National Counselor Exam

Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product?

"You wince whenever Jane raises her voice."

Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors?

.001

The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P =

.001 (Explanation: The smaller the value for P the more stringent the level of significance).

Identify the DSM code.

296.99

Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?

A 32-year-old female drill press operator

A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is

A Back-Up Reinforcer (Explanation: a back-up reinforcer is an item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens).

________ would be an informal method of appraisal.

A checklist

It is easiest to empathize with

A client who is similar to you

In most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

A clinical psychologist

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is _____

A lack of goal setting

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statisicians call it ____

A skewed distribution

A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of what association?

AARC- Association for Assessment and Research

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the

APGA The American Personnel and Guidance Association

Lewis Terman

Americanized the Binet, and since he was associated with Standford University the test became the Stanford-Binet.

A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as Peeping Tom or

An interrogator

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

Approach-Approach conflict (Explanation: in the approach-approach format the individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously).

An 11-year-child comes to your office with a black eye and tells you she can't remember how she received it. You have reason to suspect abuse. You should

Call the child abuse/neglect hotline

A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their NCE scores the result would

Close to 0.00 (Explanation: There is an absence of association because as one variable changes, the other variable varies randomly).

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was bad, though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as

Connotative Error

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.

Conventional (Explanation: the conventional type values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role.

The counselor's social power is related to

Expertise, attractiveness, and Trustworthiness (memory technique) "EAT"

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area—who were the first to forsake the matching models—-were

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general

Girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2, girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

The ________movement began in the late 1960s.

Group

Bibliotherapy is a form of

Homework

Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as

Horizontal interventions (When the leader works with the group as a whole)

In the 1920's, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated

How an individual felt toward other ethic groups

A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or time efficient as group screening, many group leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior

In terms of counselor-client interaction

The Oedipus complex occurs

In the Phallic stage

Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as

It can stunt creativity and it can boost conformity.

According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be

Jogging (Explanation: Glasser stresses that people can be addicted to positive behaviors and this helps instill self-confidence).

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

John Crites

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?

Length in inches and length in centimeters

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to

Occupational Outlook Handbook

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.

When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means

Probability

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of

R. A. Fisher (Explanation: a hypothesis is a statement which can be tested regarding the relationship of the IV and the DV)

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby Jr. is to

RBT (he's the father of rational-behavior therapy), which is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis. Maultsby's technique is said to work well for multicultural counseling and group therapy. In group work, the counselor has a didactic or a teaching role in which participants are taught to apply the techniques to their own lives. The leader encourages equal group participation for all members and gives reading assignments (i.e., bibliotherapy) between the sessions. All in all, the leader is highly directive and uses RBT as a model for self-help. Like REBT, RBT utilizes rational-emotive imagery on a regular basis.

REBT was formerly known as

RET (Rational-Emotive Therapy)

The statement "Whites are better than African American illustrates

Racism

The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress ___________ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.

Slower (Explanation: Because Gestalt therapists are generally rather confrontational theorists assume that the client-counselor relationship will progress at a slower rate).

In a counseling research study, two groups of subjects took a test with the same name. However, when they talked with each other they discovered the questions were different. The researcher assured both groups that they were given the same test. How is this possible?

The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test

Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as

The work against the group; the serve the individual and not the group

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Volume or mass

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

When the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

Piaget is

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.

Francis Galton felt intelligence was

a unitary faculty

You are a school counselor who wished to refer an orthopedically disabled student to a private practice. In general the best reference would be: a. CRC b. MAC c. licensed clinical psychologist d. licensed social worker

a. CRC Certified Rehabilitation Counselor ** a person who specializes in helping people with disabilities achieve various goals (personal, career, independent living) through counseling process

A counselor wins the lottery and closes her practice without telling her clients. This counselor's course of action is best described as

abandonment

A valid test is _______ reliable.

always

In terms of group risks

an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.

An adept group leader will

attempt to safeguard clients against risks & work to reduce risks and dangers.

An eclectic counselor

attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. (50% of counselors claim to be eclectic)

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles:

autocratic (authoritarian), democratic (participative) , and laissez faire (group members can do as they please without leader interference or direction)

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or

be widowed and seeking employment or be divorced and seeking employment.

In terms of parenting young children....

boys are punished more than girls.

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on

circumscription and compromise theory

Counselors can more easily advise

clients from their own culture

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples

dual-career families/couples have less leisure time

Counselors who have good listening skills

facilitate therapeutic surrender.

group norms

govern acceptable behavior and group rules

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except

it is a correlation coefficient.

A critical period

makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior wont be learned at all (Explanation: a critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process. A critical period marks the importance of heredity and environment on development).

You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Ethically, Dr. Smith

may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client.

Shoulds and oughts are ________ according to Ellis.

musturbations

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as

one standard deviation above the mean. Z-scores are the same as standard deviations! In fact, z-scores are often called standard scores.

Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since

only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord)

A woman who is in private practice mentions in her phone book advertisement that she is a licensed counseling psychologist. This generally means that

she has a graduate degree from a psychology department

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume

should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern

Existentialists focus primarily on

the client's perception in the here-and-now. (focus is on what the person can ultimately become)

In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess

unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou" relationship

In a cyclical test

you have several sections which are spiral in nature

Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process?

"Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens."

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."

Group advantages include:

(1) group work allows for "in vivo" interpersonal work with a sense of belonging; (2) that it is cost effective and allows a trained counselor to help a greater number of people in a smaller amount of time; (3) it promotes universality (4) it can be an effective support system (5) members get multiple feedback (6) members can model successful communication and coping skills

John Holland's four assumptions were

(1) in our culture, there are six basic personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional. (2) most work environments correspond to six personality types. (3) people search out an agreeable environment which lets them express their personality type. (4) the individuals behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the environment.

You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item difficulty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at

.25

A career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be _______ or higher.

.80 or higher (Explanation: although .70 is generally acceptable for most psychological attributes, for admissions for jobs, schools, and so on, it should be at least .80.

An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of

.90 90% of the score measured the attribute in question, while 10% of the score is indicative of error.

In the social sciences the accepted probability is usually

0.5 or less (Explanation: the most two popular levels of significance are 0.5 and 0.1).

In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of

1.0 ( take the number of persons tested who answered the item correctly /total number of persons tested).

In a lifetime the average person has

10-15 jobs

The mean on the Wechsler and the Stanford- Binet intelligence scales is _______ and the standard deviation is _______.

100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet

Z-scores (aka standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a Z-score of -2.5 means

2.5 SD below the mean

The same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance is

49% (Explanation: .70 X .70 = .49 X 100 = 49%

In World War II the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and nine as the highest. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in Stanine

5

Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has _______members.

5 or 6 to 8

The Binet stresses age-related tasks. Utilizing this method a 9 year old task would be one which

50% of the 9 year olds could answer correctly

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator

The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be

61 (Explanation: the range is the simplest way to measure the spread of scores)

The WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115.

68 (Explanation: in a normal distribution approximately 68% of the population will fall between +\- 1 standard deviation of the mean.

The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then

68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.

6;3

A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. This indicates that

70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson

80% of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis and an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

A 13 year old male middle school student (Explanation: conformity seems to peak in the early teens).

The term re-entry woman would best describe

A 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast food restaurant. (Explanation: the term re-entry women refers to women who go from working within the home to working outside the home)

There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?

A DSM or ICD diagnostic category (Explanation: a nominal scale has no true zero point and does not indicate order).

________is a biofeedback device.

A bathroom scale (Explanation: Biofeedback does not change the client, it merely provides the client and helper with biological information such that the client can master self-regulation).

A bimodal distribution has two modes. Graphically, this looks roughly like

A camel's back with two humps

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys' summer camp near Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that

A cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Which choice would most likely violate the counseling ethic or law termed "scope of practice"?

A counselor who is conducting a strict Freudian psychoanalysis with the client.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was created by the American Psychiatric Association. The Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) was created by the World Health Organization (WHO). Which counselor would most likely be required to utilize one of these guides to diagnose a client?

A counselor who wishes to secure insurance (i.e., third party) payments.

Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

A desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform.

A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using

A directive (Explanation: When used in the context of counseling, a directive is merely a suggestion).

A client says she has always stayed at home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described as

A displaced homemaker

NBCC ethics caution counselors against sexual harassment. An example of an ethics violation in this respect would be:

A female counselor who tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned. The male client blushes and appears uncomfortable.

A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?

A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic.

Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because

A group cannot have structure

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure

A lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior (HPB) (Explanation: The principle asserts that any HPB can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB. This principle is sometimes called "Grandma's Rule").

According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974

A parent can see his or her daughters middle school record and an 18 year old college student can view his or her own educational record

The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that

A phobia could be a learned behavior (Explanation: The key take-away message from Watson's Little Albert experiment was that a fear was not due to psychopathology deep within the unconscious mind, but rather learning.)

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is

A popular treatment for traumas such as post-traumatic stress disorder. This treatment was discovered by Francine Shapiro

When a counselor reads the journals in the field, it becomes evident that

A researcher/practitioner split exists in group work

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

A separate culture

In a normal bell curve the mean, median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussain curve looks like

A symmetrical bell

To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult

A table for F values

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize

A temperature trainer

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means

A treatment model (Explanation: A paradigm is another word for a model).

Consulting is included in ethical guidelines. Consultation can best be defined as:

A voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues

The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would be the

ANOVA (Explanation: This test is used when there is more than one level of a single IV, which in this case is assertiveness training).

A counseling journal article should use documentation that is based on _____ style.

