NASM CPT - Ch.3: Psychology of Exercise

Long-term exercise adherence is associated with which type of motivation? A. Intrinsic motivation B. Amotivation C. Incentive motivation D. Extrinsic motivation

A. Intrinsic motivation

Which of the following is our most restorative tool? A. Food B. Sleep C. Exercise D. Massage

B. Sleep

Which subtopic of psychology deals with how the environment affects exercise behavior? A. Social psychology B. Health psychology C. Developmental psychology D. Sport and exercise psychology

D. Sport and exercise psychology

Outcome goals

Goals focused on the end result.

Informational support

Providing accurate, current, and informative information.

Sleep apnea

A sleep disorder in which a person's breathing repeatedly stops and starts, which disrupts the body's natural sleep cycle.

Social physique anxiety

A specific form of anxiety that occurs in individuals who perceive that others could be negatively evaluating their physique.

Which term best describes when someone has mixed feelings about exercise and can see both the pros and cons of participating? A. Ambivalence B. Confusion C. Ambiguity D. Unequivocal

A. Ambivalence

The role of psychology in fitness and wellness is strongly rooted in which area? A. Behavioral change B. Depression C. Eating disorders D. Social physique anxiety

A. Behavioral change

Which of the following reasons for group exercise participation is described as having a schedule and being able to anticipate what the exercise experience will be like? A. Consistency B. Intensity C. Accountability D. Mindlessness

A. Consistency

When it comes to exercise, older adults find which of the following to be the most motivating? A. Health and well-being B. Competition with others C. Being a part of a social group D. Improved physical appearance

A. Health and well-being

A new client is having trouble managing her busy schedule and has cancelled her last 3 personal training sessions. What is the best option for the fitness professional? A. Help the client determine her barriers, and talk through strategies to overcome them. B. Refund the remaining sessions and actively search for a new client. C. Let the client know that cancelling sessions costs them money without providing any benefits. D. Politely let the client know that you are transferring them to another trainer.

A. Help the client determine her barriers, and talk through strategies to overcome them.

Which type of support is the most common provided by a fitness professional? A. Informational support B. Emotional support C. Companionship support D. Instrumental support

A. Informational support

Which type of motivation would be characterized by a client who enjoys the process of becoming more fit? A. Intrinsic motivation B. Achievement motivation C. Extrinsic motivation D. Affiliation motivation

A. Intrinsic motivation

Not having someone to exercise with would be an example of which type of barrier? A. Lack of social support B. Lack of convenience C. Lack of willpower D. Lack of motivation

A. Lack of social support

Which barrier is most often cited as a top barrier among most individuals? A. Lack of time B. Lack of energy C. Lack of enjoyment D. Lack of social support

A. Lack of time

Which of the following is a top barrier to exercise, evident among adults of all ages? A. Lack of time B. Muscle or bone weaknesses C. Negative self-perception D. Lack of transportation

A. Lack of time

Which leadership component refers to the leader being a great example for how to live a healthy and balanced life, which includes being optimistic, empathetic, and knowledgeable? A. Leader's qualities B. The personality of the leader C. The requirements of the leader D. Leader's style

A. Leader's qualities

A benefit of being part of an exercise group includes comradery, which is described by which of the following statements? A. Participants are forming connections with people who are attempting to achieve similar results, while experiencing feelings of friendship, closeness, and loyalty. B. Participants have people they can compare themselves with. Being able to see what others can do and achieve can serve as further motivation. C. When a group or situation is warm and inviting, it brings people together; when people feel welcome, they are likely to return. D. Participants are encouraged to push as hard as they can and may work harder in the presence of the group.

A. Participants are forming connections with people who are attempting to achieve similar results, while experiencing feelings of friendship, closeness, and loyalty.

