amusing situations featuring ordinary people in ordinary situations, often beginning with a sad or difficult situation but ending happily. Sometimes corrective or punitive - ridiculing or satirizing problematic human behavior. The endings of comedies frequently feature marriages or reunions of characters formerly separated by adverse circumstances.
Metaphor
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable; a thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else
Noh Drama
A highly type of Japanese play influenced by Zen Buddhism, involving formal, stylized gestures. The word "Noh" means "talent" or "skill." Noh plays are poetic dramas involving music, song, dance, and wooden masks. They often involve ghosts or and emphasize spirituality. A pine tree painted on the wall is a feature of all Noh stages.
Great Vowel Shift
A linguistically 'sudden' change in vowel sounds including long vowel sounds to be pronounced with the tongue higher in the mouth and e's at the end of words became silent. Now, common spellings don't correspond to the sound. It began with late Middle English continued into the Renaissance era.*
Surrealism
A movement in art that focuses on dreams, unconscious processes, the irrational, and juxtaposition of incongruous images following a logic of free association. Originated in France in the 1920's as a development of Dadaism. Representative artists of the movement include Andre Breton (1924) and Salvador Dali.
Approximant
A phone in which the tongue partly closes the airway, but not enough to cause a fricative. Ex: "lap" and "woo"
Phone
A phone is a 'unit sound' of a language in the sense that it is the minimal sound by which two words can differ. For example, the English word feed contains three phones since each can be independently substituted to form a different word.
Structuralism
A school of literary criticism which originated in the early 1900s and arose out of the fields of anthropology, sociology, psychology, and literary criticism. All about trying to look at literature with scientific objectivity. Literature is seen as a system with a structure that can be studied. The author is less important and the text is seen as the function of a system, not of an individual. No piece of writing is original, everything is "already written". Important names associated: Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan.
Periodic Structure
A sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end; for example, Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetrable ground fog, the plane landed safely.
Creolization
A simple code, like pidgin, continues to develop over time and acquires native speakers. New vocabulary is added and they adopt more complicated linguistic principles. Example: Creole came from French/African languages.*
Glottal stop
A speech sound made by closing the vocal chords and then releasing them, as in a cough
Cultural Pluralism
A term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.
Chiasmus
A type of rhetoric in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first. Greek X Example: "There's a bridge to cross the great divide. . . . There's a cross to bridge the great divide. . . ." Coleridge: Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike.
Biography
Account of someone else's life
Kindergarten Reading standard
Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.
Nonessential Clause/phrase
Adds extra information to a sentence. This information can be eliminated from the sentence without influencing the meaning of the sentence. Always place commas around nonessential phrases and clauses. EX; My brother, who lives across town, plans to throw a party.
Psychoanalytic (literary criticism)
Adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorist to interpret texts; argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires ans anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses
Language Development Stage 2:
Age 12-26 months: Early in the toddler phase (12-18 months), toddlers typically speak their first words, which tend to be simple and monosyllabic (made up of one syllable = mom/dad) . They usually communicate using holophrases. During the late toddler phase ( 18-24 months), toddlers typically begin to utilize forms of the verb "to be" (something is something), and begin incorporating articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. Toddlers often communicate using telegraphic speech.
Naturalism
An extreme form of Realism. Greater emphasis on the depiction of social, political and economic struggles and contains scientific accuracy in the representation of graphic, and at times unpleasant aspects of human existence. Most notable of the Naturalist writers was Émile Zola (1840-1902). Also: Stephen Crane, Jack London, Frank Norris.
deus ex machina
An unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel.
Bandwagon appeal (logical fallacy)
Arguing that "everyone is doing this" or "everyone believes this"
Subject-verb agreement error
Aries occur when the verbs that referred to a noun in a sentence does not agree in singular or plural members and gender. Focus on the verbs. A plural subject goes with the plural verb; a singular subject goes with a singular verb. Example: here on the table "is" an apple and three pairs. "Is" should be "are"
Structure
Arrangements of material in a work, relationship of parts of a work to the whole, logical divisions of work
Articles
Articles include a, an, and the. They precede a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence. Example 1: They wanted a house with a big porch. Example 2: He bought the blue sweater on sale.
Subordinating conjunction
As, as, if, before, because, although, if, since, when, whenever, unless, until, while. Joining an independent and a dependent clause.
Tier one vocabulary
Basic every day words that do not require instruction and do not challenge the average native speaker.
2nd grade Reading standard
By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature (informational text) in the grades text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the higher end of the range.
8th grade Reading standard
By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature (informational text, history/social studies text, Science/technical text) at the high-end of grades text complexity band independently and proficiently.
7th grade Reading standard
By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature (informational text, history/social studies text, science/technical text) in grades complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high-end of the range.
6th grade Reading standard
By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature (informational text, history/social studies text, science/technical text) in grades text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high-end of the range.
Analytical Evaluation Approach to Grading an Essay
Checking every phrase of the writing assignment and giving a point value to each separate skill*.