APA (from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association)

The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis could also be called the ________ on your exam.

Abscissa

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage

Abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction

State laws can govern title usage and practice, however, they do not govern

Accreditation

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _____.

Adler (Explanation: Alderians believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves).

A(n) ____ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor.

African-American male (Explanation: According to the literature, African American males are especially hesitant about revealing themselves to whites).

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

Albert Bandura

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

Albert Bandura

_________emphasized the drive for superiority.

Alfred Adler (Explanation: the drive for superiority did not imply that the person wanted to dominate others or become a political figure or one of the ruling class).

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______and_____, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology respectively.

Alfred Adler and Carl Jung (Explanation: Alfred Adler was the father of individual psychology and Carl Jung founded analytic psychology).

Which theorist's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?

Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis (Explanation: Dr. Jesse B. Davis is cited as a pioneer in school guidance counseling and often as America's first school guidance counselor. He relied on groups to explore careers and values).

The statement, "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction" describes

Alfred Adler's Theory (Explanation: Adler, who broke with Freud in 1911, went on to found a number of child guidance clinics in which he was able to observe children's behavior directly).

organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

Alfred Adler's individual psychology.

The first intelligence test was created by

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

PL 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act) states that

All children between ages 5 and 21 are assured free education, handicapped persons are placed in the least-restrictive environment, and an IEP is developed for each child

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ______viewpoint for coping with the environment.

Alloplastic (Explanation: the alloplastic conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment)

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists

Allow clients to work through early conflicts

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then

Alpha errors decrease, however, beta errors increase.

Type I and Type II errors are called ______ and _______ respectively.

Alpha; Beta

Virgina was the first state to license counselors in 1976. APGA (later the AACD & ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensure was the _____

American Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely

An Alderian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that

An Asian American client and an Asian American leader would sit close together

The interval scale has numbers scales at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be that

An IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children utilizing...

An apparatus known as visual cliff

Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that

An appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

An authority figure

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor has suggested

An autoplastic method of coping (Memory device: the word auto generally refers to changing the "self" rather than altering the environment)

A 16-year-old girl threatens to kill her self and you fail to inform her parents. Your behavior as a counselor is best described as

An example of negligence, which is a failure to perform a duty, and in this instance is an obligation to protect the client

NBCC's Code of Ethics describes ethical issues related to private practice. Which of these situations is clearly an ethics violation?

An executive director of a private practice who has his name listed on the practices website as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years

A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?

An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker (Explanation: clients who are very verbal, open to feedback from others, and believe in group therapy often make excellent group members)

The DOT was first published by the US Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to

An occupational group

An association that naturally exists, such as animal salivating when food is presented, is called

An unconditioned stimulus (conditioned=learned, unconditioned=unlearned)

C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______and women to deny their masculine side known as _______.

Anima;Animus ("Ma" as in mother who is female, and "Mus" as in muscle which is a masculine trait).

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

Appeared to be autistic (Explanation: people with autism often have trouble communicating with others and forming close social bonds)

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a "gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent." This creates an

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by

Approach-Avoidance behavior (You want to meet group members, but its scary to think about the fact that you could be rejected).

At its zenith the DOT listed

Approximately 20,000 job titles

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as

Archetypes (Explanation: An archetype is actually a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men and women).

The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by _______.

Arthur Jensen

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

As she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.

Associationism (Explanation: Ideas are held together by associations. Most exams will list John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, or David Hartley as the pioneers. Look for John Locke come exam time).

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

Attacking the system

An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called

Aversive Conditioning (Explanation: the idea is to pair the alcohol with an aversive, somewhat unpleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction of drinking it)

When an adolescent complains about his or her parent in the group it is best to

Avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing.

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." This client is engaging in

Awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.

The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of

Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming.

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

Basic empathy (the counselors response is on the same level as the clients), subtractive empathy (counselors behaviors does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated), and addictive empathy (is most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness).

A group of first semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. All of the students scored very low. A distribution of scores would

Be positively skewed

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage.

Become fixated at (Explanation: the term fixation implies that the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next).

The term contextualism implies that

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means

Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species (Explanation: Instincts are species-specific innate behaviors that do not need to be practiced or learned. Instincts are not learned behavioral responses)

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as

Behavioral Rehearsal (Explanation: Behavior rehearsal is the act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session that can be beneficial in the client's life, such as, asking for a raise).

Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for

Being too vague regarding techniques and procedures (Explanation: Existential counseling is more of a philosophy of helping than a grab bag of specific intervention techniques).

In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

Believe in the man's power of reasoning to control behavior. (Explanation: the ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check).

In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______, and the meat was the _______.

Bell=conditioned stimulus; meat=unconditioned stimulus (Memory device: in the US we eat a lot of meat)

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

Belongs to a different culture from the helper

A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the

Bender-Gestalt II

A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of

Bibliotherapy (Explanation: Bibliotherapy is the use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement)

A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on

Blocking

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with:

Bonding and Attachment (Explanation: John Bowlby saw bonding and attachment as having survival value or what is often called adaptive significance.

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

Bordin (Explanation: Edwin Bordin felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts).

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

Bowlby (Explanation: the term object describes the target of one's love. Bowlby felt that if the child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3, he or she would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult)

The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward

Breaking away

A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking baseline. This is accomplished

By charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention (Explanation: The baseline indicates the frequency of the behavior untreated and is sometimes signified in the literature on a chart using an upper-case letter A.)

A college student who suffers from panic disorder types his symptoms and concerns into a PC screen and then waits for the computer program to respond or question him further. The student engages in this practice for a 40-minute session per week. This is an example of

CAC

Computers are now being used in various counseling settings. Counselors speak of Computer Assisted Counseling (CAC) and Computer Managed Counseling (CMC). An office that employs a computer to schedule clients would be an example of

CMC as it would include tasks such as bookkeeping, client scheduling, printing billing statements, and compiling referral sources.

Which statement best describes the counseling professions reactions to computer-assisted counseling and computer-managed counseling?

CMC has been well received since it cuts down time in paperwork, scheduling, and record keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling.

The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by

Caplan.

Roe believed

Career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests, education, and intelligence.

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of

Carkhuff and Gazda. The Carkhuff scale rates the counselor from 1 to 5. The higher the rating the better the counselor is at facilitating client growth. Gazda suggested a "Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses." On this scale, a 1.0 response does not attend to the client's needs. The counselor may discredit or even scold the client. A 2.0 response, is superficial and deals only partially with surface feelings. A 3.0 response is limited primarily to surface feelings, the counselor does not distort the content in his/her reflections. A 4.0 is evident when the counselor goes beyond reflection and deals with underlying feelings and meaning.

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of:

Carl G. Jung (Explanation: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is said to be the most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions).

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of

Carl Jung

The term "introversion" and "extroversion" are associated with:

Carl Jung (Explanation: an introverted individual is his or her own primary source of pleasure. Such a person will generally shy away from social situations. Extroversion is the tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people).

Three years ago an impatient addiction treatment center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic for of therapy created by William Reich known as vegotherapy. Approximately half of the clients stated they would stick with the tried and true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today—-three years later—-a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could be best described

Casual Comparative Research

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of:

Centration (Explanation: centration occurs in the preoperation stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it)

A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states "It is difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to

Change verbalization to an I statement

A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called

Charting a pictorial sociogram (The sociogram displays group members affiliations and interactions)

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:

Close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

Key areas that often cause problems for counselor self-image are

Competence, power, and intimacy

The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are

Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG)

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as:

Concrete Operations (ages 7-11 years)

Most ethical dilemmas are related to ______.

Confidentiality

___________are the leading causes of malpractice actions taken against counselors, therapists, and mental health providers.

Confidentiality and dual relationships

A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselors verbal response is known as:

Confrontation (Explanation: the essence of confrontation is to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation).

In Kohlberg's first or pre-conventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by:

Consequences

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered:

Conservation (Explanation: refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes the shape. According to Piaget, the child masters conservation during the concrete operations stage (7-11 years).

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be

Considered an oral character

A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as

Continuous Reinforcement (Explanation: In continuous reinforcement, you continue to provide the reinforcement each time the target behavior occurs).

In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a _______ and a ____________.

Control group; experimental group ( Explanation: the control group does not receive the IV. The experimental group receives the IV)

Ethnocentrism

Conveys the notion that one's own group is superior

Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because

Correlation does not imply casual. (Explanation: correlational research is quasi-experimental, and hence, it does not yield cause-effect data).

According to public law 93-380, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19year old college student attending college

Could view her record, which included test data, could view her daughters infant IQ test given at preschool, and could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file.

You find yourself sexually attracted to a client. This is known as

Countertransference

A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of

Countertransference (Explanation: In countertransference the counselor's past is projected onto the client and the helper's objectivity suffers markedly).

A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which eating is desirable. This technique is called...

Covert Sensitization (Explanation: keep in mind that desensitization refers to a person being less sensitive and sensitization implies that one is made more sensitive to the stimulus).

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

Cross-cultural counseling, multicultural counseling, and intercultural counseling

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct (Explanation: cultures often differ markedly from each other, and most experts would agree that the customs are nearly always learned and shared with members of society).

John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to

Cure (Explanation: Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that learning could serve as treatment for a phobic reaction).

Nosology refers to a system of classification. Name the nosological system(s) utilized by professional counselors who diagnose clients. ______

DSM and ICD

A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a _______ diagnosis if third party payments are necessary.

DSM or ICD

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara. They suggested that the decision process is best explained by breaking it down into a two part process.

Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to _____ of _______.