Extrinsic motivation is characterized by which of the following? A. Participating in an activity or behavior for some type of reward or recognition from others B. Being motivated by a fear of failure C. Being motivated by the process of changing behaviors D. A drive to be good at something

A. Participating in an activity or behavior for some type of reward or recognition from others

Research has demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise is best for which of the following? A. Providing psychological benefits B. Winning a triathlon C. Developing intrinsic motivation D. Reducing burnout

A. Providing psychological benefits

What trap do new exercisers often fall into? A. Setting goals that are unrealistic B. Failing to keep a log of activities C. Establishing goals that are too easily reached D. Relying on a personal trainer to motivate them

A. Setting goals that are unrealistic

Which barrier to exercise is most likely to be associated with body image issues? A. Social physique anxiety B. Unrealistic goals C. Lack of social support D. Ambivalence

A. Social physique anxiety

Psychology

An area of science that focuses on people, and in particular, how the mind and feelings may influence behaviors.

Which scenario best demonstrates companionship support? A. Making time to talk to clients about how their exercise program is going B. Coordinating group events that are centered around physical activities C. Creating handouts for clients that cover topics about fitness and wellness D. Taking someone shopping to purchase attire for exercise

B. Coordinating group events that are centered around physical activities

A community could influence physical activity for its inhabitants by doing which of the following? A. Reducing the number of fast-food restaurants B. Creating more green spaces, playgrounds, and walking trails C. Limiting the number of sports leagues that are using a community center D. Allowing more permits for fitness facilities to open

B. Creating more green spaces, playgrounds, and walking trails

Which source of social support has been shown to be particularly important for older adults? A. The community B. Family C. Exercise leader D. Exercise group

B. Family

Social physique anxiety is more prevalent in which population? A. Males B. Females C. People with a low body mass index D. People with a low body fat percentage

B. Females

A known relationship between sleep and exercise is demonstrated by which statement? A. In order for exercise to improve sleep, it must be coupled with medication. B. Increasing physical activity to at least 150 minutes per week at a moderate intensity can decrease symptoms of insomnia. C. Resistance training has not been shown to have any positive effect on sleep disturbances. D. Getting 10 minutes a day of physical activity is all that is needed to improve insomnia.

B. Increasing physical activity to at least 150 minutes per week at a moderate intensity can decrease symptoms of insomnia.

Loaning some exercise bands to a client who is scheduled to go on vacation is an example of which type of social support? A. Informational support B. Instrumental support C. Companionship support D. Emotional support

B. Instrumental support

Having an informal role in an exercise group is demonstrated by which example? A. Setting the time for the group to meet B. Planning social gatherings for the group C. Planning the workout for the group D. Providing modifications during the workout

B. Planning social gatherings for the group

Self-esteem and body image are said to have which type of relationship? A. Independent B. Reciprocal C. Autonomous D. Unequal

B. Reciprocal

Changing leadership style based on the size of a group would be an example of which component of leadership? A. Leadership styles B. Situational factors C. Follower's qualities D. Leader's qualities

B. Situational factors

The number of sidewalks available in a community is an example of which of the following? A. The constructed environment B. The built environment C. The assembled environment D. The manufactured environment

B. The built environment

An important aspect of an established exercise group includes which of the following? A. Groups function only when all members are present. B. The group feels distinct from other people. C. Groups rely only on the leader for support. D. Once the group is formed, no other participants are allowed in.

B. The group feels distinct from other people.

Social support is best described by which statement? A. Providing counseling sessions with clients who exhibit signs of depression B. The intentional things that people do to assist others to achieve a specific behavior C. Rearranging a schedule to accommodate a client's availability D. Posting on social media about the recent successes of clients

B. The intentional things that people do to assist others to achieve a specific behavior

What is one of the most important things about psychology and its relationship with fitness and wellness? A. The role it plays in successful weight loss B. The role it plays in the behavioral change process C. The need for personal trainers to possess education in the field of psychology D. The ability to use a client's personality traits to manipulate the outcome of exercise

B. The role it plays in the behavioral change process

When family members are not supportive of exercise-related behaviors, it can be viewed as which of the following? A. Amotivation to exercise B. An influence on exercise C. A barrier to exercise D. Ambivalence toward exercise

C. A barrier to exercise

When it comes to barriers to exercise, which statement is correct? A. Barriers never change; therefore, individuals need to focus on motives. B. It is impossible to ever fully overcome all barriers. C. Barriers to exercise are often cited by people who are sedentary or infrequently active. D. All individuals have "lack of time" as a barrier.