Language Development 4 to 7- mid to later childhood years
Children begin to utilize negative pronouns such as "nothing", "no one", "no where" An understanding of syntax is developed Now, teaching what a noun and verbs are; start to understand syntax Understand metaphors / figurative language Children begin to understand metaphors Though speech becomes more adult-like, children may still commit speech errors such as over-regularization (e.g mouses)
Compound vs. Complex sentences
Compound is 2 independent clauses and complex is an independent clause with a dependent clause (joined by a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun)
Linguistic Relativity
Does one's language limit or broaden their experience of life? Whorf Hypothesis: Yes it does...Inuits have several hundred words for snow, they have a broader and better appreciation of their world. Descriptive Linguistics: The counterargument. Says that although one's vocabulary is limited, it can grow and expand through experience - Therefore, all language varieties are equal.
Absurdist Theatre (Theatre of the Absurd)
Dramatic works of the mid twentieth century -- by authors like Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, and Jean Genet -- who wrote about the absurdity and meaninglessness of the human condition. Also writing about this idea: French existentialist Albert Camus (The Stranger and "The Myth of Sisyphus," nonfiction work of philosophy, 1942).
American Poets of the 19th century
Emily Dickinson known for her unusual imagery and strong rhythms, Walt Whitman (celebrated ordinary working perople and the common experiences of life in America and repetitive candences drawn from biblical verses, Leaves of Grass)*
Advantages/ disadvantages on learning a new language
English language learners who speak a language historically related to English may acquire English as a second language more easily due to the similarity between Latin roots that underlie the vocabulary of both English and their native language Some other languages that are Latin-based are French, Italian, Spanish, and Romanian English — structured in an anglo saxon/ germanic stutructe (snyatic structure) and some vocabulary
Heroic couplets
English poetry with pairs of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter. Examples: 18th century Romantic poets such as Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, and John Dryden*.
Noun-pronoun agreement errors
Errors occur when nouns that referred to other nouns in a sentence don't agree in singular or plural numbers. Pronouns stand for a word so that writers can avoid using the nouns over and over again. Pronouns can be either singular or plural and must agree with the noun, verb, or other pronoun to which they referred. Remember that the number of pronoun must agree in number with the antecedent personal pronouns have distinctive singular and plural forms Example: Steve left Steve's workplace and forgot to take Steve's iPad. Steve left his workplace and forgot to take his iPad.
Pronoun antecedent agreement errors
Errors occur when the number of the pronoun doesn't agree with the antecedent. -The antecedent of a pronoun is the word to which the pronoun refers. Example: in the following example, the pronoun "his" refers to the antecedent "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr." -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I have a dream" speech in 1963.
Enlightenment
European literary and philosophical movement between 1660 and 1770. Also called the Age of Reason. Central ideas: belief in the power of reason to understand nature and guide the human existence, emphasis on moderation, proportion, and balance, belief in the equality and dignity of all people and in basic human rights to freedom and happiness. Challenged ignorance, superstition, deception, tyranny, and oppressive traditions.
Medieval and Renaissance Literature
Extends from the fall of the Roman Empire (476 BCE to c. 1485) Much great literature was produced in Latin but also Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Beowulf (the oldest surviving epic in Old English, tells the story of Beowulf who wins 3 battles against the troll Grendel, his mother, and a dragon but in the final battle dies from his wounds, poet not known) The Divine Comedy Canzoniere (Pertrarch; love Sonnets) Decameron (Boccaccio; 100 tales told by 10 refugees from the plague-ridden city of Florence.) The Canterbury Tales Shakespeare (Hamlet, As you Like it, King Lear, Henry IV, etc.) Elizabethan and Jacobean drama featured Christopher Marlowe (Doctor Faustus), John Webster, and Ben Johnson. Middleton's The Changeling
American Modernist Novels (20th c.)
F.Scott Fitzgerald (represents iconic 1920's America), Ernest Hemingway (flat, minimalist style), and William Faulkner (stream of consciousness style, focus on the American South and its tormented inhabitants), Eudora Welty (similar to Faulkner), John Steinbeck (Great depression on migrant farmers in Grapes of Wrath)*
American Postmodernism
Focused on the fragmentation and the illusions and disappointments of American life after WWII. Arthur Miller The Death of a Salesman, John Updike's Rabbit Run, Kurt Vonnegut (characters who are spiritually adrift and unfulfilled), Thomas Pynchon (Gravity's Rainbow, comic science fiction to satires of science and nuclear war)*
Lai (Lay)
From medieval French literature, a narrative poem written in octosyllabic couplets and rhymed stanzas of 6-16 lines, dealing with tales of adventure and romance. OR, any lyric poem (often about love) with metrical variety and designed to be sung. Of Celtic origin, used by northern French poets and storytellers such as Marie de France around the 12th century.
Medieval Literature
From the fall of Rome (500 C.E.) until the Renaissance (1485 C.E.) the first piece being Beowulf and also including The Divine Comedy (1321 C.E.) Petrarch's love sonnets to Laura in Canzoniere, Boccacio's Decameron, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and Everyman (an allegorical play of morality*)
Genitive
Genitive is an alternative word for possessive, i.e. the genitive case marks the noun or pronoun as the possessor of something. In English, the genitive case of a noun is shown in writing by adding an s together with an appropriately positioned apostrophe. Thus of the boy becomes boy's, of the boys becomes boys'. The genitive or possessive pronouns are my, your, his, her, its [without an apostrophe!], our, their.