Degree of relationship (Explanation: A correlation coefficient is a descriptive statistic which indicates the degree of "linear relationship")

A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades with go up. Betty and Linda accidentally over hear Dr. Y discussing the experimenter with the department chair. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides she will ask a lot of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came but she still wouldn't ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify

Demand characteristics of experiments

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

Describes how people are suppose to act

Freud (Psychoanalysis)

Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression

P= 0.5 really means that

Difference truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100.

Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to

Discriminate children without intellectual disability from children with an intellectual disability

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of

Displacement

The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D ____, leads to E________.

Disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence

The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is

Donald Meichenbaum (Explanation: His approach is called "self-instructional training.")

A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not received the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a

Double-blind study

Dr. X recommends to his clients at the agency where he practices that he would rather counsel them in his private practice. Ethically speaking:

Dr. X is diverting agency clients to his practice and this is unethical.

Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All of the statements below are false except:

Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?

Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.

If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on _______ to test significant differences between group means.

Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test. An F test for the ANOVA is analogous to the student's t-test table when performing a t-test. In order to further discriminate between the ANOVA groups these post hoc measures would be appropriate.

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize

EEG Feedback (Explanation: EEG is used to secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms).

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on

EMG Feedback (The "M" in EMG refers to muscle)

A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize

ERIC, for primary and secondary resources. This is a must know question for anyone seriously contemplating a thesis or dissertation. The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) is a resource bank of scholarly literature and resources to help you complete your literature search before you begin writing. As of this writing it contains 1.2 million citations from journals and bibliographic resources.

B.F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on

Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect (Explanation: The law of effect simply asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out).

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the

Ego (Explanation: the ego or reality principle attempts to balance the id and the superego)

Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe of Id or superego demands, are called

Ego Defense Mechanisms (Explanation: ego defensive mechanisms are unconscious strategies, which distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self-image).

Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be

Ego Strength (Explanation: any trait you cannot directly measure or observe can be considered a construct)

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels

Ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of pre-operational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of:

Egocentrism (Explanation: egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else).

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans are descendants of the original inhabitants of North American. After the first session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the U.S. This counselor most likely believes in the

Emic Viewpoint

The human relations core for effective counseling includes

Empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness

In the 1960s C. Gilbert Wrenns book, the counselor in a changing world, urged counselors to

Emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness.

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

Empiricists

Holland's theory would predict that the Vice President of the United States would be

Enterprising which is a person who likes to sell to others or perform leadership tasks.

The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be

Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think.

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called

Equilibration

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Eric Berne, the father of transactional analysis

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Erik Erikson (Erikson created a theory with eight stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. The final stage begins at age 60 which is why researchers believed he covered the entire lifespan).

The term identity crisis comes from the work of:

Erikson (Explanation: Erik Erikson felt that, in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles).

Trust versus Mistrust is

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

The statement "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different is based on the

Etic Viewpoint

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee "You can deal with your Asian American clients that same as you deal with everyone else" is espousing the

Etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to the sounds that remain the same in any language.

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

Even more dissimilar (i.e. a contrast error) (Explanation: if a counselor is highly regarded and trustworthy, his or her statements will be better accepted than if the helper has poor credibility).

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to

Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class (Explanation: Paradoxical strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.)

Rogers approach was characterized as a(n) ________ approach.

Existential or humanistic approach

Frankl (Logotherapy)

Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice

The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another. He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not the one on the graduate student's Chevy truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case

Experimental neurosis set in (Explanation: experimental neurosis occurs when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical, the dog will show signs of emotional disturbance).

Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when

External behavior matches an internal response or state (Explanation: Rogers insists that three key factors are needed for an effective helping climate. The counselors attitude must include genuineness, unconditional positive regard , and empathic understanding).

During a family counseling session, a 6 year old repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing

Extinction (Explanation: ignoring a behavior is a common method of extinction as is the practice of timeout, where the client or student is isolated from reinforcement).

In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as

Extinction and the salivation will disappear (Explanation: Extinction occurs when the CS is not reinforced via the US.)

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a _______ design.

Factorial (Explanation: in a factorial experiment, several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted. Factorial designs, therefore, include two or more IV's).

Super's life span theory emphasizes____ life stages.

Five (1) Growth, birth-14, (2) Exploration, 15-25, (3) Establishment, 22-44, (4) Maintainence, 44-64, (5) Decline, 65 and up

Perls suggested _______ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.

Five layers of neuorsis (Explanation: the person has a phony layer, a phobic layer (fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness), an impasse layer (the person feels stuck), the impolsive layer (willingness to expose the true self), and the explosive layer (person has relief due to authenticity)

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as

Fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli (Explanation: a fixed action pattern will result whenever a releaser in the environment is present. The preprogrammed action, or sequence of behavior, will not vary).

The ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members

For all groups (Explanation: a counselor uses a screening process in order to determine who is appropriate and who will not be appropriate for a given group).

The NCE and CPCE would be examples of a

Forced choice test in which items are sometimes known as recognition items

Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage?

Forming

The DSM-5 no longer uses a multiaxial classification system or GAF scale. Diagnostic codes have

Four or five

_______ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height and weight and that it was primarily genetic.

Francis Galton felt intelligence was single or so-called unitary

_______was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (Explanation: Frank Parsons and his associates are considered the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the United States. He wrote Choosing a Vacation).

The word eclectic is most closely associated with

Frederick C. Thorne, who felt that true eclecticism was much more than "a hodgepodge of facts;" it needed to be rigidly scientific. Thorne preferred the term psychological case handling rather than psychotherapy, as he felt the efficacy of psychotherapy had not been scientifically demonstrated.

A therapist who says to a patient, "Say whatever comes to mind," is practicing

Free Association which is defined as instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind even if it seems silly or embarrassing. Nothing the client says is censored by the helper.

__________and __________ would say regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

Freud and Lorenz (Explanation: Freud believed that man was basically driven by the instincts of sex and aggression. Lorenz, partially basing his theory on the fact that certain tropical fish will attack an alternate target even when the actual target of aggression is removed)

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on

Freud's topographic hypothesis

An aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of a test like the __________ the distinction is unclear.

GRE

A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _________ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate.

Gatekeeper

The _____ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group.

Gatekeeper

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

Generativity versus Stagnation (Explanation: Most theorists believe that the midlife crisis occurs between ages 35 and 45 for men and about five years earlier for women, when the individuals realizes his or her life is half over).

________factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21.

Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to

Gestalt therapy (empty chair technique, the underdog, the top dog). Perls saw the "top dog" as the critical parent portion of the personality which is very authoritarian and quick to use "shoulds" and "oughts." The "underdog" was seen as weak, powerless, passive, and full of excuses. These splits in the personality would wage civil war within the individual. In Gestalt therapy, the empty chair technique could be employed so the individual could work on these opposing feelings. That is to say, the person could be the top dog in one chair and the underdog in another.

Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling in that

Group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

Harry Harlow

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Harry Harlow (Explanation: Harlow believed that the attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned).

The autocratic and authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader

Has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself.

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles...

Has according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles.

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed post-conventional morality. Here the individual

Has self-imposed morals and ethics

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

Have other positive traits

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

He or she might ignore positive information regarding other models a secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model; he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models (Explanation: cognitive dissonance theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior).

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

He too felt the group activity was very helpful

Development is cephalocaudal, which means

Head to foot (Explanation: The head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalocaudal simply refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail).

Victor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means

Healing through meaning (Explanation: Existentialism is considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed, experiencing a value, or suffering),

Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles

Help maintain the group

In the United States, middle and upper class citizens seem to want a counselor who

Helps them work it out on their own

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach.

Henry Murray, created the needs press theory and the TAT projective test.

After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov's, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called

Higher-Order Conditioning (Explanation: When a new stimulus is paired or associated with the CS and the new stimulus takes power of the CS, behaviorists refer to the phenomenon as "higher-order conditioning." In this case, the light has taken power of the bell).

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as

His findings were often derived from observing his own children

A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a

Histogram

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

How much heredity or environment interact to influence development (Explanation: The word nature refers to heredity and genetic makeup, while nurture refers to the environment).

Skinner (Behavior Modification)

Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom

Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the

IV or independent variable

A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be

Imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations

One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention") and implosive therapy is that

Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination

Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place

In a dyadic relationship (Explanation: a dyad is a unit of two functioning as a pair. In this case the counselor and the counselee form the pair).

A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?

In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.

A counselor who is seeing a 15 year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that:

In general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys and boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

A wealth of research demonstrates that

In most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background

A counselor who possesses a graduate degree wishes to become a licensed psychologist. Which statement most accurately depicts the current situation?

In nearly every case individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologists.

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy

In other cultures, it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _____ into consideration.

Individual change throughout the lifespan

Glasser (Reality Therapy)

Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as

Insight (Explanation: insight is the aha, now I understand phenomenon and is equated with the work of the gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler)

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ___________, while behavior therapy emphasizes __________.

Instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning and Skinnerian Principles; Pavlovian Principles

Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as

Instrumental learning (Skinners last name has an I like instrumental whereas the word Pavlov does not)

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage:

Integrity versus Despair (Explanation: The final stage begins at about age 60. An individual who has successfully mastered all the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwhile).

Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problem?

Inter-rater/Inter-observer

Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters

Interpret the results in the simplest manner

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means

Interpreting the results in the simplest way

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

Intimacy versus Isolation (ages 23-34 years)

A client who has incorporated his fathers values into his thought patterns is a product of

Introjection (Explanation: sometimes introjection causes the person to accept an aggressors values)

Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type.

