Naomis history test
What new type of payment method became popular during the 1920s?
"Buying on credit". Installment buying allowed customers to purchase goods and services by making small, regular payments over an extended period of time rather than paying the full amount upfront.
Who was "Rosie the Riveter"?
"Rosie the Riveter" was a cultural icon representing the women who worked in factories and shipyards during ww2.
Effects of the Great Depression 1. What was Hooverville?
"Sarcastic" nickname for small "towns" of homeless. A "Hooverville" was a term used to describe makeshift communities or shantytowns that emerged during the Great depression in the US. These communities were named after President Herbert Hoover, who was widely blamed for the economic crisis and perceived as having failed to adequately address the needs of the people.
16th Amendment
"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration."
What was Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace called? What was the centerpiece of this plan?
14 points. The center piece was the establishment of a League of Nations - was intended to be an international organization that would promote collective security, facilitate diplomacy, and prevent future wars. The league of nations would serve as a forum for nations to discuss and resolve disputes peacefully, provide a platform for international cooperation, and work towards the common interests of member states.
Hepburn Act
1906 law that gave the interstate commerce commission the authority to set maximum shipping rates for railroads and for ferries, toll bridges, and oil pipelines.
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 law the allowed federal inspection of food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs.
Meat Inspection Act
1906 law the empowered the federal government to inspect meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat processing plants.
What was "magic"? Why did the US not have to worry about this?
3. What was "magic"? Why did the US not have to worry about this? "Magic" was the codename for the US government cryptanalysis program that deciphered encrypted Japanese diplomatic messages during ww2. The US did not have to worry about the "magic" decryption being compromised because the Japanese were unaware that their codes had been broken. This allowed the US to gather valuable intelligence on Japanese military plans, strategies, and diplomatic activities.
What were some ways that farmers helped each other during the depression?
3. What were some ways that farmers helped each other during the depression? Farmers engaged in mutual aid by helping each other with various tasks. The would come together to assist in planting and harvesting crops, repair equipment, and build structures. Farmers organized community events and initiatives to support one another, this included organizing fundraising activities, establishing food banks or community gardens, and creating local networks for sharing resources and info.
What problems did farmers face during the 1920s?
5. What problems did farmers face during the 1920s? Overproduction came after the war and prices fall because of it. Many farmers accumulated debt due to high costs of machinery, land, and other inputs. Farmers relied on limited range of cash crops such as wheat, corn, and cotton. This lack of diversification made them vulnerable to market fluctuations and price volatility. Mechanization and tech increased in the 1920s which led to some farm laborers to lose their jobs and challenging between small and big scale farmers.
Election of 1944-candidates, parties, platforms, results?
7. Election of 1944-candidates, parties, platforms, results? Franklin D. Roosevelt (democratic party candidate) also the incumbent president of the US and Thomas E. Dewey (republican party candidate). The major focus of both parties was on the ongoing war effort. The platforms of the 2 candidates differed in some areas, but both emphasized the need to continue the fight against fascism and secure victory in the war.
What was the Lend-Lease program, and the motivations behind it?
7. What was the Lend-Lease program, and the motivations behind it? The lend-lease program was the policy initiated by the US during ww2 to provide military aid to Allied countries. First it aimed to support the Allied nations, particularly the UK, in their struggle against Germany, Italy, and Japan. Second it served as a strategic and diplomatic tool for the US.
Warren Harding's administration-mostly known for large number of what?
A large number of scandals
The Great Depression and New Deal A. Causes 1. What happened on Oct. 29, 1929?
A major stock market crash occurred in the US which is referred to as Black Tuesday. This event marked the beginning of the Great Depression, severe economic downturn that lasted throughout the 1930s.
What was a flapper? What did it represent?
A new type of young, unconventional woman who defied traditional social norms and expectations. Were known for their distinctive fashion, behavior, and lifestyle representing a departure from the previous generations ideals.
What happened in 1915 that threatened US neutrality?
A passenger ship carrying American passengers and cargo, was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland. The attack resulted in the death of 1,198 passengers and crew members, including 128 American. But this was one of many incidents that swayed the US into war.
What other actions did he take in the name of conservation?
After becoming president in 1901, Roosevelt used his authority to protect wildlife and public lands by creating the United States Forest Service (USFS) and establishing 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, 4 national game preserves, 5 national parks, and 18 national monuments by enabling the 1906 American Antiquities Act.
18th Amendment - Section 1
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. - Section 2 - The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. - Section 3 - This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
f. AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Administration, tried to raise farm prices through subsides, or government financial assistance
What did these three individuals have in common: Francis Townsend, Huey Long, and Father Charles Coughlin?
All 3 individuals criticized aspects of FDR New Deal policies (believed the ND did not go far in providing relief and addressing income inequality), they all appealed to the concerns and frustrations of the working class and ordinary Americans were struggling during the depression, each of these individuals proposed their own plans for economic reform, and all three gained popularity and had a substantial following during the 1930s.
What was the Harlem Renaissance? Name some major artistic features from this period.