Beginning History of English
Germanic branch of Indo European. 500 CE Anglo-Saxon, 4 sects of dialects, West Saxon(Beowulf) and Old Norse won
Fricative
If during the production of a phone, air is made to pass through a narrow passage, a 'friction' sound or fricative is produced (i.e. a more-or-less 'hissing' sound). English examples are the 'f sound' in fee or the 'sh sound' in she.
Dipthong
If the tongue moves significantly during the production of a vowel phone, the result is a diphthong. A diphthong sounds like a rapid, blended sequence of two separate vowels. An example in English is the vowel sound in the word kite, which is like a rapid combination of a kind of 'a sound' and a kind of 'i sound'.
Trickster tales
In Native American myth the hero, usually an anthropomorphized animal, often is involved in mischief, deception or treachery. The trickster may be able to change shapes or perform magic to cheat/deceive gods, humans, or other animals*.
Volta
In a sonnet, the volta is the turn of thought or argument: in Petrarchan or Italian sonnets it occurs between the octave and the sestet, and in Shakespearean or English before the final couplet.In a sonnet, the volta is the turn of thought or argument: in Petrarchan or Italian sonnets it occurs between the octave and the sestet, and in Shakespearean or English before the final couplet.
Hypercorrection
In immigrant communities, second generation corrects their parents' misuse of language 1) In NJ, many immigrant groups lacked the sound /er/ so they pronounced girl as /goil/. 2) Their children noticed something was wrong with this pronunciation and dropped /goil/ from their vocabulary, using girl instead. 3) But they hypercorrected their parents' misuse of the /oi/ sound. This resulted in the second generation pronouncing anything with /oi/ in it as /er/. Result: generation one: girl = goil, third = thoid generation two (hypercorrection): girl = girl, oil = erl, toilet = terlet
Team policy debate
In most American high schools, the most popular debate format where the Aff/Neg teams have 2 debaters for 4 participants and there's 8 speeches in all. The first four are constructive speeches, and the last four are rebuttals to challenge arguments already made. There is a cross-examination period at the end. Focused on gathering evidence adn organizing a response.
phoneme classification
Instructional intervention: teacher will ask the student to identify the word that sounds different and "does not belong" among the choices. Example: "tell me which word does not belong: ball, Bell, run. " Run
phoneme substitution
Instructional intervention: teacher will ask the student to replace a phoneme in a word (beginning, middle, or ending sounds) with another phoneme to form a new word. Example: "Tell me what word is formed when you replace the/B/sound in ball with the/T/sound." Tall
Phoneme Blending (orally blending sounds)
Instructional intervention: teacher will see each phoneme segment sound of a word and the student will combine those sounds to identify the word. Example: "listen carefully to the sounds I am saying and put this sounds together,/C/,/A/,/T/. "Cat
phonemic isolation
Instructional intervention: teachers will ask the student to isolate individual sounds (phonemes) in words. Example: "tell me the first sound you hear in the word ball. "/B/
Phoneme Identity
Instructional intervention: teachers will ask the students to identify a common sound among different words example: "tell me the sound that is the same in dog, doll, and dig. "/D/
Phoneme segmenting (orally separating sounds)
Instructional intervention: teachers will say a word aloud and the student will count out the number of phonemes by breaking up the word into individual sounds. Example: "tell me the individual sounds of the word bat. "/B/,/A/,/T/
IPA (Internation Phonetic Alphabet)
Internationally agreed phonetic alphabet for writing down the sounds of languages in a consistent fashion
Plot
Interrelated actions of a story/play that move to conflict and resolution
Exposition (Dramatic Elements)
Introduction of setting, main characters, conflict
Greek classic argument style
Introduction: rapport, thesis Narration: background, whats a stake Confirmation: strongest to weakest claims (most obvious to more subtle) Refutation/Concession Summation with rhetorical force
Anastrophe
Inversion of the normal syntactic order of words, for example: To market went she. (Used in Woolf's "The Lighthouse")
Mla- book with 2 or more authors
Last name, first name, first name last name, and first name middle initial last name. Title (italicized). Publishing city: publisher, publishing date. Print.
Mla- magazine article
Last name, first name. "Article title." Magazine title (italicized), date, pp. page#.
Mla- academic journal
Last name, first name. "Journal title." published in title (italicized). Volume (date published): pages. Print.
Mla- newspaper article
Last name, first name. "article title." Newspaper (italicized), date.
Mla: book with 1 author
Last name, first name. Title (italicized). Publishing city: publisher, date published. Print.
Semicolon
Like a balance scale. Always separate elements of equal power of meaning: two or more words, phrases, or sentences that connect closely related ideas. Use a term to separate mean clauses in the separation is not done by a coordinating conjunction mission example: Ask Joe for the book(;) he still has it. Use a *term* to separate items in a series when there are commas within the items example: Dora's dress was red, blue, and green(;) Lucy's was lilac and white(;) and Helen's was black, turquoise, and white.
Active listening skills
Listen closely, take notes, ask questions
Denotation
Literal meaning of a word found in the dictionary.*
Contrapasso
Literally, "counter-step." The idea that sin = punishment. For example, divine retribution in Dante's Divine Comedy. Similar to the idea of Karma and Fate; what you do is what you get.