Investigative. The investigative personality type like to think his or her way through a problem.

A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by

Involving parents and asking them for input

A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

The statement, "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low"

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions

Coleadership

Is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference

In a culture-fair test

Items are known to the subject regardless of their culture

Classical conditioning relates to the work of

Ivan Pavlov, who won a Nobel Prize not for his work in classical conditioning, but for his research on the digestive system.

The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by

Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama.

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

John Dollard and Neal Miller (Explanation: The Dollard/Miller hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression).

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing

John Holland

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of

John Holland

The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is

John Holland introduced the SDS in 1970 to help those who did not have access or could not afford professional career counseling. It is a Self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted test.

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except

Joseph Wolpe

The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for

K-12, postsecondary, and even adults

The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with

Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by:

Konrad Lorenz

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Konrad Lorenz (Explanation: He compared humans to the wolf or the baboon and claimed that we are naturally aggressive).

Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are over represented in _____ positions while women often have _______.

Labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

The Freudian developmental stage which least emphasizes sexuality is

Latency Stage (Explanation: During the latency stage, sexual interests are replaced by social interests like sports, learning, and hobbies.

________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development.

Lawrence Kohlberg

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ______ cognitive dissonance theory:

Leon Festinger (Explanation: Festinger suggested that individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance).

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ____social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.

Less (Explanation: We demand more rigid standards from our own culture).

Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has

Less members than an adult group (preferably 3-4 children)

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

Less-aggressive children

The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is

Like that of a friend who asks what is wrong (Explanation: unlike the detached psychoanalyst the reality therapist makes friends with the client. This is the first of eight steps used in this model).

When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as

Linking

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?

Little Albert (Explanation: little Albert was a famous case associated with behaviorism)

John B. Watson's name is associated with

Little Albert, a case that was significant because it demonstrated that fears were "learned" and not the result of some unconscious conflict.

C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.

Logos; Eros (Explanation: Logos implies logic, while Eros refers to intuition).

Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs (Explanation: the job meets the most urgent need)

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates

Lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher order needs, such as self-actualization (Explanation: The highest level or ultimate goal is termed self-actualization, meaning the person becomes all he or she can be).

IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by

MA/CA x 100

In adolescence...

Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often (Explanation: researchers believe that males are more successful in committing suicide because they use firearms as females use less lethal methods).

Adler (Individual Psychology)

Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.

Jung (Analytic Psychology)

Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.

Which of these factors is not delineated by Irvin Yalom as a curative factor

Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind

In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which one of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures

Mann-Whitney U Test, Wilcoxon signed-tank Test for matches pairs, and Soloman and the Krystal-Wallis H test.

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on

Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs

In 1908, books by _____helped to introduce social psychology in America.

McDougall and Ross (Explanation: William McDougall wrote Introduction to Social Psychology and Edward Alsworth Ross authored Social Psychology).

The most useful measure of central tendency is the

Mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it

Berne (Transactional Analysis)

Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script

Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales

In terms of research related to affiliation

Misery loves miserable company; Firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later; People affiliate in an attempt to lower fear

In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the

Mode

Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.

Mode (Explanation: The mode will be the highest because it is the point whether the most frequently occurring score falls).

Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that

More information is obviously neccessary

In the late 1970s, AACD (known as ACA since 1992) began to focus very heavily on professional credentialing. This led to the formation of the

NBCC (National Board for Certified Counselors)

By passing the NCE, a counselor can attain _______, given via NBCC.

NCC, a generic certification for counselors (National Certified Counselor)

Which treatment match-up is incorrect?

Narcan for schizophrenia

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

National Culture

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be:

National and Ecological Culture

The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by

Neal Miller (Explanation: Neal Miller and Ali Banuazizi showed that by utilizing reward rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions).

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a _____ digit code.

Nine (Explanation: the first 3 digits was designated to the occupational category, the middle 3 described tasks, and the final digits helped alphabetize titles)

Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in

No conditioning (Explanation: This is called backward conditioning. Generally backward conditioning is ineffective and doesn't work).

The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is

Nonassertive

An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word sex into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of...

None of the above

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

Normal behavior within the context of her culture.

The _____ are examples of aptitude tests.

O'NET Ability Profiler and the MCAT

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the

OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook)

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

Object Permanence and Representational Thought (Explanation: the child who has not mastered object permanence is still a victim of out of sight, out of mind. The child needs representational thought to master object permanence).

The National Counselor Exam is an _______ test because the scoring procedure is specific.

Objective

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an affective treatment that

Often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns (Explanation: In Gestalt therapy the emphasis is on increasing psychological as well as bodily awareness)

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and superego

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

Organicism

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except

Outdoor (this refers to a field, not a level)

Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the e experiment which closely resembles

Paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson

A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using

Paraphrasing

In transactional analysis(TA), the _____ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ______.

Parent Superego (Explanation: The parent ego state has been linked to Freud's superego. If a child has nurturing caretakers, he or she is said to develop "nurturing parent" qualities such as being nonjudgmental and sympathetic to others. The parent ego state however, may be filled with prejudicial and critical messages. Persons who fall into this category will tend to be intimidating, bossy, or know it alls.

A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as

Parroting and is not recommended

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with

Parsons and Williamson

Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _______ is necessary for an effective group leader.

Participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leaders group (even if the individual is well-educated, licensed, and certified)

A counselor educator has created a research study. He is using students as research subjects. This is a commonplace.

Participation or lack of it cannot impact the students academic standing.

Perls (Gestalt)

People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.

The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that:

People conform to social roles

Ellis (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy)

People have a cultural / biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently

Bandura (Neobehavioristic)

Person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important.

Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Unwelt of the __________ world, the Mitwelt or the ____________world, and the Eigenwelt or the _____________world.

Physical; relationship; identity

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to:

Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 (Explanation: Animism occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies)

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the

Pleasure principle suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst. (Explanation: the id is the pleasure principle, the ego is the reality principle, and the superego is the ego ideal).

Survey problems include:

Poor construction of the instrument, a low return rate, and the fact that often subjects are not picked at random and thus are not representative of the population.

If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be

Positive (Explanation: A positive correlation is evident when both variables change in the same direction. A negative correlation is evident when the variables are inversely associated; one goes up and the other goes down).

Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of

Positive Reinforcement (Explanation: The idea of any reinforce is to increase or strengthen the behavior. In this case, something is added to the reinforce so it is called positive reinforcement).

When something is added following an operant, it is known as a _________, and when something is taken away it is called a __________.

Positive Reinforcer; Negative Reinforcer

Rogers viewed man as

Positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment

All of the conditions below are V code diagnoses except:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

An aptitude is to _____ as an achievement test is to ________.

Potential; what has been learned

Kohlberg's three stages of morality are:

Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional (Explanation: in the preconventional level the child responds to consequences and in this stage reward and punishment influence the behavior. In the conventional level, the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. A person who reaches the post-conventional level is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights.

In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and a half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the...

Preconscious mind (Explanation: the preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. The preconscious mind can also access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.

When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Examination will predict her ability to handle graduate school work, the counselor is referring to

Predictive Validity

R. K. Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to

Prevent, correct, or enhance behavior

The significance of the 1958 National Defense Education Act was that it

Provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling, expanded school guidance services, and improved guidance for gifted children

Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates

Psychodrama (Explanation: psychodrama incorporates role-playing into the treatment process)

Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are:

Psychosocial

In terms of research and the group leader's personality,

Qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense maybe helpful to a very small degree.

A client remarks, "Hey, I'm African American and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that

Race is not the same as ethnicity

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers (Explanation: Harlow discovered that contact was even more important than milk and that monkeys preferred terry-cloth mothers over wire-frame mothers even when both dispensed milk).

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender

Rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure

The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the __________, based on the number of responses and the __________, based on the time elapsed.

Ratio (# of responses);Interval (time)

William Glasser, M. D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph. D., is to

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

The 16 PF reflects the work of

Raymond B. Cattell

Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role?

Reactive Schizophrenia (Group roles are energizer, scapegoat, gatekeeper, etc.)

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology?

Realistic which is a person who likes machines.

Victor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to

Reality Therapy

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

Reccomendations

An exception to confidentiality or what is termed as relative confidentiality, could occur when a client is suicidal. Suicidal warning signs include

Recently joking about killing oneself, giving away prized possessions after one has been depressed for a period of time, and a precious suicidal attempt and a very detailed suicide plan

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will

Reduce Type I and Type II errors. (Explanation: Raising the size of a sample helps to lower the risk of chance/error factors).

Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?

Reflection is used a lot, yet the counselor rarely gives advice.

Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:

Relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.

Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defensive mechanism is...

Repression (Explanation: repression involves an automatic act of forgetting a traumatic or life threatening incident.)

According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in

Retroflection (Explanation: retroflection is the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else.

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?

Robert Hoppock (Explanation: Hoppock feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs)

Some support for Roe's theory comes from

Rorschach and TAT

A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is

Running a structured group

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment

Said to be reliable

A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 out of 100 trials. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that

Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience

Satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests

The career anchor theory was espoused by

Schein

Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote

Schools Without Failure (Explanation: Glasser also authored Choice Theory and Positive Addiction).

A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as

Secondary Reinforcement

In Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as

Self-talk and internal verbalizations

__________is behavioral sex therapy.

Sensate focus (Explanation: Sensate focus is a form of behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virgina Johnson of St. Louis, Missouri. This approach relies on counterconditioning. A couple is told to engage in touching and caressing until intercourse is possible).