Also known as "New Negro Movement", it was a significant cultural and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York city, during the 1920s and early 1930s. The Harlem R was characterized by a flourishing of African American literature music, art, and intellectual expression. Some major artistic features during the HR was literature (explored themes of racial identity, social issues, and the African American experience), jazz and music, visual arts (the HR also witnessed the rise of African american visual artists who created vibrant and powerful artwork - paintings, sculptures, and other visual mediums), and theater and productions (the movement also haf a significant impact on theater and performance arts. The Apollo theater, located in Harlem, became a hub for showcasing African American talent, including theater productions, musical performances, and vaudeville acts).
What is significant about the Burke-Wadsworth Act?
Also known as Selective Training and Service act of 1940, was significant as it marked the first peacetime draft in the US history. The act was passed in response to the growing tensions in Europe and the increasing likelihood of the US being drawn into ww2.
F. Beating Germany 1. What was D-Day? When did it occur?
Also known as operation overlord, was the code name for the Allied invasion of Normandy during ww2. It was a major military operation that took place on June 6, 1944.
What happened on November 11, 1918?
An armistice, known as Armistice of Compiegne was signed between the Allies (led by France, the UK, and the US), and Germany, effectively ending ww1. The armistice went into effect at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, marking the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front.
What three new business practices did Henry Ford use to revolutionize industry? What product did Ford specialize in?
Assembly line production - dividing the production process into simple tasks and having workers perform specialized tasks as the product moved along the assembly line, mass production - produce large quantities of automobiles at affordable prices, and high wages for workers - For implemented a significant increase in wages for his workers, known as "Fiver Dollar Fay' policy. This move aimed to attrack and retain skilled workers, reduce turnover, and boost employee moral. The higher wages enabled Ford's workers to afford the cars they were producing, creating, a positive feedback loop for the company sales. Ford specialized in the production of automobiles, particularly the Model T.
Popular Cultures and Society 1. Who were Babe Ruth and Jim Thorpe?
Babe ruth - 1896-1948 was a professionally baseball played, regarded as one of the greatest baseball players. He played primarily as an outfielder and pitcher during his career which spanned from 1914 to 1935. Jim Thorpe - 1887-1953 was a multi-sport athlete who excelled in football, baseball, and track and field, was a member of the Sac and Fox Nation and became the first native American to win an Olympic gold medica for the US.
Describe each of his progressive reform fumbles. i. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Ballinger and Pinchot caused a split between the Republican party which lower Taft's support during decisions.
Stopping Germany 1. What two major Allied victories during 1942 were turning points in Europe?
Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of El Alamein. (or invasion of Italy)
Election of 1924-candidates, platforms (slogan), parties, and results?
Calvin Coolidge was the Republican party candidate. Was the incumbent president, and campaigned on a platform of continued prosperity and limited government intervention in the economy. John W. Davis was the Democratic party candidate. He advocated for a progressive agenda, including social reforms, labor rights, and regulation of business practices. Robert M. La Follette was the progressive party candidate. He campaigned progressive ideals, including government intervention in the economy, social justice, and greater democracy. Calvin Coolidge was the winnder in the election of 1924.
c. CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps, Put more than 25 million young, unmarried, men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.
How did the Clayton Anti-trust Act reform the Sherman Anti-trust Act?
Clayton provided a more strong and detailed frameowkr for addressing antitrust issues. It addressed loopholes and limitations in the Sherman Act, strengthening the gov ability to combat unfair business practices, monopolies, and anticompetitive behavior. The reforms introduced by the Clayton Acthelped shape modern antitrust laws and enforcement in the US.
Battling the Tariff-What did the Underwood Tariff do?
Congress passed The Underwood Tariff Act in 1913. Its purpose was to reduce levies on manufactured and semi-manufactured goods and to eliminate duties on most raw materials.
3. What was agreed upon by the Allies of the Yalta Conference?
Division of Germany (Germany would be divided into 4 occupation zones), free elcetions in liberated European countries, the establishment of the united nations, and the soviet union joining the fight for territory.
What message did FDR have for the nation in his inaugural address in 1933?
FDR delivered a powerful message to the nation, emphasizing the need for unity and collective action to address the challenges of the Great Depression. He sought to instill hope and restore confidence in the American people during this time of economic crisis.
Did FDR's "court-packing" scheme work? What effects did it have on his presidency?
FDR's court-packing scheme did not succeed as planned. FDR faced strong opposition from bother sides of the political spectrum, despite the failure of the court-packing plan the dynamics of the Supreme Court did change over time (justices who had initially opposed new justices who were more supportive of his agenda).
3. Know the purpose of the following programs: a. FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Insure bank accounts up to $5000
h. FHA
Federal Housing Administration, government agency established as part of the New Deal, created to address the housing crisis and provide stability to the housing market during the GD
Name the nations in the Allies and Central Powers.
France, UK, Russia (until 1917), US (enter the war in 1917), Italy (joined the allies in 1915), Japan, Serbia, Belgium, Greece (join the A 1917), Romania (joined the allies in 1916), Portugal (joined the A 1916), montenegero. For the central powers it was Germany, Austri-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey), Bulgaria (joined the CP in 1915).
Election of 1940-candidates, platforms, parties, results?
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic party, incumbent pres) and Wendell Willkie (republican party), FDR platform focused on his new deal and advocated for a strong defense and support for the Allies in ww2. Wendell's platform centered on criticizing the New Deal and advocating for limited government intervention in the economy.
Election of 1932-candidates, platforms, parties, result?