Genre
Literary form
Socialist Realism
Literary movement begun in Russia in 1932 to promote socialist ideals (seeking social and economic equality, satisfaction of the needs of all, and opportunities for education and the development of human potentialities). Works of socialist realism faithfully represent life, they unmask ideological deceptions, and the reveal people's actual conditions of existence (social, political, and economic).
Epic
Long narrative poem using elevated language, telling the deeds of a legendary or historical hero. Often contain complex adventure sequences and underlying philosophical, moral message about human actions, choices, consequences, fate.
Understandings of media-literate students
Media is a construction , it portrays a constructed reality (not actual reality), media messages are interpreted individually, media messages are commercially produced/sponsors promote their own agendas, media images often portray ideological and value-laden messages, media messages have powerful social and political impact, form and content of media messages are closely related
Elegy
Melancholic poem, most often mourning the death of a person or group*
Structuralist (literary criticism)
Methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by the way of their relationship to a broader, overarching system or structure; works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel
Implications of teaching vocabulary instruction in the classroom
Most effective vocab you Larry-building strategy is to link it vocabulary word to its construct textual meaning. This strategy helps to shape the students "internal representation" of the specific word choice to its intended meaning.
Romanticism
Movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in literature, philosophy, religion, art, and politics. A reaction against Neoclassicism. Values: freedom from restraints and rules, individualism, creativity, revolutionary political ideas, imagination over reason, reverence for nature, interest in the Middle Ages, mystery, transcendence, universality.
Legends
Narratives that often include creation stories and explain tribal beginnings. -These tales may incorporate supernatural beings or quadihistorical figures (example King Arthur). - told and retold as if they were based on facts, and they are always at any specific time and place.
Development of a First language - The Biological Model
Nativism: theorizes that children have innate, language-specific abilities that facilitate and constrain language learning. Many nativity also believe that children have a critical period during which they are best able to acquire language skills. (young children)
Jonathan Swift
Neoclassical era author who wrote satires such as Gulliver's Travels
Universal Grammar
Noam Chomsky, a set of principles that apply to all languages and are unconsciously accessible to every human language user. Example: based on human needs (we all have a word for water) and common descent
Generative grammar
Noam Chomsky, modern view of linguistics. He emphasized that people share an innate and universal set of linguistic structures which accounts for why young children can learn an new language so easily, there is a genetic predisposition to language.
Development of a first language The social/functional model
Non-nativists argue that there is no specific biological hardwiring for language, and instead support a psychological and social/ functional model or language acquisition. They believe that language abilities develop out of general cognitive abilities and social interactions with fellow learners and the surrounding community not one specific part of the brain is responsible for languages If you were raised by wolves— and those wolves never used language, you prob wouldn't develop language If it NEEDS to deep language it will Ex— children who have been severely neglected extreme stifled language abilities which backs this theory up Imp. component to language development is interaction with others Many modern theories have come to support the idea that both biological and social preconditions contribute to language development
Modernist Literature
Offers feelings of disillusionment with modern culture and society, shock and a sense of waste after World War I modernists focused on a new urge to reject past forms and experiment with new ones; commonly use ancient myth. T.S. Eliot (the Waste Land), allusions to myth legend and past literature to show man's restless search for spiritual meaning. James Joyce (Ulysses), W.B. Yeats, Virginia Woolf, Marcel Proust (In Search of Lost Time), Franz Kafka (the absurdity and tragedy of mankind's situation in the world: The Metamorphosis/the Trial/the Castle), George Orwell (1984, Animal Farm), Aldous Huxley (Brave New World)*
Young Adult Literature
Often called problem novels or coming of age fiction, range from an historical setting to contemporary life to science fiction, but they have in common a focus on the protagonist's inner struggles with coming of age in whatever society depicted. Usually short (150 pages or less), with a focus on a main character's thoughts and actions in a plot that occurs over a relatively brief period of time. Emma by Jane Austen The Call of the Wild by Jack London A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger The Pigman by Paul Zindel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings The Giver by Lois Lowry etc.
Dactyl
One stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllable. Ex: POetry, SYLlable, and SUDdenly "HALF a league, HALF a league,/ HALF a league ONward" (from Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson)
Comma Use with independent/dependent clauses
Only use a comma when the dependent clause comes before the independent clause. When a dependent clause is located after an independent clause, do not place a comma between the two. When a dependent clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma between the independent clause and the dependent clause.
Fluent Reader 4-8 grade
Orthographic (writing words with proper letters)
Existentialism
Philosophical movement of the 19th and 20th centuries stressing individual freedom and human choice. Based on the idea that human beings shape their own existence through choices and actions. Main figure: philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980).
Metathesis
Phonemes are "swapped" e.g.: "comfterble for comfortable. Many languages have words that show this phenomenon. It has altered the shape of many familiar words in the English language.
Developing literacy Phonics approach
Phonemes — smallest unit of sound that exists in the word. Ex- Buh Ah Tu ( BAT) Can decode an unknown word — they can sound out the word based on understanding the letters Strength: allows students to decode words Weakness: not all words are spelled phonetically ( ex- sounding out phone)
Hamlet
Play by Shakespeare; the story of a Danish prince who is charged by the ghost of his murdered father to avenge his death. Hamlet discovers that his uncle, Claudius, has murdered his father, take his crown, and married his widow, Hamlet's mother. Despite this knowledge, he hesitates to rake revenge. Feigns madness and describes his feelings in vivid soliloquies.