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

Sensorimotor Stage

The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

Sensorimotor Stage- birth to 2 years

Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of

Separation and Termination

During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as

Setting ground rules

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by

Sex-role socialization

You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and this is not an issue to deal with in counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

She has a conversion disorder with labelle indifference (Explanation: Clients with conversion disorder sometimes display labelle indifference also called belle indifference, meaning they do not seem to be bothered or concerned by their condition.

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She choose the silver watch.

She will read positive reviews on the silver watch-possibly negative reviews about the gold model-after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance.

According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home

Should ask to come in the home

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselors training

Should be broad and interdisciplinary

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is

Sibling Rivalry

The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of

Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory. (Explanation: The ego, which is known as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences).

Most experts would agree that __________is most threatening for clients as well as counselors.

Silence (Explanation: Silence gives the client time to assimilate the counseling process and is helpful in the nondirective therapies because it coaxes the client to direct the session).

In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus this is a

Single-blind study (Explanation: In a single-blind study the subject would not know whether he or she is a member of the control group or the experimental group).

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as

Social Connectedness (Explanation: The Adlerian theory suggests that we need one another).

One problem with interest inventories is that the person often tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner. Paychometricians call this response style phenomenon

Social Desirability ( the right way to feel in society)

In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized

Social Factors (Explanation: Neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of cultural issues and of course, interpersonal relations.

_______believed that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

Social Learning Theorists

Today, the Standford-Binet Is used from age 2-adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the

Standard Age Score (SAS)

Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) in which tells the counselor what would most likely occur if the same individual took the same test again.

Ethical guidelines were first created for the helping professions in 1953 when the American Psychological Association publishes their first code of ethics. The national association of social workers created their code in 1960, and in 1961, the organization that is now ACA adopted ethics for counselors. Ethics always describe

Standards of conduct imposed by the ACA and NBCC

______is associated with obedience and authority.

Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist

In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate

Stimulus Generalization (Explanation: A Santa Claus mask is white and furry and somewhat similar to a white furry animal and, hence produces the same fearful reaction in the child).

The department chairman found the poodle's response to his automobile humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating

Stimulus discrimination (Explanation: Stimulus discrimination is nearly the opposite of stimulus generalization. Here the learning process is "fine tuned" to respond only to a specific stimulus).

Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?

Stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation (Explanation: stimulus generalization is also called "second-order conditioning" and occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (in this case the bell) produces the same reaction).

The anal retentive personality is

Stingy (Explanation: the anal retentive character is said to be cheap)

In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure would be necessary?

Stratified Sampling would be best as a special characteristic is needed

Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for

Subjective Units of Distress/Disturbance (Explanation: it is used to help create the anxiety hierarchy. In the SUDS, 0 is used to convey a totally relaxed state, while 100 is the most anxiety producing state a client can imagine.

An aggressive person who becomes a boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying

Sublimation

You have just made a landmark discovery which you feel could literally change the entire field of counseling and thus you write and article which depicts your findings. The next step would be to

Submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published

When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on

Successful Behaviors (Explanation: Glasser believes that dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self-concept or what reality therapists have termed "failure identity")

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client

Suffers from fixation (Explanation: Sigmund Freud felt that frustration and anxiety are normal when passing through a developmental stage, but when they become too powerful emotional growth will literally stop and the person becomes stuck (fixated) in the current stage.

A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she learned during a given session is promoting

Summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the

Superego (Explanation: the parent ego state is filled with shoulds, oughts, and musts which often guide our mortality).

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that

Surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

The simplest form of descriptive research is the ________ which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of _________ to be accurate.

Survey; 50-75%

A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of

Sympathy (Explanation: Sympathy often implies pity, while accurate empathy is the ability to experience another person's subjective experience).

Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to

Take a baseline measure

Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by

Thanatos, the Greek word for death. Later Freudian writings use the word to describe a death wish or what is sometimes called the death instinct. Specialists who study death are called thanatologists.

A counselor educator is giving a seminar on the DSM-5. She give the students a handout and it lists hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as having the same 300.3 code. This most likely Explanation is:

That this could be correct since two diagnoses can share a single code

Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him

That you can't control the environment, but you can control your response.

The NCE is

The (National Counselors Exam) is an achievement test as it is testing your knowledge and application of material in the counseling profession.

_______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.

The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown V. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

The 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the modern era of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are

The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943.

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be

The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

__helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.

The Civil Rights Movement

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called

The Father of vocational guidance.

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico

The MMPI-2 is

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is a standardized personality test

The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is

The Oedipus complex

A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as

The Placebo effect

An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel. This would be best explained via

The Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect (Explanation: the Rosenthal effect asserts that the experimenters beliefs about the individual may cause the individual to be treated in a special way so that the individual begins to fulfill the experimenters expectation.

When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as

The X axis (The x axis is used to plot the independent variable)

Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to

The ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation, and the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time.

Empathy is

The ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client (Explanation: Robert Carkhuff is very well-known for his creation of a five-point scale intended to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. Many counselor educators consider empathy the most important factor in the counseling relationship.

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?

The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.

The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that

The biofeedback would raise board exams

Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which

The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

A group participant wants to drop out of the group. Since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that

The client is allowed to withdraw

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

The client likes the counselor

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means

The client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except:

The client's childhood is explored (Explanation: The client's childhood is usually not explored, and if the client brings it up, the reality therapist will often try to emphasize childhood successes, feeling that an analysis of the difficulties could actually reinforce maladaptive patterns).

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomonon is best described as

The compensatory effect which suggests that a worker compensates or makes up for things he or she can't do on the job.

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

The counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably gives yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that

The counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.

When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles

The democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable.

From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when

The distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores

The landmark 1969 case, Tarasoff v. The Board of Regents of the University of California illuminated

The duty to warn a client in imminent danger

Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because

The effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression (B.F Skinner did not believe punishment was effective. He felt that after the punishment was administered the behavior would manifest itself once again).

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in

The group formation/exploratory stage

Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work

The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is post-conventional or self-accepted moral principles

The highest level or morality. However, some people never reach this level.

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various school of counseling and therapy was during the ________

The late 1960's

Super's life-span theory includes

The life career rainbow (Explanation: Super called the graphic display of the roles unfolding over the life span, the career rainbow)

In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentioned three jobs he has held. The first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. The counselor is using

The mean

The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is

The most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency.

Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology which is

The philosophy of being and existing

Ginsberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

The process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood, career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span, and career choice is reversible.

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

The prognosis (Explanation: prognosis refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition).

Group norms refer to

The range of acceptable behavior within the group

When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal

The relationship between IQ and panic disorder (Explanation: A statistic that indicates the degree or magnitude of relationship between two variables is known as "correlation coefficient" and is often abbreviated using a lower-case r)

Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that

The relationship is horizontal (Explanation: A horizontal relationship assumes equality between persons).

If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that

The researcher is working with two distinct populations

Everybody picks on

The scapegoat

Fights against subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in

The second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes

The self-concept

A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in

The stage of storming, also known as power-control stage

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize

The student's t test (Explanation: when comparing two sample groups the t test, which is a simplistic form of the analysis of variance, is utilized).

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to

The study of animals' behavior in their natural environment.

When comparing a teritary group with a primary or secondary group

The tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean

The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations

A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of

Theories of group stages

P= 0.5 really means that

There is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.

A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions.

This is most likely a power test

In your initial disclosure statement it was clearly explained to the client that she must pay her bill in a timely manner. She did not. According to ACA ethical guidelines you can terminate her:

This practice is ethical if you revealed this to the client in the initial disclosure statement

Rogers felt that _______ for client change to occur.

Three conditions are neccessary.

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:

Three levels of morality : Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional. Each level can be broken down further into two stages.

Williamson (Trait-Factor)

Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.

Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability

To Trust

A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time

Tom will score between 103 and 109 (106 - 3 = 103 and 106 + 3 = 109)

T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for

Training

When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called

Transference (Explanation: transference is a form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which the client treats the counselor in the same manner as he or she would an authority figure from the past)

________and________created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.

Truax; Carkhuff

The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations is

True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin (Explanation: Maccoby and Jacklin reviewed the literature and found males outperformed females in math in high school and/or college).

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as______ is to Erikson.

Trust versus mistrust

Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that ______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined.

Two hours per session

If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be

Two-way ANOVA or MANOVA

Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a

Type I error

You are a well-known cognitive behavioral therapist who heads up a private practice in NJ. For the next two years, you will be in Canada doing research. Your practice has 6 other counselors. The practice is sending brochures to schools, agencies, and hospitals in attempts to boost referrals. Your name appears on the front of the brochure, as if you are available for referrals. This is:

UNETHICAL. Persons who hold leadership roles should not allow their names to be used in professional notices when they are not practicing counseling unless it is CLEARLY STATED in the practice's literature.

Positive transference is to love and affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to...

Uncertainty

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

Universal Culture

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's fields except

Unskilled (this refers to a level not field)

A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months? The counselor is

Using concreteness (Explanation: concreteness is also known as specificity and is used to eliminate vague language).

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the

Variable Ratio

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as

Vertical Interventions

An IQ score on an IQ test which has 3 SDs above the mean would be near the ____ level.

Very superior

The best IQ test for a 22-year-old single make would be the

WAIS-IV ( Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

The best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the

WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the

WPPSI-IV which is designed for children between 2 and 7 years and 7 months and would be the only possible choice.

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that:

Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

Historically speaking, the first psychology laboratory was set up by

Wilhelm Wundt, in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a _______ setting.