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the candidate for the democratic party and Herbert Hoover was the incumbent president seeking re-election representing the republican party. Franklins platform focused on combating the Great Depression through a series of economic and social reforms known as the New Deal, he promised to provide relief to the unemployed, stimulate economic recovery, and reform the financial system. Herbet's platform emphasized his administrations efforts to address the economic crisis and argued for maintaining the course of limited government intervention and individual initiative. Hoover advocated for balanced budgets, protection atriffs, and the voluntary cooperation of businesses. Franklin won the election by a significant margin. The election reflected the public's dissatisfaction with Herbert's handling of the Great depression and their desire for a more activist government approach to address the economic crisis.
. What important US military figure became famous during the N. African campaign?
General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Name the Axis Powers-
Germany (led by Adolf Hitler), Italy (led by benito Mussolini), Japan (led by emperor hiroito)
. What happened on Sept. 1, 1939?
Germany invaded Poland.
Whom did he appoint as head of forestry service?
Gifford pinchot
The Home Front 1. What does G.I. stand for?
Government Issue
Which nation did the US almost exclusively trade with during the war?
Great Britain
What does the term Progressive actually mean?
Happening or developing gradually or in stages; proceeding step by step
What message did Booker T. Washington have for African Americans?
He had a message of self-help, education, and economic advancement for African Americans.
Election of 1928-candidates, platforms, parties, and results?
Herbert Hoover was the republican party candidate, he campaigned on a platform of continued economic prosperity, promising to maintain the polices that were believed to have contributed to the economic growth of the 1920s. Al Smith was the democratic party candidate, he advocated for progressive reforms, such as labor rights, social welfare programs, and the repeal of Prohibition. Herbert Hoover was the winner.
B. Herbert Hoover 1. What was Hoover's approach to the depression?
Hoover believe in maintaining a balanced budget and avowing direct intervention in the economy. He focuses on promoting cooperating between businesses and encouraged voluntary measures, such as urging employers to maintain wages and asking labor unions to limit strikes.
In Schenk v. US what important precedent was set by the Supreme Court?
In the case of Schenk V. United states (1919), an important precedent known as the "clear and present danger" test was established by the supreme court of the US. The case dealt with the constitutionality of the Espionage Act of 1917, which made it a federal offense to be obstruct the recruitment of enlistment efforts of the military during WW1. John Holmes, in delivering the opinion of the Court states the "clear and present danger" test. He stated that speech could be restricted if it presented a "clear and present danger" of bringing about harm or danger to the nation or interfering with lawful efforts during times of war of other exceptional circumstances. This test establishes that the government could restrict certain forms of speech and expression when they posed a significant threat to national security or public safety.
How did the US fund the war effort?
Increased taxes, war bonds, borrowing significant amounts of money by issuing war bond, rationing and price control, war production financing, and taking loans from individuals, businesses, and foreign governments.
B. The Coming War 1. What was the US's foreign policy during the early 1930s?
Isolationism. This policy was characterized by a desire to avoid international entanglements and focus on domestic concerns. Neutrality, non-intervention, economic protection, focus on hemisphere defense, limited engagement in international organizations.
Why did the Dawes Plan not work?
It failed to achieve its intended objectives due to Germany's economic dependency, unsustainable debt payment, speculative investment, lack of structural reforms, and the impact of the global economic crisis.
What was significant about the Smoot-Hawley Tariff?
It increased protectionism for industries, the act triggered a trade war and retaliation from other countries as they raised tariffs on American good in response, the increase in trade barriers resulted in reduced international trade, and it serves as a cautionary example of the potential dangers of protectionism and trade wars.
What was the importance of the Battle of Midway?
It was a decisive victory for the US against Japan in the pacific theater during ww2. It marked a turning point in the war, halting Japanese expansion and putting them on the defensive. The battle also showcased the effectiveness of US intelligence and codebreaking efforts, boosted American morale, and preserved American aircraft carriers that played a crucial role in future pacific campaigns.
What was a doughboy?
It was a nickname used to refer to the American soldiers, particularly those serving in the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), during ww1. Symbolizing the resilience and resourcefulness of American troops.
What was the Zimmerman Telegram? What effect did it have on American neutrality?
It was a significant diplomatic communication sent during ww1, it was a secret telegram dispatch by Arthur Zimmermann, the German Foreign Secretary, to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt, in Jan 1917. After the message between the Germans and Mexico was disclosed to the US by the British, it fueled anti-German sentiment in the US and had a significant impact on public opinion. The U.S. entry into ww1 in April 1917 was partially influenced by the revelations of the Zimmerman telegram and its perceived threat to American security and interests.
Why was the 16th Amendment passed?
It was passed to provide the federal government with a reliable and independent source of revenue by establishing the authority to impose a federal income tax. Progessivity and fairness, shifting economic landscape, legal basis for income.
Roughly how many people died during the Holocaust?
Its estimated that approximately 6 millions jews were killed during the holocaust.
What did the National Origins Act of 1924 intend to do?
Its primary intent was to restrict immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe countries as well as Asia. The act established a quota system that limited the number of immigrants allowed to enter the US based on their country or origin.