C. Barriers to exercise are often cited by people who are sedentary or infrequently active.

Which of the following is true about body image? A. Body image is a very stable variable and, once established, rarely changes for an individual. B. Body image is more positive in individuals who regularly exercise in a group setting. C. Body image may not match reality, and people may view their bodies in a negative way and evaluate themselves inaccurately. D. Body image is measured accurately based on an individual evaluating a picture of themselves.

C. Body image may not match reality, and people may view their bodies in a negative way and evaluate themselves inaccurately.

A client who has been training for 6 months has recently moved farther from the fitness facility. Which barrier should she be preparing to overcome? A. Lack of time B. Ambivalence C. Convenience D. Lack of social support

C. Convenience

Providing encouragement and being empathetic is an example of which type of social support? A. Companionship support B. Instrumental support C. Emotional support D. Informational support

C. Emotional support

What does the term companionship support refer to? A. Having a dependency on support from a companion B. Providing accurate, current information to another individual C. Engaging in a behavior with another individual D. Identifying with another person's feelings, attitudes, or thoughts

C. Engaging in a behavior with another individual

A long-term client has recently indicated that she wants to start training for a fitness competition and, due to her competitive nature, she indicates that she wants to win. Which type of motivation is driving her? A. Autonomy motivation B. Affiliation motivation C. Extrinsic motivation D. Intrinsic motivation

C. Extrinsic motivation

What does the term mood refer to? A. An emotion experienced in the moment B. One's self-esteem on a given day C. How someone feels over the long term D. A short-term reaction to a situation

C. How someone feels over the long term

A client who has been training consistently for over a year has indicated that he wants to find more efficient ways to exercise at home. Which type of social support does he need? A. Emotional support B. Companionship support C. Informational support D. Instrumental support

C. Informational support

Having poor body image is most likely to be associated with which of the following? A. Low levels of motivation B. Low levels of social support C. Low self-esteem D. Low body mass index

C. Low self-esteem

The intensity and direction of someone's effort describes which of the following? A. Aspiration B. Initiative C. Motivation D. Ambition

C. Motivation

Which source of social support for exercise is the most influential for children and adolescents? A. The community B. Peers C. Parents D. Exercise groups

C. Parents

Ambivalent people may be reluctant to start an exercise program. What should the fitness professional focus on when helping a potential client overcome this barrier? A. Let them know that you will not take no for an answer because exercise is good for everyone. B. Let them know you understand it is a difficult decision to participate and you will give them time to think about it. C. Probe further to determine other barriers they are experiencing and possible motives to participate. D. Provide information about the benefits of participating and hope they decide to participate.

C. Probe further to determine other barriers they are experiencing and possible motives to participate.

Which type of professionals are qualified to counsel individuals who are diagnosed with depression, using exercise as a supplemental treatment? A. Registered dietitian or nutritionist B. Certified Personal Trainer or certified fitness professional C. Psychologist or psychiatrist D. Corrective exercise specialist or certified exercise physiologist

C. Psychologist or psychiatrist

If a client is using social media to find inspiration, information, or support for their fitness endeavors, it would be an example of which social construct? A. Social connections B. Social pressure C. Social influence D. Social ambivalence

C. Social influence

The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation describes which term? A. Income status B. Social influence C. Socioeconomic status D. Net worth

C. Socioeconomic status

Informational support would be provided by which example? A. Letting a client know they are not alone in the process of losing weight B. Holding the client accountable to lifting weights 3 days per week C. Teaching a client how many minutes of cardio they should be accumulating each day D. Working out alongside a client

C. Teaching a client how many minutes of cardio they should be accumulating each day

Empathy is best described as? A. Being positive and outgoing during training sessions B. Listening to a client but not providing any support C. The ability to identify with how another person feels D. Providing instrumental support to an individual