Work/Organizational

Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of

Workbook in Vocations, by Proctor, Benefield, and Wrenn. (Coined the term 'counseling')

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions

Wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life; postulated a midlife crisis for men between the ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier.

Frankl is an existentialist. So are

Yalom and May (Explanation: Rollo May introduced existential therapy in the US. Irvin Yalom is noted for his work in group therapy.)

You are a counselor in a state that does not legally support privileged communication. You refuse to testify in court. In this situation

You could be held in contempt of court

A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is _________________________.

a Likert scale. Created by Rensis Likert in the early 1930s, this scale helps improve the overall degree of measurement. Response categories include such choices as strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree.

The model Krumboltz suggested is

a behavioristic model of career development

Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with

a client who is not very verbal

In terms of diagnosis

a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

Sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to _____.

a correlation coefficient. A scattergram-- also known as a scatterplot--is a pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated.

Sex-role stereotyping would imply that

a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client & a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's.

A group is classified as secondary. This implies that

a difficulty or disturbance is present

Gestalt means

a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole (Explanation: growth has taken place when the client has integrated disowned parts of the personality and reconnected with them).

Holland believed that

a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for

a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less

A major limitation related to group work is that

a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm

A test battery is considered

a horizontal test in that several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source.

The ordinal scale rank orders variables, though the relative distance between elements is not always equal. An example of this would be

a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race. this is the second level of measurement. Nominal data does not rank-order the data like ordinal data. The rank does not indicate absolute differences. Thus, you could not say that the first, second, and third place horses were equidistant apart. The ordinal scale provides relative placement or standing but does not delineate absolute differences. Again, adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing is a no-no with this scale. Ordinal sounds like "order" so you should have no problem committing this scale to memory.

According to Eric Berne a life script is actually

a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life

A registry would be

a list of licensed psychologists in the state of Illinois & a list of CRCs in the United States.

A statement of disclosure could include all except

a list of the courses the counselor took in graduate school.

One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that

a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences

A group has

a membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction & a shared purpose.

Balance theory postulates

a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency & a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates

a perfect score which has no error.

Social exchange theory postulates that

a relationship will ensure if the rewards are greater than the costs

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to

a shortage of individual therapists during World War II.

Group specialists define role conflict as

a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves

Test bias primarily results from

a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients

Clients should know that

a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

From a purely statistics standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need a _______

a test of significance

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as:

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered (Explanation: the Heinz dilemma is one method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual.

Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability?

a very accurate postage scale; real world measurements are more reliable than psychological ones

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.

REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is ____, B is the _____, and C is the ______.

activating event, belief system, emotional consequence

NBCC has developed a Code of Ethics to help counselors behave in a professional manner. The code is divided into a preamble and seven sections. The first section (i.e., Section A) warns against stereotyping and discrimination. All of the following would be examples of stereotyping and discrimination except

advising a client to consider switching his college major based on your clinical judgment as well as the results from an extensive test battery.

In the Gelatt Model, the predictive system deals with

alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

According to researchers, groups are effective

although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.

The word dynamic means the group is

always changing

An interest inventory would be least valid when used with

an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136. Interest inventories work best with individuals who are of high school age or above inasmuch as interests are not extremely stable prior to that time.

A counselor who is alcoholic and suffering from burnout could best be described as

an impaired professional

Rogers (person-centered) views

an individual as good and moves toward growth and self-actualization

Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be

an informal assessment technique

The word psychometric means

any form of mental testing

The WAIS-IV is given to 100,000 individuals in the United States who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that

approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115.

Elementary school counseling and guidance services:

are fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.

In a healthy group, members

are flexible and can change roles

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and...

assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.

A colleague of yours who is not a certified counselor behaves in an unethical manner. The ethical thing for you to do is

attempt to rectify the condition via institutional channels, turning to NBCC procedures if this fails. NBCC does not beat around the bush in regard to this critical issue. Professional behavior of associates is expected of "both certified and noncertified counselors." Read Section A: General, paragraph 3, of NBCC's Code of Ethics. Try to ameliorate the difficulty via the institution's channels before contacting NBCC.

Gestalt therapy emphasizes

awareness in the here-and-now and dream work.

A T-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the standard deviation. A T-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean. Thus a T-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a T-score of 40 would ______

be -1 SD. Note that the T-score isn't as mathematically threatening since it is never expressed as a negative number. (-2 SD = a T-score of 30; a z-score of +2 = a T-score of 7-; a z-score of +1 = a T-score of 60.)

According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will

be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion.

A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed that the reliability coefficient would now

be lower than .82. (Increasing a test's length raises reliability. Shorten it and the antithesis occurs.)

You are a licensed professional counselor in one state but will soon relocate to another state. The new state informs you that they will grant you reciprocity or so-called endorsement. You will thus

be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam.

Group planning occurs

before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group

Traditionally ______________ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns.

behavioral. The concern has been that behavior therapists can control, manipulate, and shape behavior. Is it ethical, for example, to use aversive conditioning such as electrical shocks, drugs, or paralysis to eliminate smoking, alcoholism, gambling, or homosexual tendencies? Some clients in token economy behavior modification systems have questioned the legality of using contingencies in the form of reinforcement to get them to talk, work, behave, dress, or interact in a certain way.

An empiricist view of development would be

behavioristic (Explanation: behavioristic empiricist researchers value statistical studies and emphasize the role of the environment. The believe if it cannot be measure then it does not exist).

A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are

behavioristic and highly structured

The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that

biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.

A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the _______, and the DV will be the _______.

biofeedback; board exam score

TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book, I'm OK—You're OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK—You're Not OK";

blames others for misery. This position is taken by adolescent delinquents and adult criminals. Such persons feel victimized and are often paranoid. In extreme cases, this person may see homicidal behavior as an acceptable solution to life's problems.

A man has a rare, highly contagious disease that is fatal. He is keeping it a secret and insists that he will never tell his wife. You should

break confidentiality and tell his wife.

A client who takes a normative test

can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test.

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as

catharsis and/or abreaction. Hard-core analysts often prefer the word abreaction to the nontechnical term catharsis. Other writers use the word catharsis to connote mild purging of emotion, and abreaction when the repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent. Freud and Breuer initially used the term to describe highly charged repressed emotions, which were released during the hypnotic process.

Counselors often shy away from self-reports since

clients often give inaccurate answers.

Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that

closed groups allow no new members after the group begins.

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

cognition and attitude formation. (Explanation: The notion is that discrepancies/inconsistencies create tension caused by cognitions and attitudes.)

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is

compensation (Explanation: compensation is evident when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation).

One major testing trend is

computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations

John Bowlby has asserted that

conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

Ethical dilemmas rarely have clear-cut answers. Thus when a complex ethical situation manifests itself, it is best to

consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes inasmuch as legal standards are very often based on the methods of fellow professionals in analogous situations. Legal standards and cases regarding malpractice suits are often decided by the behavior of your fellow professionals. In malpractice cases you are often judged by what your peers would do in the situation.

During a counseling session a 42-year-old male client threatens suicide. You should

contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions

A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?

contracting

Reality therapy has incorporated

control theory, later referred to as choice theory.

Freud and Erikson

could be classified as maturationists

Your client was seeing Dr. Doyle for counseling for three years. The client has now stopped seeing Dr. Doyle and has an appointment to see you. You should

counsel the client

APA is to psychologist as ACA is to

counselor

A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests

counselor bias based on gender bias

One possible negative aspect of counselor licensure is that

counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam.

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as

counterbalancing; is used to control for the fact that the order of an experiment could impact upon its outcome. The solution is merely to change the order of the experimental factors.

Culture refers to

customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups; values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group; attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group

Counseling is relatively a new profession. The first counselors in the US were not called counselors. They were

deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women

Punishment

decreases the probability that a behavior will occur

A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12 steps?" This client is using

deductive logic. Here the client assumes that the general (his experience in 14 treatment facilities) can be reduced to the specific (the new treatment program).

A counselor reveals information that is extremely damaging to a client's reputation. This counselor could be accused of

defamation

A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by

denial; the tennis player is failing to face reality

The 1950s was the age of tremendous strides in

developmental psychology

Glasser's position on mental illness is that

diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick

A true/false test has _____ recognition items.

dichotomous which means you are presented with two opposing choices.

Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity, as the Binet

didn't seem to be the best test for adults

The _____ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly.

difficulty

A counselor who is genuine

does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client & does not change his or her true values from session to session.

Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic therapist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that

dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that

each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.

A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format

each item is independent of all other items (Explanation: Ipsative measures compare traits within the same individual, they did not compare a person to other persons who took the instrument)

Multicultural counseling promotes

eclecticism (Explanation: selecting treatment interventions from diverse counseling models.)

One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as

equivalent or alternate forms reliability

When counselors state that privileged communication is "qualified," they actually mean that

exceptions may exist

Your sexual attraction toward your client is hindering the counseling process. You should

explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider.

Test scores on an exam that fell below three standard deviations of the mean or above three standard deviations of the mean could be described as

extreme. If you graph the situation you will note that these scores would be unusually high or very low.

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development

fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s).

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

fields and levels (Explanation: the eight fields include service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment. The six levels include professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled).

A client wants his records sent to a psychiatrist he is seeing. You should

first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information.

