Naming Things
Polyatomics With Multiple Oxygens
"Hypo" is the prefix for the one that has LESS OXYGENS THAN THE TWO NORMAL ONES, and "per" is the prefix for the one that has MORE OXYGENS THAN THE TWO NORMAL ONES; Use the two on the back of the periodic table as a home base, and if the thing you have has more or less oxygens than those two then you use this; HAPPENS WITH BROMINE AND IODINE, but you still use the O3 and O2 as a home base for those and apply the same rules (perbromate = BrO4); USED WHEN NAMING ACIDS WITH THESE ELEMENTS
Naming Acids
A distinct type of molecular compound; EITHER A BINARY OR OXY ACID; IN CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE, YOU USE THE TERM ACID AND COMBINE IT WITH "IC", AND HTE PREFIX FOR THE ELEMENTS IN ONE WORD
"Crossing Over"
A technique for writing the FORMULA OF BINARY COMPOUNDS; First, write the two elements with their common ions, then take the charge for each and put it as the subscript of the other
Binary Acids
Acids that consist of two elements, usually a hydrogen and one of the halogens (flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)
Oxyacids
Acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element
Ionic Bonds
Bonds created between a metal and a nonmetal WHERE YOU CAN IGNORE THE NUMBER OF EACH ELEMENT AND INSTEAD JUST NAME IT
Covalent Bonds
Bonds created between two nonmetals that are named using STOCK AND TRADITIONAL NAMES
Cu¹⁺
Copper (I) under stock naming OR "Cuprous" under traditional name
Cu²⁺
Copper (II) under stock naming OR "Cupric" under traditional name
Exceptions to Ionic Compounds
Copper, Iron, Lead, Tin, and Mercury
Naming With Transition Metal Exceptions
Figure out WHICH of the two transition states it is in in BY TAKING THE CHARGE OF THE ANNION/OTHER ELEMENT AND MULTIPLYING THAT CHARGE BY THE NUMBER OF THEM YOU HAVE (SUBSCRIPT), IN ORDER TO SEE WHAT THE NET CHARGE IS, THEN MAKE IT BALANCED BY CHOOSING THE CORRECT CHARGE; Once you have the correct charge, write plumbic and stock name
Atoms With () After Them
INDICATE THE POSITIVE CHARGE OF THE ELEMENT, NOT THE NUMBER OF THE ELEMENT IN THE MOLECULE; Must still do balancing with them
Binary Compounds
IONIC; Formed with a positive and negative ION; Total number of positive and negative charges must be equal, YOU USE THE NAME OF THE CATION FOLLOWED BY THE NAME OF THE ANION (aluminum oxide); Solved by crossing over
Naming Compounds That Contribute More Then One Atom (Prefix System)
If an element contributes more than one atom, you add a prefix that indicates the number (dihydrogen monoxide/H2O); FOR EACH, YOU ADD THIS PREFIX, AND FOR THE SECOND ELEMENT YOU ALSO ADD THE SUFFIX "IDE" TO THE ROOT AND THE PREDIX; If only one element contributes multiple atoms then don't add a prefix
Monatomic Ions
Ions formed from a single type of atom; CATIONS ARE NAMED simply with the element's NAME; ANIONS ARE NAMED BY USING THE ROOT OF THE ELEMENT AND ADDING "IDE"
Fe²⁺
Iron (II) under stock naming OR "Ferrous" under traditional name
Fe³⁺
Iron (III) under stock naming OR "Ferric" under traditional name
Pb²⁺
Lead (II) under stock naming OR "Plumbous" under traditional name
Pb⁴⁺
Lead (IV) under stock naming OR "Plumbic" under traditional name
Hg₂²⁺
Mercury (I) under stock naming OR "Mercurous" under traditional name; HAS A SUBSCRIPT AND NET CHARGE OF 2, EVEN THOUGH EACH INDIVIDUAL ATOM HAS A CHARGE OF 1
Hg²⁺
Mercury (II) under stock naming OR "Mercuric" under traditional name
Anion
Negative ions; Named bu using the root of the element and adding "ide"; HAVE A NEGATIVE CHARGE
Oxyanions
Polyatomic ions that contain oxygen; Have different names depending on how many oxygens there are; THE OXYGEN EITHER USES THE NAME OF THE ELEMENT IT IS BONDED TO FOLLOWED BY "ATE" OR "ITE"; The kind of ion that has more oxygens is named with "-ate" and the kind with less is named with "-ite"
Cation
Positive ions; Named with just the element name; HAVE A POSITIVE CHARGE
Ionic Formula
Represents the simplest ratio of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions)
Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Sometimes on the back of the periodic table; Will follow rules of other ions is a polyatomic compound is inside the formula
Sn²⁺
Tin (II) under stock naming OR "Stannous" under traditional name
Sn⁴⁺
Tin (IV) under stock naming OR "Stannic" under traditional name
Transition Metal Exceptions
Transition metals can can have two different charges that change depending on their environment; THE ONLY GROUP WHERE IONS CHANGE; Stock name and traditional name
Stock and Traditional Names
USED FOR BALANCED COVALENT BONDS ONLY; Once you balance you use ROMAN NUMERALS (stock) AND THE LATIN NUMBER ROOTS (traditional) to represent them with the number of correct atoms
Stock Name
Uses roman numerals to indicate the charge of the ion
Traditional Name
Uses the latin roots and different suffixes to indicate the charge of the ion
Balancing Names
When writing the formula names, you MUST SIMPLIFY THE WHOLE THING TO BE NEUTRAL BY ADDING NUMBERS OF ATOMS; You take the charge of each atom and balance them out to be neutral by adding more of the other atom based on the charge to BALANCE IT OUT TO NEUTRAL; FOCUS ON MAKING THE CHARGES BALANCED