C. The ability to identify with how another person feels

The field of psychology focuses on which of the following domains? A. Physiological systems B. Pathology of disease C. The mind and behavior D. Neuromuscular adaptations

C. The mind and behavior

If a new client indicates that they are frustrated with their lack of expected results, which barrier are they likely experiencing? A. Ambivalence B. Lack of social support C. Unrealistic goals D. Social physique anxiety

C. Unrealistic goals

When a client indicates that she finds it difficult to complete a workout on her own, she is likely in need of which type of support? A. Emotional support B. Instrumental support C. Informational support D. Companionship support

D. Companionship support

At the beginning of an exercise session, a client has shared that they are in a bad mood and would rather skip the session. Which of the following observations should the fitness professional share with the client? A. Exercise can only affect mood when done for at least 60 minutes, so it would be best to stay longer than normal. B. Exercise cannot improve mood, so it would be best to reschedule the session for another day. C. Exercise is known to exacerbate a bad mood; therefore, stopping the session is a good idea. D. Exercise is known to improve mood, even with bouts as short as 10 minutes, so exercise is a good remedy.

D. Exercise is known to improve mood, even with bouts as short as 10 minutes, so exercise is a good remedy.

Self-esteem is defined by which of the following? A. When someone is anxious about how others view their body B. How someone conceptualizes their place in society C. How someone views their physical self or how they visualize their body D. How someone evaluates their own self-worth physically, emotionally, and socially

D. How someone evaluates their own self-worth physically, emotionally, and socially

Which statement best demonstrates empathy? A. I think you will feel healthier once you finally lose some weight. B. If you spend more time in the gym, you will reach your goals faster. C. I don't understand why you think it's so hard to do 30 minutes of cardio 3 times a week. D. I know that finding time to exercise is hard. I struggle to get it done sometimes as well.

D. I know that finding time to exercise is hard. I struggle to get it done sometimes as well.

A new client has indicated that they are exercising due to advice from their physician, but they are generally amotivated. What would be the best choice for the personal trainer in their initial meeting? A. Establish short- and long-term goals. B. Create a plan for overcoming barriers. C. Start establishing an emotional support system. D. Inquire further about what their motives are for participating.

D. Inquire further about what their motives are for participating.

Which type of support describes the actions that a person takes to help another person engage in exercise? A. Companionship support B. Informational support C. Emotional support D. Instrumental support

D. Instrumental support

Generally speaking, what does psychology influence regarding fitness and wellness on any given day? A. The decision to be happy or sad B. The decision to hire a personal trainer or not C. The decision to make nutritional choices or not D. The decision to be physically active or not

D. The decision to be physically active or not

Unrealistic goals can become a barrier when which of the following happens? A. When outcome goals are objective B. When process goals are too specific C. When only one goal is set D. When goals are not adjusted

D. When goals are not adjusted

Ambivalence

Describes a person's state of mixed feelings about a situation

Amotivation

Describes when someone is not motivated to engage in an activity or behavior.

Process goals

Refers to the process of goal pursuit.

Empathy

The ability to identify with another person's feelings, attitudes, or thoughts.

Instrumental support

The actions that directly facilitate a behavior to happen. In the context of exercise, instrumental support can include driving a person to a health club or paying for the gym membership.

Emotional support

The encouragement and positive reinforcement that is provided from an individual to another, which includes being caring, empathetic, and showing concern.

Motivation

The intensity and direction of someone's effort to participate in an activity or engage in a behavior.

Social support

The intentional ways that people assist others in achieving a specific behavior.

Adherence

The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action.

Socioeconomic status

The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation.

Self-esteem

The way someone evaluates their own self-worth physically, emotionally, and socially.

Body image

The way someone views their physical self or visualizes their body.

Intrinsic motivation

When people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction.

Companionship support

When someone engages in a behavior with an individual. This type of support is often observed in an exercise setting where people exercise with a friend or partner.

Extrinsic motivation

When someone participates in an activity or behavior for some type of reward or recognition from others.