Fairy tales (Genres in Literature-Folk Tales)
Presented as fiction Formulaic opening, e.g. "Once upon a time" supernatural adventures mishaps of young daughters, princesses
Informational text
Primary purpose to inform, explain, and instruct the reader about historical, scientific, and technical events. -does not use characters to create a plat or climactic action -may not be reported in a linear manner -report straightforward evidence about key facts, details, and data from a persons life similar to information retrieved from Wikipedia -examples: textbooks, reference books, procedural manuals, handouts, professional books, newspaper articles, and magazine articles -also include print features (font, title, headings, labels, bullets, captions), graphic features (charts, graphs, diagrams, maps, tables, figures, timelines), organizational features (preface, table of contents, index, glossary, appendix), and illustration features (photos, drawings).
Rhetorical question
Question asked for effect, not in expectation of reply
Remedial reader (Reading instruction)
Re-teaching all the modalities taught as a beginning reader listed above and emphasizing: -assessment of identified reading weaknesses. -Teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis. -Linking instruction to prior knowledge. -Increasing instruction time. -Dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive feedback.
Motherese
Recent studies show that mothers use a special register of language, dubbed motherese, to talk to their children. Motherese, just like other social registers, is highly structured. Characteristics of motherese: - sentences are shorter (4 or fewer words) - speed slower - use of more clarificational features than in speech between adults - more questions, attempts at getting feedback from the child. - expressive element (intonation) - reduplication: choo-choo - use of special words, especially for toys, bodily functions: bunny, kaka There is also a social register called fatherese: more demanding of information, using more direct questions and a wider vocabulary than motherese.
Transitive Verbs
Require an object (Chris WRITES BOOKS in the morning)
Internal Rhyme
Rhyming within a line. Example: I awoke to black flak.
Poetry (Genres in Literature)
Rhythmic patterns (rhythm or meter) Written in verse Sung, chanted spoken Use figures of speech (metaphor, simile)
New Criticism
School of literary criticism (a type of formalism) is an American approach to criticism that reached its height in the 1940s and 1950s. It advocates a close reading of the text itself and rejects criticism based on extrinsic information. New Critics see the text as complete with in itself and not dependent on its relation to the author's life, intent, or history. Weaknesses: That it ignores diversity That a piece of literature can be important (critics say) because it represents values that a segment of the culture believes are important, or because it can help us understand our history. That context is just as important as form to understanding a work.
Deconstruction
School of literary criticism which involves activity with post-structuralism, the close reading of texts in order to demonstrate that any given text has contradictory meanings, rather than being a unified, logical whole. Rejects the view that a text is unified from beginning to end or that its meaning can be identified.
Metaphysical Poets
School of seventeenth-century British poets (e.g John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Richard Crashaw, John Cleveland, Abraham Cowley) interested in the analysis of emotions and the combining of the secular and the sacred. They were particularly interested in the abstract and the particular; metaphysical poetry features a complex perception of life, concise language, wit, and directness.
Intransitive verbs
Sleep (Sleep cannot be transitive)
4th-8th grade - Orthographic
Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words Decoding becomes fluent Reading, accuracy, and speed are stressed Reading Instruction: -Systematic and explicit instruction: -Word attack skills (multisyllabic words) -Decoding -Spelling and vocabulary -Fluency -Text comprehension (context skills) -Utilizing metacognition
Transitional system (second language learning)
Students speak their own language until they have learned enough English to participate in English-only classes.
Classicism
Style, attitudes, and ideas in art and literature inspired by, and including, the culture of classical antiquity (ancient Greece and Rome). The values of classicism are harmony, proportion, clarity, elegance, simplicity, restraint, ideality and universality.
Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating conjunctions join two parts of complex sentences--independent clauses to dependent clauses. Commonly used subordinating conjunctions: "because"
Harlem Renaissance
Surge of creativity among African-Americans in all fields of art from 1920 until about 1930 around Harlem section of New York City. Also called "The New Negro Movement." Stressed and exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and their heritage. Representative figures: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston (Their Eyes Were Watching God, 1937), James Weldon Johnson (The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man), poet Countee Cullen ("Incident"), and philosopher/professor/Rhodes Scholar Alain Locke (The Father of the Harlem Renaissance.)
Progressive Aspect
Takes the form of "to be" (was, am, will be) and changes the verb to an "ing" verb to indicate it is ongoing. AKA Continuous Aspect. Ex: "I am walking" (present progressive) or "I was walking" (past progressive) or "I will be walking" (future progressive)
Modernism
Term referring to art, literature, and music of the late 19th and the 20th century. Characterized by: protest against industrialized, bureaucratic nature of the modern world, breaking away from rules and conventions, experimenting with form and style, interest in subjectivity and the internal life of characters. Movements associated with modernism: Surrealism, Existentialism, Formalism, Symbolism, Dadaism, Expressionism, Impressionism.