5. What was Jazz and what did it represent?
Jazz is a musical genre that origingated in the early 20th century, particularly among African American communities in the US. It emerged from a fusion of African and European musical traditions. Jazz represented a departure from traditional musical forms and conventions of the time. It embodied a spirit of freedom, creativity, and innovation. Breaking musical boundaries, symbol of roaring twenties, cultural fusion and integration.
Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact ineffective?
Lack of enforcement, included exceptions and self defense clause which caused loopholes, failure to address underlying causes of conflict, inadequate international cooperation, and limited scope by only addressing the use of war as an instrument of national policy and not other forms of aggression.
What did Marcus Garvey urge African Americans to do during this period?
Marcus Garvey was a prominent figure in the early 20s century African American civil rights movement, urged African americans to embrace racial pride, self-reliance, and Pan-Africanism during this period.
G. Beating Japan 1. Describe the strategy of "island-hopping"
Military strategy of selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others. By capturing only a few crucial islands in the US effectively cut off the bypassed islands from supplies and reinforcements and made those islands useless to the Japanese.
2. Define kamikaze
Military tactic employed by the Japanese during ww2. It involved the use of suicide attack by specially trained pilots who would deliberately crash their aircraft, typically loaded with explosives, into enemy targets, such as ships.
5. What two programs were found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?
NIRA and AAA
On what two cities were the first atomic bombs dropped? Whose decision was it to drop them?
Nagasaki and Hiroshima, President Truman
d. NIRA
National Industrial Recovery Act, Sought to bolster industrial prices
e. PWA
Public Works Administration, launched projects ranging from the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia river in Washington state to NYC's Triborough Bridge, to the causeway that connects key west to the Florida mainland
6. What was the "Lost Generation" and why were they "lost"?
Refers to a group of American writies, artists, and intellectuals who came of age during and after WW1. Writers such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, and Ezrra Pound. The term "lost" signifies their sense of being adrift, disconnected, and alienated from the pre-war society and its values. The war shattered the ideals of progress, optimism, and moral certainty that had prevailed before the conflict.
How did Sacco and Vanzetti Trial end? Why was it controversial?
Sacco and Vanzetti were found guilty in 1921 and sentenced to death. Many believed that Sacco and Vanzetti were targeted and convicted due to their anarchist beliefs and their status as Italian immigrants. Over the years, doubts were raised about the credibility of the evidence and the conduct of the trial, critics argued that the trial was tainted by anti-immigrant sentiment and political bias.
What was the Central Powers' strategy?
Schlieffen Plan (Germany), rapid and decisive offensive against France in the west and then shift forces to the eastern front to confront Russia, to avoid a two-front war and achieve a quick victory. Austria-Hungary focused on the eastern front and protect its territories. Ottoman empires defense and expansion focused on defending its territories and repelling British, French, and Russian advances. Defensive warfare and trench systems, limited offensives and attrition. The central powers aimed to secure quick victories, protect their territories, and maintain a defensive posture while fighting.
b. SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission, Could regulate the stock market and purchase of stock on margin.
Ida Tarbell
She joined Riss and Steffens in The History of Standard Oil
Who were the muckrakers? What books did the following author write? What effect did this have on the "mood" of the nation?
Socially conscious journalists and other writes dramatized the need for reform. Writers who uncover and expose misconduct in governments or businesses. People across the nation were horrified by the conditions that muckrakers revealed. Muckrakers accounts prompted americans to push for reforms to correct these ills. Their work increased popular support for Progressivism.
Why was the above agreement not ratified in the US Senate? What implications does that have for the League of Nations?
Some of the many were; many senators were concerned that joining the league would compromise American sovereignty and entangle the country in future conflicts, the senate was divided into two main groups regarding the treaty - reservationists sought to modify the treaty's language and specific provisions, irreconcilables were firmly opposed to any form of American participation in the league or the treaty - the inability to reach a consensus between these groups led to a deadlock in the ratification process. Ultimately, the senate failed to reach the necessary two-thirds majority required for ratification.
What are four debated long-term causes of the stock market crash?
Speculation and overextension - many investors engaged in speculative trading, excessive borrowing, buying stokes on margin (with borrowed money). Which caused in unsustainable bubble, which eventually burst, leading to the stock market crash. Income Inequality and Uneven Distribution of Wealth - Small portion of the population amassing substantial wealth while the majority struggled to make ends meet. This concentration of wealth limited consumer purchasing power and contributed to a lack of demand, which in turn affected the overall health of the economy. Agricultural Crisis and Rural Distress - With failing crop prices, overproduction, and mounting debt. This had a rippled effect on rural communities, leading to financial hardships, bankruptcies, and decline in agricultural demand, which further weakened the economy. Weak Regulation and Financial Practices - practices such as buying stocks on margin, lack of transparency in financial reporting, and speculative investment without proper oversight allowed for excessive risk-taking and the buildup of systemic vulnerabilities.
What was stock speculation and margin buying?
Stock speculation refers to the practice of buying and selling stocks with the primary goal of making quick profits from short-term price fluctuations Margin buying is a practice that allows investors to purchase stocks by borrowing money from their broke.
Describe trench warfare, and define the term "stalemate".
Systems of trenches that stretched across the battlefield, creating a static and fortified front line. Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground, often zigzagging to provide protection from enemy fire and to limit the impact of explosions, it had a no mans land in between opposing trenches. Stalemate refers to when opposing forces or parties are deadlocked or unable to make progress. In a state of standstill in which neither side can gain an advantage.