Good multicultural counselors are _____.

flexible

Group cohesiveness refers to

forces which tend to bind group members together

Standardized tests always have

formal procedures for test administration and scoring

A short answer test is a(n) _______ test.

free choice

Existential counselors emphasize the client's

free choice, decision, and will. Logotherapists often use the term noogenic neurosis, which is the frustration of the will to meaning. The counselor assists the client to find meaning in life so the client can write his/her own life story by making meaningful choices. When exploring the meaning of life some anxiety is normal. Moreover, death is not seen as an evil concept but rather an entity which gives meaning to the process of life.

A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman," is showing an example of

gender bias

Counselors who work as consultants

generally do not adhere to one single theory. There is no integrated theory of consultation at this time. Consultation can target organizational concerns or service delivery. Several major consultation models exist.

You are counseling your first cousin for depression. This is

generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or so-called multiple relationship

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that

genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice.

Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate _______ in the treatment process.

gestalt therapy. Although TA, from a pure standpoint of classification, is a cognitive approach and gestalt is experiential, as Gerald Corey suggested, it is a marriage made in therapeutic heaven inasmuch as gestalt therapy emphasized the affective exploration that was missing from TA, which was too intellectual. In other words, one emphasized what was missing in the other.

A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have

good concurrent validity

A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be

greater in the afternoon class than the morning class

The study of group operations is often called

group dynamics

Experts predict that in the future

group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers

Group IQ tests like the Otis Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that

group tests are quicker to administer

A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of

halo effect (Explanation: the halo effect occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researchers rating on another trait)

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

has good social skills

A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would

have an outside observer sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change

A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would

have high criterion/predictive validity

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often

have lower career aspirations than a man.

In a group, task roles

help solve problems, aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused & are seen as positive.

A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate

high reliability

The standard error of measurement tells you

how accurate or inaccurate a test score is

Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes

id, ego, superego

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in

identification

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by

identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex (Explanation: the child identifies with the parent of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction)

Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since

if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers. if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work will be accomplished.

One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that

if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members.

The major trend that impacted upon the counseling movement in the 1980s

included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing

Piaget's Preoperational Stage

includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema (Explanation: symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in play to occur)

In experimental terminology IV stands for _____ and DV stands for ______.

independent variable; dependent variable

A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a clients phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of

inductive logic or reasoning. this is inductive since the research goes from the specific to a generalization.

Your agency uses a collection agency when clients don't pay their bills. You should

inform the client of this before the counseling begins.

You are a middle school counselor at a public school. A child is threatening to kill another student and admonishes you to keep it a secret. According to the ethical principle of minimal disclosure the best course of action would be to

inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the principal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat.

IQ means

intelligence quotient

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

One of the primary problems of counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized

intrapsychic processes

Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance.

irrational thinking at point B. Ellis, Glasser, and the behaviorists put little stock in the notion of transference. For example, Ellis merely told himself that his mother was a fallible human being, and he did not have to be disturbed by her behavior. Ellis believes you can be happy even if you are the survivor of numerous childhood traumas.

The most effective time interval between the CS and US

is .5 or half a second (Explanation: As the interval exceeds 0.5 seconds, more trials are needed for effective conditioning).

Development

is a continuous process which begins at conception

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic

is a culture-specific perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language (Explanation: the emic viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences, while the etic view adheres to the theory that humans are humans regardless of background and culture.

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory (Explanation: Cultures operate within societies, however, all members of a given society may not share the same culture)

A Type II error

is also called a beta error and means you accept null when it is false

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment

is confounded/flawed. The experiment is said to be invalid due to an extraneous independent variable (IV) (e.g., the gestalt therapy). Variables which are undesirable confound or "flaw" the experiment. The only experimental variable should be the independent variable - in this case the new form of counseling. The IV must have the effect on the dependent variable (here the DV would be some measure of the client's mental health). In this experiment any change could not be attributed with any degree of certainty to the new form of counseling since dependent variable changes could be due to the gestalt intervention (an extraneous confounding variable). All correlational research is said to be confounded.

The fear of death...

is greatest during middle age (Explanation: in Erikson's stages the individual would accept the finality of life better than the final ego identity versus despair stage rather than in middle-age years

The tendency to affiliate with others

is highest in firstborns and only children

A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor

is interested in reliability

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor

is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution (Explanation: Symptom substitution is a psychoanalytic concept and according to this theory, if you merely deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind.

Early vocalization in infants

is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

Midlife career change

is not that unusual

Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and

is not the same thing as punishment. (Explanation: Negative reinforcement is not punishment. All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment lowers it.

Freud's Oedipus Complex

is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs & occurs during the phallic stage.

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual career household, the woman

is typically secure in her career before she has children.

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.

is very behavioristic

The problem with income-sensitive or sliding fee scales is that

it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

it is easier to trust people from one's own culture, lower-class people often don't trust others from a higher social class & lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.

One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is

it promotes cohesiveness.

You secure a state license and NCC status and open a private practice. Your cousin comes to the agency for supervision to get his state license.

it would be unethical to supervise him

In a spiral test

items get progressively more difficult

A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's:

job or position

A counselor is counseling an executive secretary. The counselor notes that he is writing a book and explains to the client that he will see her for free if she types the manuscript. This is

known as bartering and unethical as described here.

In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware that

laws are unclear and may vary from state to state

Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when

leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group, leaders are intimate with one another, leader's question each other's competence

Face validity refers to the extent that a test

looks or appears to measure the intended attribute

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to

make the client aware of their unconscious processes. (in the hopes that insight will be followed by motivation)

Doing cross-cultural counseling

makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential work. Dreams have

manifest and latent content. For Freud, the dream was the royal road to the knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind and is composed of a surface meaning (manifest content) and then a hidden meaning (latent content.) In therapy, dream work consists of deciphering the hidden meaning of the dream (e.g., symbolism) so the individual can be aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires, and conflicts.

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that

many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.

You have written a very popular book on reality therapy. Now you are teaching a graduate course on counseling at a local university. Ethically, you

may use the book as a textbook in your class

Formal diagnosis, also known as nosology, is most closely related to the ________ model.

medical

A major disadvantage of group work versus individual work is that

members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less than individual counseling sessions

A group therapist must make

more decisions than an individual therapist

Most counselors would agree that

more public education is needed in the area of testing.

The number of people in an open group is generally

more stable than in a closed group.

Infant IQ tests are

more unreliable than those given later in life.

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that

most jobs are not advertised

In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that

most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research

most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation

most women hold low paying jobs with low status

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis

must be done within a cultural context

In a projective test the client is shown

neutral stimuli

A good practice for counselors is to

never generalize on the basis of a single test score.

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that

no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called nondirective , then client-centered, and in 1974 it changed to person-centered.

nondirective; client-centered; person-centered

A reliable test is _______ valid.

not always

Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the _______.

nurturing parent and the critical parent

TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions

occur where vectors of communication run parallel

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware

of his or her own ethnocentric biases.

Marital Satisfaction

often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home

Statistics reveal that

on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is:

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis is also known as the

ordinate

An operational definition

outlines a procedure

Nondirective is to person-centered as

parsimony is to Occam's Razor (both roughly synonymous). Important exam reminder: Most counselors see themselves as practitioners rather than researchers. Research, nevertheless, helps the entire field of counseling advance. It has been pointed out that we know about the work of many famous counselors and career counselors because of their published research not because of what transpired in their sessions.

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner, a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice, assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _______, rather than _______ like the id.

perfection, pleasure (Explanation: the superego is more concerned with the ideal and personal aspirations than what is real)

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

perform better if he or she is part of a group (Explanation: The presence of other persons improves an individual's performance even when there is no verbal interaction).

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists.

personality

Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses

pictures

Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ____ ___ ___ ____ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.

pictures in the mind

A Gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a clients projection via

playing the projection technique. Projection is an ego defense mechanism in which you see something in others that you cannot accept about yourself. Gestalt hits this head-on, and in "playing the projection" the counselor literally asks to you to act like this person you dislike.

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems

predictive (probably alternatives, actions, and possibilities) , value (ones relative preferences regarding the outcomes) and decision (provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome).

Primary groups are

preventive and attempt to ward off problems (Explanation: A primary group attempted to stop a problem before it happens. In a secondary group, a problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe, the teritary group deals more with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding).

The Adult ego state

processes facts and does not focus on feelings. The Adult corresponds to Freud's ego. It is also known as the "neopsyche." It is rational, logical, and does not focus on feelings.

Your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. You should read

professional journals, the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook, classic textbooks in the field, as well as test materials produced by the testing company.

_______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.

projection; the person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his/her own to others.

A word association test would be an example of

projective test

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story.

Ethnocentrism

promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty; promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.

According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be:

psychiatrist

The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a

psychodynamic clinician

Which group was most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure?

psychologists

One major difference between the psychology versus the counseling movement seems to be that

psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate while counselors are not.

One impetus for counselor licensing was that

psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third party payments from insurance and managed care companies

Stage theorists assume

qualitative changes between stages occur.

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called

rackets (Explanation: when a client manipulated others to experience a childhood feeling, the result is called a "racket"

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

reaction formation (the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel.)

You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population served by your not-for-profit agency. The best method of researching this dilemma would be to

read the test manual included with the test.

Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called _______ items.

recognition

Counselor certification

recognizes you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title.

Coleadership

reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.

A woman comes to you for help with an eating disorder. You have no experience or training in this area. Ethically you should

refer this client to a colleague who is trained and experienced with this type of client.