Epenthesis
The addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word. There are two types: excrescence (if the sound added is a consonant) and anaptyxis (if the sound added is a vowel) e.g.: /sumthing/ /warmpth/ /lenkth/ /athelete/
Pathetic Fallacy
The attribution of human traits to nature or inanimate objects. a literary term for the attributing of human emotion and conduct to all aspects within nature. It is a kind of personification that is found in poetic writing when, for example, clouds seem sullen, when leaves dance, or when rocks seem indifferent.
The remedial learner: 3rd-8th grade
The key approach to successful reading programs is preventative rather than remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom. Therefore, students who are struggling to read are taught from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers. Reading Instruction: -Reading instruction includes re-teaching all of the modalities taught as a "beginning reader" listed above and emphasizing: -assessment of identified reading weakness -teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis -linking instruction to prior knowledge -increasing instruction time -dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive feedback
Idiolect
The language used by one individual is sometimes called an idiolect. A dialect or language can then be regarded as a collection of mutually intelligible idiolects.
Oral communication- speech
The physical process associated with oral communication is applied to phonological skills, *term* fluency, and voice. -Most children acquire *term* fluency by first grade, but some children have special considerations in term development that affect age-appropriate articulation, voice strength, sound patterns, *term* rhythm, and vocal quality.
Genetic Fallacy
This conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Example: The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army. In this example the author is equating the character of a car with the character of the people who built the car. However, the two are not inherently related.
Red Herring Fallacy
This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them. Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families? In this example, the author switches the discussion away from the safety of the food and talks instead about an economic issue, the livelihood of those catching fish. While one issue may affect the other it does not mean we should ignore possible safety issues because of possible economic consequences to a few individuals.
Ad hominem Fallacy
This is an attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments. Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies. In this example, the author doesn't even name particular strategies Green Peace has suggested, much less evaluate those strategies on their merits. Instead, the author attacks the characters of the individuals in the group.
Straw Man Fallacy
This move oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument. People who don't support the proposed state minimum wage increase hate the poor. In this example, the author attributes the worst possible motive to an opponent's position. In reality, however, the opposition probably has more complex and sympathetic arguments to support their point. By not addressing those arguments, the author is not treating the opposition with respect or refuting their position.
Circular Argument Fallacy
This restates the argument rather than actually proving it. Example: George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively. In this example, the conclusion that Bush is a "good communicator" and the evidence used to prove it "he speaks effectively" are basically the same idea. Specific evidence such as using everyday language, breaking down complex problems, or illustrating his points with humorous stories would be needed to prove either half of the sentence.
Heroic Couplet
Two successive rhyming lines in iambic pentameter
Pyrrhic
Two unstressed syllables Not usually recognized and most often attached to other corresponding feet
Omniscient point of view
Vantage point where narrator can know, see and report whatever they choose. Describe thoughts of characters, skip around in time or place to speak directly to reader
Larynx
Voice box or Adam's apple, which vibrates when voiced phonemes are spoken
Syllepsis
When a single word that governs or modifies two or more others must be understood differently with respect to each of those words. A combination of grammatical parallelism and semantic incongruity, often with a witty or comical effect. Not to be confused with zeugma. EX: "I finally told Ross, late in the summer, that I was losing weight, my grip, and possibly my mind."
Apostrophe/ Authorial Intrusion
When an absent person, an abstract concept, or an important object is directly addressed. Example: With how sad steps, O moon, thou climbest the skies. Busy old fool, unruly sun. Etymology: Latin, from Greek , literally, act of turning away, from apostrephein to turn away, from apo- + strephein to turn : the addressing of a usually absent person or a usually personified thing rhetorically Authorial Intrusion: Discussions directed to the reader and constituting a substantial break in the narrative illusion of reality are termed authorial intrusions. While ordinary descriptions are not authorial intrusions, substantial essays addressed to the reader are.
Aphorism
a brief saying embodying a moral, a concise statement of a principle or precept given in pointed words. Example: Hippocrates: Life is short, art is long, opportunity fleeting, experimenting dangerous, reasoning difficult. Pope: Some praise at morning what they blame at night. Emerson: Imitation is suicide Franklin: Lost Time is never Found again.
Clauses
a clause is a group of words that includes a subject, and a predicate. Ex: "the rabbits ran from the fox" subject - what you are talking about - the rabbit predicate - what it is you are doing to that thing, the state of that thing, or what it is doing - "ran from the fox" ** the tradition of a subject/ predicate structure in clauses and sentence dates back to Aristotle, and is a universal feature of nearly all the worlds languages **
Coordinating Conjunction
a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank (so only independent clauses with each other), e.g., FANBOYS (For, and, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So) Could technically be split into two sentences.
Inflectional Ending
a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Some inflectional endings are: -s. bat. bats.