Anthracite Coal Mine Strike-TR's response?
TR responded to the strike by intervening as a mediatory between the UMV (united mine workers) and the mine operators. He recognized the potential economic and social impacts of the strike, such as fuel shortages during the approaching winter. TR summoned both sides to the white house and facilitated negotiations to find a resolution.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Taft wanted lower taxes but Republican pushed to have higher taxes and republicans won.
g. TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority, helped farmers and created jobs in one of the country's least developed regions
What did the following Progressive Constitutional Amendments do?
The 16 amendment grants congress the power to levy an income tax on individuals and corporations. The 17 establishes the direct election of US Senators by the people of each state, replacing the previous method where senators were state legislatures. It ensures the that senators are elected by popular vote, giving citizens a more direct role in the democratic process. The 18 prohibited the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages withing the us.
Election of 1916-candidates, platforms, parties, results?
The 1916 US presidential election result in a victory for the incumbent President Woodrow Wilson of the democratic party, Woodrow campaigned on a platform of "He Kept Us Out of War", emphasizing his effots to maintain US neutrality in WW1, he focused on progressive domestic policies, advocating for social reforms, labor protections, and economic regulation. Charles Evans Hughes was the other candidate, Hughes criticized Woodrow's handling of foreign policy, particularly regarding WW1, he called for a stronger national defense, preparedness for war, and a more assertive approach in dealing with international conflicts. Hughes also emphazied progressive reforms, including labor rights and anti-trust measures.
Business Boom 1. How did advertising change during this decade?
The 1920s saw the rise of mass media including radio, magazines, newspapers, and cinema. Advertisers capitalized on these new mediums to reach larger audiences and promote products to an increasingly consumer-driver society, advertising became more focused on creating brand identities and marketing specific products rather than simply providing information. Advertisers used catchy slogans, jingles, and visual imagery to create brand recognition and loyalty. Advertisements began to appeal to consumers emotions and aspirations, they started using famous personalities and celebrities to endorse their product, emphasized the purchase of material possessions, and targeted women because they recognized the purchasing power of women during this period and activelt targeted them as consumers.
D. The New Deal 1. What did the 20th Amendment change?
The 20th amendment aimed to streamline the transition of power and reduce the period of time during which outgoing officials, particularly the President and members of congress, remained in office after their successors had been elected. It was intended to address concerns about the effectiveness and accountability of government during the period between the election and the inauguration.
How did the Federal Reserve Act reform the banking system?
The Act set up operational standards for the banks, established minimum amounts of capital to be held by the banks, and defined how the banks were to make and administer loans. In addition, the Act imposed a 10% tax on state banknotes, thus effectively eliminating non-federal currency from circulation.
Stopping Japan 1. What did the Bataan Death March show the US about the Japanese?
The Bataan Death march provided the US with firsthand evidence of the extreme brutality and disregard for human rights exhibited by the Japanese forces. It further solidified the perception of the Japanese as a formidable enemy and influenced the determination of the US and its allies to seek victory of Japan.
What did the Japanese not bomb at Pearl Harbor that was significant?
The Japanese did not bomb the US Pacific Fleet's vital infrastructure and facilities during the attack on Pearl Harbor. They did not target the fuel storage facilities, maintenance facilities, or the submarine base. Additionally, the attack did not target the US aircraft carriers, which were crucial assets for the Pacific Fleet.
The Holocaust 1. What specific group of people was targeted by the Nazis?
The Jewish population
Upton Sinclair
The Jungle, the author related the despair of immigrants working in Chicagos stockyards and revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry.
How was the KKK of the 1920s different from the organizations during Reconstruction?
The KKK differed from the KKK were rooted in white supremacy and aimed to promote their ideology, and the KKK of the 1920s expanded its targets, memberships, tactics, and its goals - such as racial terrorism, secretive nature.
17th Amendment
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. - When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. - This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
What did the Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act say?
The Smith-Connally Act was enacted as a response to labor unrest and strikes that posed a potential threat to the efficient production of war materials. It aimed to ensure uninterrupted war production by granting the government additional powers to intervene in labor disputes and maintain industrial stability during the war.
What was the agreement that officially ended the war known as?
The agreement that officially ended ww1 is know as the Treaty of Versailles. It was signed on June28, 1919, in the palace of Versailles near paris, France. It was a peace treaty and included terms and conditions for peace and imposed significant consequences on Germany.
What was the spark that launched WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo Bosnia. The assassination was carried out by a Bosnian Serb nationalist name Gavrilo Princip, who was a member of the Black Hand secret society.
What criticisms did some have of Ford's use of the assembly line?
The assembly line required workers to perform repetitive tasks. This resulted in the deskilling of workers, as they became a specialized in narrow, repetitive tasks, which some argued could lead to a loss of job satisfaction and creativity. The fast paced nature of the assembly line often subjected workers to intense physical demands and longs hours, some argued that the working conditions were harsh and detrimental to the well-being and safety of the works. The assembly line system dehumanized workers, reducing them to mere cogs in a machine. The assembly line system limited workers decision-making power and autonomy. Some argued that the assembly line system prioritized quantity over quality, leading to a decline inn craftsmanship and attention to detail.