Marxist (literary criticism)
a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories, literary texts are one register of the superstructure, which is determined by the economic base of any given society
Asyndeton
a stylistic scheme in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses. Examples are veni, vidi, vici and its English translation "I came, I saw, I conquered." Its use can have the effect of speeding up the rhythm of a passage and making a single idea more memorable. More generally, in grammar, an asyndetic coordination is a type of coordination in which no coordinating conjunction is present between the conjuncts.
phonemic awareness
ability to hear, identify and manipulate individual sounds into words
Acquisition Learning (Krashen's 2nd Language Theory)
acquiring language naturally and learning adds the formal structure of language
Natural Order (Krashen's 2nd Language Theory)
acquisition of a language always follows the same pattern, innate
absurdist fiction
also, Theater of the Absurd. The human plight is meaningless. 20th century. Waiting for Godot, Catch 22
derivational affixes
alter meaning by building on a base. "anti", "de", "ly", "er", "ion," "y", "ness", "ity", "ment", "ic," "ious", "en", "ive", "ful", "less"
Pathos
appeal to emotion if we don't take action soon - our economy is going to collapse
phoneme manipulation
blending phonemes to make words segmenting words into phonemes deleting/adding phonemes substituting one phoneme for another
segmenting/segmentation
break words into individual phonemes
Why fluency is important
bridge between word recognition and comprehension
Short Story
brief work of prose fiction that concentrates on a single incident and one or two main characters.*
first words (when)
by 12 months
independent clause
can stand alone as its own sentence
dependent clause/subordinate
cannot stand alone as a sentence
systematic instruction
carefully selected set of letter sound relationships organized into a logical sequence
Text structures
cause/effect, problem/solution, hypothesis/support, compare/contrast, definition/description, illustration, analogy, chronological, directions, and classification.
1st person
character in the story is telling you a story - almost always limited POV
farce
comic play employing stock situations and characters. often considered the lowest form of comedy
semantic feature analysis
comprehension strategy that organizes information and groups of related words and phrases
conjunction adverb
conjunction adverb with a semicolon can join independent clauses. Ex: "indeed," "moreover" etc
pidgin
contact language made of 2+ languages, helps bridge the gap- creolization is when it gets native speakers
clause
contains a subject and a verb
enjambent
continuation of a clause.sentence from one line of poetry to the next, can be used to subvert expectations about what the lines are saying, also causes a faster pace and change of rhythm
Metaphysical poets
early to mid 1600s poets such as John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell who used outrageous metaphors, extended comparisons, and subtle wit to explore the fundamental nature of reality and humanity's place in it. Their imagination and obscurity made them favorites of the modernist poets of the twentieth century. A typical metaphysical lyric is Donne's "The Flea" (the narrator insists that since a flea has bitten both him and the woman he seeks to seduce, their blood is already mingled.
spelling inventory
examination of words spelled correctly/incorrectly classified into developmental spelling states helps plan spelling/reading instruction
metonymy
figure of speech where a word is substituted for another that is somehow linked or closely associated. EX: "the pen is mightier than the sword"
Biographical (Lit Analysis)
focus on how the author's life/period they lived in are reflected in the work and explain the manner in which it was produced
Reader-Response (Lit Analysis)
focus on reader's role in responding to and in effect "creating" a piece of literature, looking at what each reader thinks of the text as
Common Native American Theme (not genre)
focus on the danger in surrending their cultural values and traditions to europe
phrasal modifier
functions as adjective/adverb. sometimes prepositional phrase
trickster tales
hero is usually anthropromorphized animal involved in mischief, deception, or treachery
indiolect
how an individual used language
Affect vs effect
if you could replace the word with cause, its probably AFFECT -- verb, unless its someone visible, emotional state Effect - verb or noun (if you can put the word result, its the E spelling)
How do kids learn language? (language acquisition device)
innate language stuff + genetic predisposition + innate capacity + social interaction + sociocultural + personality
euphemism
inoffensive term tajes an offensive term's place "pass away instead of die"
Infix
insert (a formative element) into the body of a word. A strong definition of an infix might be a morpheme which is added inside a root morpheme in the formation of a word. In a language like English, infixes, so defined, do not occur, since the root morpheme is indivisible.
Interpretative speech
intended to bring to life a text or a piece of literature through the creative use of voice, gesture, and facial expression.
Denotative meaning
is the "dictionary" definition of a word - its specific and direct meaning
phonemic awarness
is the ability to hear, identify and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words. understanding that sounds work together to make words
Phonology
is the rule system within a language by which phonemes are sequenced, patterned, and uttered to represent meanings
Early alphabetic phase
kindergarten- 1st grade begin to develop phonemic awareness and to apply the alphabetic principles, associating letters with sounds They begin spelling simple consonant-vowel-constant words, but often omit vowels. Teachers begin to place emphasis on phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness: awareness of the sound-symbol correspondence — blending the sounds to create a word Might spell "Cat" as CT, omitting the vowel
Theater of the Absurd
late 20th century (modern) genre emphasizing mankind's purposeless and illogical nature. often use dislocated, repition and cliched speech to present a chaotic senseless modern world. Ex: Waiting for Godot, Rhinocerous, Rozencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead
semantic organizer
lines connect a central concept to a variety of related events/ideas
Formalist (literary criticism)
literary theory having mainly to do with structural purposes of a particular text; the study of a text without taking into account any outside influence
Poem
literary work generally written in rhythmic lines of various lengths that may be divided into groups called stanzas.*
epic
long, narrative poem about a heroic character (a lyric is shorter and more profound)
Verbal phrase
made up of a verbal (a verb that also acts as another part of speech) and all of its modifiers and objects. It can be a participial phrase, gerund phrase, or an infinitive phrase.
negative transfer
making grammatical assumptions in the 2nd language that are incorrect. Ex: fake past tense is faked, therefore speaker assumer take past tense is taked
3rd person
narrator is someone who is removed from the story who is telling the story omniscient: knows everything - thoughts of all characters limited: only knows that is going on with main character. ex: mysteries are typically written in limited POV
Tempo (drama)
pace of a play's movement and dialogue. Brisk pace. Tempo creates focus on dramatic high points.