What happens on Dec. 7, 1941?
The attack on Pearl Harbor. Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise military strike on the US naval base at pearl harbor, located in Hawaii.
Describe the Bonus Army fiasco
The bonus army was a groyp of ww1 veterans who gathered in Washington dc in the summer of 1932 to demand immediate payment of a bonus that had been promised to them for their service. The bonus army hoped their presence would put pressure on the government to pass legislation allowing for the early payment of the bonus. In July 1932, the senate voted against the legislation that would have authorized the early payment. The situation grew more intense and Pres Hoover ordered the evacuation of the veteran's encampments. The eviction, which took place on July 28, 1932, turned violent as clashes occurred between the veterans and the police and military forces. The authorities used tear gas, cavalry, and tanks to disperse the veterans and destroy their encampments. The confrontation resulted in several casualties.
What was the ruling in Gitlow v. New York?
The court held that the 14th amendment of the Us Constitution protected freedom of speech and press from infringement by state governments. This decision marked a significant expansion of the 1st amendment's reach, as it applied the protections of free speech to actions by state and local authorities. The ruling established a precedent that states could not dent individuals their right to free speech and press as protected by the first amendment, as applied through the 14th.
The decade saw the rise of what three forms of mass media?
The decade that saw the rise of 3 major forms of mass media was the 1920s, often referred to the "Roaring Twenties". Radio, cinema, and print media.
What and where was the "Dust Bowl"? Who were the Oakies?
The dust bowl was a period of severe dust storms and ecological disaster that occurred in the central and southern plains of the US during 1930s, primarily in the states of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, new Mexico, and Colorado. The dust bowl had devastating effects on agricultural productivity, leading to crop failures, widespread unemployment, and economic hardship for farmers and rural communities. During this time, many farmers and their families, particularly from Oklahoma, were forced to migrate to other states in search of work and better living conditions. These migrants were often referred to as "Okies".
. Election of 1936-candidates, platforms, parties, result
The election was won by the incumbent President FDR, who represent the Democratic party. Alf Landon was the other candidate representing the republican party. FDR emphasize the continuation and expansion of New Deal programs to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression. Landon took a more conservative stance, criticized the New Deal policies as excessive government intervention and argued for reducing federal spending, balancing the budget, and promoting private enterprise and the solution to the economic crisis.
Why was the Federal Trade Commission created?
The federal trade commission was created in 1914 with the enactment of the Federal Trade Commission Act. It helped promote fair competition, enforce antitrust laws, consumer protection, information gathering and advocacy, and administrative efficiency (efficient marketplace).
What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and what long-term effect did it have on industry?
The fire happened in March 1911, a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, it killed 146 workers (most of them were young jewish woman). This shocked Americans and America's attention then focused on the need to protect workers. After the fire, progressives intensified their calls for reform. New York passed laws to make workplaces safer, and other cities/states followed suit. Many states also adopted works compensation laws that set up funds to pay workers who were hurt on the job. The fire caused long term affects by setting laws and rules to protect these workers and give them compensation for their work/trouble.
League of Nations -
The first international cooperation, maintaining peace, and preventing future conflicts.
US foreign policy of 1920s?
The foreign policy of the US during the 1920s was largely characterized by a desire to avoid international entanglements and focus on domestic concerns. Some key features of US foreign policy during the 1920s include isolationism, disarmament, economic focus, immigration restriction, non-intervention in latin America. Overall, the foreign policy of the US in the 1920s reflected a desire to avoid international conflicts, focus on economic growth, and maintain a stance of non-intervention in global affairs.
What was the Manhattan Project designed to produce?
The goal was to develop atomic weapons, specifically the creation of the worlds first atomic bomb.
What was the Great Migration?
The great migration refers to the movement of millions of African americans from the rural south to the ubran north, Midwest, and west between the early 1910s and the 1970s. It was one of the largest internal migrations in American history. The great migration was primarily driven by various social, economic, and political factors, in the south, African American face widespread racial discrimination, segregation, and limited economic opportunities. The promise of better job prospects, higher wages, and the hope for a more tolerant, and equitable society motivated many African americans to leave the south and seek a better life somewhere else.
What condition in big northern cities did Prohibition lead to?
The growth of illegal activites and the rise of organized crime.
What issue was on trial during the "Scopes Trial"?
The issue at the center of the "Scopes Trial" was the teaching of evolution in public schools. The trail took place in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee and gained significant national attention. John T. Scopes, a high school science teacher, was charged with violating a tennesse state law known as the Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of any theory that denied the biblical account of human creation. The trial became a widely publicized confrontation between proponets of fundamentalist Christian beliefs and those advocating for the teaching of evolution.
Consumer Protection-what did the following acts do?
The meal inspection act was aimed the regulate and improve the quality and safety of meat and meant products intended for human consumption. The pure food was aimed the ensure the safety and labeling accuracy of food and drugs sold in interstate merchandising.
What were the Palmer Raids? Why did they happen?
The palmer raids were a response to the prevailing fear and anxiety surrounding the perceived threat of communist, anarchist, and socialist ideologies. The end of ww1 and the Russian revolution had sparked concerns about the potential spread od revolutionary ideas and the destabilization of established governments. The raids involved large-scale arrests, raids on private residences, and the seizure of materials such as pamphlets, books, and documents associated with radical political ideologies.
The Road to WWII A. Lost Opportunities 1. What was the purpose of the Washington Naval Conference?
The purpose of the conference was to address the naval arms race and growing tensions among major world powers following ww1. They wanted to achieve limited naval armaments, naval disbarment, and promote peace and diplomacy.
The Republican Decade -Election of 1920-candidates, parties, platforms, results?
The republican candidate Warren G. Harding defeated the Democratic candidate James M. Cox. Warren campaigned on a platform of "return to normalcy", emphasizing a desire to restore stability and prosperity to the US following ww1 and advocated for reduce of government intervention in the economy and focus on business-friendly policies. James supported progressive reforms and called for continued government involvement in the economy. He advocated for international cooperation, women's suffrage, and labor rights.
What nation did the US officially recognize in 1933?
The soviet union.
Define laissez faire (Republican economic philosophy)
The term "laissez-faire" is of French origin and translate to "let it be" or "let it do". In the context of economic policy, it means allowing businesses and the market to operate with minimal interference from the government. The philosophy assumes that free markets, driven by supply and demand, will naturally lead to economic efficiency, innovation, and overall prosperity.
What happened in 1919 that happened more than any other year?
The widespread labor unrest and strikes that took place in various parts of the world. This period can be referred to as the "Great Upheaval" or the "Year of the Striker". Could've been caused by the economic changes and social tensions after the ww, workers demand better wages, improved working condition, and greater rights.
Why should Taft be considered the "trustbuster" rather than Roosevelt?
Theodore is more associated with trustbusting but Taft has several antitrust cases against monopolistic corporations, including the landmark Standard Oil case. He actively pursued legal action against monopolies and worked to break up concentrations of economic power. Taft's antitrust efforts led to the dissolution of numerous monopolies and demonstrated his commitment to promoting fair competition in the marketplace. While Roosevelt's approach may have been more aggressive, Taft's actions as president undeniably marked him as a trustbuster as well.
Define the following progressive reforms:
These progressive reformers wanted a change, so they created books/articles for the public to view them and help support the need for reform in the nation. They brought up "ugly side of things" to show the people what the government is ignoring/hiding.
Who was Charles Lindbergh? Amelia Earhart?
They were both notable aviators in the early 20th century. Charles gained international fame for his solo non-stop flights across the Atlantic ocean in 1927. Lindbergh's historic flight, known as "Spirit of St. Louis", took him from New York to paris. This achievement made him the first person to complete a solo transatlantic flight, earning him the nickname "Lucky Lindy" and catapulting him to celebrity statues. Amelia was an American aviation pioneer and a prominent figure in the early days of flight. Earhart set multiple aviation records, including being the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean in 1932. She played in instrumental role in promoting womens involvement in aviation and served as an inspiration to aspiring female pilots. Tragically, she disappeared on July 2, 1937, during an attempted to circumnavigate the globe. Her disappearance still remains a mystery.
How did Calvin Coolidge originally become President?
Through succession. He was serving as the vice president under president Warren G. Harding when Harding suddenly died in office on August 2nd. 1923. Following Harding's death, Coolidge took the oath of office and assume the presidency on august 3, 1923.
World War I What were the major long-term causes of WWI?
Treat of Versailles had harsh terms imposed on Germany laid the foundation for resentment and instability, the treaty led to territorial losses, severe reparations, and demilitarization which created a sense of injustice and humiliation in Germany. Imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and alliances.
what are u-boats, and how did they threaten US neutrality?
U-boats are short for Unterseeboot, German submarines used these during both WW1 and WW2. Germany employed U-boats as a naval weapon to disrupt allied shipping and attempt to cut off British supply lines. American ships carrying goods and passengers could potentially be targeted and sunk by German U-Boats without warning. Several incidents occurred where U.S. merchant vessels were sunk, resulting in American casualties and loss of cargo.
World War II Name the major Allied powers-
United states, UK, soviet union, china, and France.
4. What and when was V-E Day?
Victory in Europe Day, is the day marking the formal acceptance by the Allies of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender, effectively ending ww2 in Europe. May 5, 1945.
What and when was V-J Day?
Victory over Japan Day, the day which Japan surrendered in Ww2, effectively ending the war. September 2, 1945.
What message did W.E.B. DuBois have for African Americans and what institution did he help found during this period?
W.E.B Du Bois was an influential African American intellectual and civil rights activist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, had a message of racial equality, civil rights, and political activism for African Americans. Du Boise co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. The NAACP became a leading civil rights organization, dedicated to combating racial discrimination and fighting for equal rights for African Americans.
What was the wrongdoing in the Teapot Dome Scandal?
Warren accepted bribes from oil companies in exchange for granting them favorable leases on federal oil fields. The scandal tarnished the reputation of Harding's administration and led to investigations and prosecutions.
What was the Atlantic Charter?
Was a join declaration issued by US President FDR and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941, during ww2. The charter outlined the shared goals and principles of the US and Great Britain for a post-war world.
What happened at the Battle of the Bulge? When was it?
Was a major offensive launch by the German forces during ww2. The Germans forces caught the Allies off guard and creating a salient in the front lines, however the Allies regrouped and launched a counteroffensive, ultimately pushing back the Germans and restoring the front lines. This happened from December 16, 1944 to January 25, 1945.