Affective Filter (Krashen's 2nd Language Theory)
personality plays a big role in how language is acquired
Persuasive speech
persuade the audience to believe something, agree with some viewpoint or take some action.
Stages of literacy development Pre-alphabetic stage
preschool through kindergarten children become aware of the directional nature of text layout and begin to recognize basic visual cues, such as letters in their names
Structural elements
relate to the format and linguistic devices employed by the author
Exclamatory
says something with a great deal of excitement
orthography
standardized system for writing words with proper letters (i before e etc)
iambic
stressed, unstressed
dactylic
stressed, unstressed, unstressed
Debate
structured program or contest of formal arguments that take opposing points of view
Bilingualism (second language learning)
students are taught in the native language
neoclassical names
swift, pope, johnson. gullivers travels, robinson crusoe, laurence sterne
Fluent reader (Reading instruction)
systematic and explicit instruction, including: -word attack skills (multisyllabic words) and words within families. -Spelling and vocabulary. -Text comprehension (context skills). -Utilizing metacognition.
Underextend
teach them that your dog is a Husky and the neighbors dog is a cavalier, they ask what is that? they are not applying knowledge broadly enough!
Semantic mapping (reading comprehension)
teacher solicits responses to a word or phrase through a process of brainstorming or free association.
Imperative
tells someone to do something "please go to the store" remember: "its imperative"
Inferential comprehension
the ability to make inferences and draw conclusions about the story
Applied comprehension
the ability to move beyond the story to think critically and creatively about its implications and larger meaning
Theme
the central idea of a literary work about life or the human condition it presents*
Diction
the choice of language used by the speaker or writer. For instance a young adult uses different words, language, style depending on to whom s/he is speaking or writing.
Critical period hypothesis
the claim that human beings are only capable of learning languages between the age of 2 years and the early teens.
Syntax
the composition of sentences, the rules and principles for constructing sentences in a language; compound/complex/and simple sentences (grammar)*
denotative meaning
the literal meaning of a word
Gerund Phrase
the present participle employed as a noun. Example: Winning requires a dedication to practice and hard work.
Morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of language that cannot be broken into smaller parts that cannot be further divided (e.g., in, come, -ing, forming incoming ). a morphological element considered with respect to its functional relations in a linguistic system. consists of allomorphic groups having semantic similarities and definable features of distribution
semantics
the study of meaning in language, both oral and contextual. Word meanings, sentence meanings, and contextual understanding.*
Euphemism
the substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener;[1] or in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker.[citation needed] It also may be a substitution of a description of something or someone rather than the name, to avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. Ex: "If any of you so much as thinks the word 'parlay', I'll have your guts for garters." - Pirates of the Carribean.
Deductive reasoning (method of persuasive writing)
the writer presents a generalization and then applies it to a specific case
Inductive reasoning (method of persuasive writing)
the writer presents a specific case or example and then draws general conclusions from it.
Monroe's motivated sequence
to organize persuasive speeches: 1. attention 2. need (describe the problem/need for a solution) 3. satisfaction (presenting a solution that satisfies the need) 4. visualization (visualizing the result of the solution) 5. Actions (requesting the audience to approve or take action).
Participles
two of the principal parts that every verb has, for the verb help there's helped (past participle) and helping (present participle). They can also be used as adjectives and nouns. A present participle employed as a noun is also called a gerund.
Anapest (adj. anapestic)
two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. Ex: underSTAND, interRUPT, and overCOME " 'twas the NIGHT before CHRISTmas when ALL through the HOUSE/ not a CREAture was STIRring not EVen a MOUSE" (Anapestic Tetrameter)
Media literacy
understanding different types of media such as print, radio, film, television, advertising, the internet, and social media. Understand critical thinking skills to analyze and critique media messages enabling the student to see how various media affect individuals and society. Example: In the classroom ELA teachers should emphasize the role that the mass media play in a democracy and the constraints under which they operate due to sponsorship from advertisers, production costs, and the pressure of community standards.
morpheme
unit of meaning that can't be divided into smaller elements, e.g. book
Imagery
use of descriptive language to enlist the senses in evoking a scene, situation, or state of mind.*
Borrowing (linguistic behavior of non-proficient English speakers)
when a speaker switches into his or her first language and borrows single words or entire phrases for which he or she knows no equivalent in L2 Example: Spanglish
Negative transfer (linguistic behavior of non-proficient English speakers)
when a speaker uses skills from a previously learned behavior or topic but applies them incorrectly to a new topic. Example: fake - faked and applying it to take - taked (when it's taken) (from a learned topic in L1)
segmenting
when children break down words
decoding
word identification, analysis of written or spoken words
malapropism
word mistaken for another word with a similar sound, often in speech of comic characters. Mrs. malaprop is where it came from
Borrowed words
words imported from other languages. Example: taboo comes from Tongan and means forbidden act