What was the importance of the Battle of Coral Sea?
Was a significant naval engagement between the US and Japan during ww2. It was the first major naval battle in history where opposing fleets did not make direct contact with each other.
3. What was significant about the Battle of Leyte Gulf?
Was a significant naval engagement in the Pacific Theater during ww2. It is considered one of the largest naval battles in history. The battle marked a major turning point in the war, as it resulted in the decisive defeat of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Who was the Bases-for-Destroyers deal between?
Was an arrangement between the US and the UK during ww2.
What was the preferred method used by Nazis to accomplish their goal?
Was mass murder through various means, with poisonous gas
What was the motivation behind the Japanese interment episode?
Was primarily rooted in fear, racial prejudice, and national security concerns. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, there was a widespread fear and paranoia among many Americans about potential acts of sabotage or espionage by individuals of Japanese descent living in US.
What was the decision in Koremastu v. United States?
What was the decision in Koremastu v. United States? The court ruled that the need to protect against espionage and sabotage outweighted the individual rights of Japanese americans, even though there was no evidence of their involvement in such activities.
What finally provoked the US into declaring war on Germany?
When the Zimmerman Telegram became public knowledge in March 1917, it caused outrage in the US and provided President Woodrow with a justification for requesting Congress to declare war on Germany.
What was the initial US position on the war?
When the war broke out in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson and the U.S. government aimed to keep the US out the conflict and maintain a position of non-intervention.
How did the depression affect racial tensions during the period?
While everyone face a great deal of problems during the Great Depression, particularly African Americans and Mexican Americans, face unique challenges and often experienced heightened racial tensions. White workers sometimes blamed minority groups for taking away job opportunities, often encountered discrimination when seeking employment or relief assistance, the economic hardships of the depression led to the implementation of repatriation and deportation efforts, primarily targeting Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants, and racial violence. The Great Depression and the shared experience of economic hardship did lead to some instances of interracial solidarity and cooperation.
William Howard Taft a. Election of 1908-candidates, platforms, parties, result?
William Howard Taft was the Republican Party candidate (supported the expansion of progessive policies). William Jennings Bryan was a democratic party candidate (advocating for reduction in tariffs, income tax reform, economy stuff). Eugene V. Debs was a candidate for the Socialist Party of America (social justice, workers rights). William Howard Taft won the election and became the 27th president of the US. With 321 electoral votes and Jennings in second, Eugene in last.
Woodrow Wilson a. Election of 1912-candidates, platforms, parties, result?
Woodrow Wilson ran as the democratic party's candidate (was a former governor of new jersey and a progressive reformer, tariff reductions, banking reform, and antitrust legislation). Theodore Roosevelt ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party ("Bull Moose" party). Was a former Republican president who had previously served 2 terms, campaigned for a "New Nationalism" platform, advocating for stronger government intervention in the economy, labor reforms, & social justice). William Howard Taft was the Republican party's nominee, incumbent president at the time. Campaigned on a more limited government role & continuation of the policies he had pursued during his term. Eugene V. Debs ran as the candidate of the Socialist party, advocated for the interest of the working class, calling for reforms such as workers' rights, an end to child labor, & the nationalization of major industries. The election resulted in Woodrow Wilson's victory, wont the electoral votes of 40 states, securing a total of 435 electoral votes. Roosevelt came in second, Taft won just two states, Debs in last receiving a significant number of popular votes but did not win any electoral votes.
i. WPA
Work Progress Administration, it was a New Deal program designed to provide employment opportunities and stimulate economic growth by funding various public work projects.
Jacob Riis
a photographer for the New York Evening Sun. He published several works, including How the Other Half Lives, The History of Standard Oil.
Mandate system
a system of administration for former colonies and territories that had been under the control of defeated powers during the war. Under the mandate system. The league of nations granted temporary control and oversight of these territories to advanced nations called "mandates".
The 1920s A. The Red Scare and Immigration- The "Red Scare" was a nationwide hysteria concerning what political belief? What had happened in 1918 caused this?
happened in 1918 caused this? The red scare in 1918 primarily concerned the fear and persecution of individuls associated with radical socialist and anarchist political beliefs. The US had fear and hysteria over the perceived threat of radical political ideologies and their potential to incite social unrest and overthrow the government. This emerged in the aftermant of the Russian Revolution in 1917, which brought the Bolsheviks to power and established a communist regime in Russia. The fear of similar revolution taking place in the US led to widespread suspicion and a crackdown on individuals and organizations associated with left-wing radical political beliefs.
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Explain the following conditions: 1. reparations
payments or compensation made by a defeated country to the victorious countries or individuals affected by a war or conflict. The purpose of reparations is to acknowledge the damage caused by the aggressor and provide some form of correction.
war guilt clause
refers specifically to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, held Germany and its allies solely responsible for causing the war and imposed significant consequences on Germany. Germany has to accept full responsibility for starting the war.
military limitations
restrictions imposed on the size, capabilities, or deployment of a nations armed forces. These limitations are often designed to promote stability, prevent aggression, and reduce the likelihood of conflict.
Lincoln Steffens
was a managing editor at McClure's, a maganize known for uncovering social problems. In 1903, Steffens publishes The Shame of the Cities a collection of articles on political corruption in the nations cities.