Respondent behavior refers to

reflexes Pavlov's theory involves mainly "reflexes," such as in the experiment where the dog salivates. The word reflex begins with an "r" and so does the word respondent. The bottom line: Pavlovian conditioning is respondent while Skinner's is instrumental/operant.

therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to

refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones

Mores are beliefs and social customs

regarding the rightfulness or wrongfulness of behavior

An elementary school counselor is giving a child a standardized test. On several occasions the child says he does not understand what the counselor has said. The counselor should

repeat the question, but talk more slowly

Suppression differs from repression in that

repression is automatic or involuntary. Some exams refer to suppression as denial.

The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as

resistance. A client who refuses to follow a counselor's directives such as a homework assignment would be a typical example of resistance, or what the counselors call the "resistant client."

You have achieved the status of NCC. NBCC, nevertheless, feels you have violated professional ethics. NBCC can do any of the following except

revoke your state counseling license.

Ethics state that a counselor should _______ all clients for group counseling

screen

The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is

securing information via ads in the newspaper

Weight Watchers is a

self-help or support group as is AA.

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that

she could accomplish this using systematic sampling (Explanation: a researcher will pick every 10th person to participate in the study)

Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.

six

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely

social (Explanation: Teachers, counselors, speech therapists, and social workers would fit into the social category)

Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that

some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling & more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations.

A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates

sour grapes rationalization ("I didn't really want it anyway")

A client from another culture will

speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

A monolingual U.S. counselor

speaks only English

Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be

speed test

A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as

spillover which means the individuals work spills over into his or her time off the job.

Most experts would agree that overall

structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.

Some research demonstrates that

structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.

Studies indicate that

students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except:

subjective units of distress scale (Explanation: SUDS is a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpes systematic desensitization: a behavior therapy technique for curbing phobic reactions, anxiety, and avoidance responses to innocuous situations.

A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) _______ format.

subjective which relies mainly on the scorers opinion.

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill's theory of career choice.

sublimation

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.

sublimation which occurs when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner. A person, for example, who likes to cut things up might pursue a career as a butcher or surgeon.

Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity.

success. The individual who possesses a success identity feels worthy and significant to others. Identity is a person's most important psychological need. A person who is irresponsible, and thus frustrated in an attempt to feel loved and worthwhile, will develop a failure identity and a faulty perception of reality. The client is encouraged to assume responsibility for his/her own happiness (i.e., by learning to fulfill personal needs without depriving others of their need fulfillment).

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

suggest a site visit to a work setting.

In the general US population...

suicide rates tend to increase with age (Explanation: official statistics indicate about 41,000 suicides each year in the U. S.)

When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using

summarization. When a counselor summarizes, s/he is bringing together a number of ideas. This summarization also could deal strictly with the material in a single session of counseling. Summarization constitutes a "synthesis" regarding the general tone or feeling of the helping process. Ivey recommends summarization at 2 or 3 points during each session and at the close of the session. Summarization is really the ability to condense the material to capture the essence of the therapeutic exchange.

A master's level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates

sweet lemon rationalization (the person overrates the situation to make it seem better than what it is)

All reinforcers

tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur (Explanation: a reinforcement happens following an operant. For example: positive reinforcement occurs when a child cleans her room and her favorite meal is provided after; negative reinforcement occurs when a favorite game/toy is taken away).

You have attempted to help a client for over two years with little or no success. You should

terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral.

One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called

test-retest reliability

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

testing is an important part of the counseling process & a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.

Piaget felt

that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts

that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up (Explanation: Even when the client wants to give up, the therapist does not).

The type of mental health service provided to the client is coded via _________ and is generally required for insurance payments.

the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844).

The APGA and APA had joint ethics guidelines for counselors and psychologists. This changed during the 1970s when

the APA did not wish to credential master's-level counselors or psychologists

In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as

the Electra complex (Explanation: the female child fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex which creates tension as it is not generally possible)

A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be

the Hawthorne effect. This relates to the famous study that took place from 1924 to 1932 at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company, Cicero, Illinois, which indicated that work production tended to increase with better lighting or worse lighting conditions. The verdict: simply that if subjects know they are part of an experiment - or if they are given more attention because of the experiment - their performance sometimes improves. (this will be on the test)

A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize

the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence

The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as

the Natural Child, the Adapted Child, the Little Professor.

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys..

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother (Explanation: Harlow concluded that "contact comfort" is important in the development of the infant's attachment to his or her mother).

Equalibration is

the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,

the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies

the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. (Explanation: Sedentary work is a maximum lifting of 10 pounds, medium work is a maximum lifting of 50 pounds, heavy work is a maximum lifting of 100 pounds, very heavy work exceeds a max of 100 pounds)

Genuineness, or congruence, is really

the counselor's ability to be himself or herself; real and authentic. This is a counselor who is not playing a role and is not putting up a facade.

Freudians refer to the ego as

the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle (Explanation: the ego acts as a police officer to control the impulses from the id (instincts) and the superego (the conscience). The ego is the mediator and acts as the reality principle and houses the individuals identity).

The most valuable type of research is

the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships

Albert Ellis is considered

the founding father of the cognitive behavioral therapy movement.

A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because

the group can go on even if one leader is absent, two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills, and leaders can process their feelings between sessions.

The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal

the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types.

A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too diffi cult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Karpman's triangle would say

the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.

In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested in question 708 the experimental group would need to receive

the manipulated IV & the biofeedback training.

Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to

the manner in which discussions and transactions occur

The median is

the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest

In terms of the labor market

the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up & the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases.

Common archetypes include

the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self, animus, anima, self, and shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.

Appraisal can be defined as

the process of assessing or estimating attributes

Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach

the researcher does not manipulate or control variables (Explanation: when utilizing naturalistic observation the researcher does not intervene)

There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however,

the same people are studied over a period of time

All of the following are difficulties with career testing except:

the tests all take at least three hours to administer.

A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like

the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa (Explanation: a platykurtic distribution is flatter and more spread out than the normal curve).

Research related to elementary school counselors indicate that

these counselor are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselor should be employed.

Interest inventories are positive in the sense that

they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker

Coleaders are apt to work at cross-purposes when

they do not meet between group sessions.

One major criticism of interest inventories is that

they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs.

Insurance payments are also called

third-party payments. Keep in mind that third-party payments do not always cover the entire counseling Fee. An insurance policy, for example, could pay only 50 or 80%. Other third-party systems have a maximum fee for services which could conceivably be less than your normal rate. When a client pay for a portion of the service it is known as a "copayment."

You wish to use an experimental treatment strategy. According to NBCC

this could be ethical if you explain this to the client and the client agrees

J. P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his

thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking

One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and

thus individual issues are not properly examined.

The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of

top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique

Occupational aptitude tests like the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test (ASVAB) grew out of the _____.

trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling

A person-centered therapist would

treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.

When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to

try to face the group member.

An achievement test measures maximum performance or present level of skill. Tests of this nature are also called attainment tests, while a personality test or interest inventory measures

typical performance

Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ____ is to topographical theory.

unconscious, preconscious, conscious. (The topographical theory sees the mind as an iceberg.)

A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of

underemployment

An experiment is said to be confounded when

undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.

A client asks you (and you have NCC status) for classical psychoanalysis yet you have no training whatsoever in this area. If you agree to analyze the client, you are

unethical as this is misrepresentation.

In gestalt therapy, unexpressed emotions are known as

unfinished business

A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely

urge the client to stay with the feeling. Gestalt Therapy is concerned primarily with the here-and-now. When a client tries to avoid a feeling the counselor urges the client to face it or "stay with the feeling." Perls believed this is necessary for growth.

An adept multicultural counselor

usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy

utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch, is performed face to face.

Which is more important, validity or reliability?

validity

The most critical factors in test selection are

validity and reliability

Attending behavior that is verbal is also called

verbal tracking; it occurs when you give your clients your complete attention. Helpful "nonverbal" behavior would include leaning forward slightly, eye contact, and appropriate facial expression, such as smiling. Nonhelpful nonverbals would be frowning, yawning, sitting far away from the client, repeatedly closing your eyes, shaking a finger at the client, acting as if you are in a hurry, or talking extremely fast or slow. Some exams may speak of task-facilitative behavior versus abstractive behavior in regard to the process of attending. When the counselor's thoughts are in relation to the client, this is said to be task-facilitative. When the counselor is thinking about his/her own concerns (e.g., how much money s/he is making that day or where to go for lunch), then it is seen as abstractive behavior.

A 39-year-old female secretary you are seeing in your assertiveness training group reveals that she is plotting to shoot her husband. Based on the Tarasoff case you should

warn the husband.

A 14-year-old male threatens to blow up his parents garage because he has been grounded. You believe his threat is genuine. You should

warn the parents that their property is in danger

The zone of proximal development

was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky (Explanation: the zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor).

A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor

was testing reliability via the split-half method.

One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs,

was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that

we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem

The in-basket technique would be best

when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position ( Explanation: the in-basket technique is a job simulation in which the job candidate is given a basket including memos, emails, phone messages, requests for presentations, data reports, and even complaints that a manager would typically encounter after being off work for a period of time).

In the field of testing, validity refers to

whether the test really measures what it purports to measure

In Freudian theory, attachment is the major factor..

which evolves primarily during the oral stage (Explanation: attachment is important when the child is still an infant, which is the oral stage).

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.a

A counselor who sports NCC after her name

will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.

Privileged communication refers to the fact that anything said to a counselor by a client

will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission.

The group IQ test movement began

with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.

According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination

women make less than men for doing the same job

Lifestyle includes

work, leisure & style of living.

A woman who is being robbed

would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

A malpractice or liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if

you are sexually involved with a client

In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that

you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test

You pass your exam and now have NCC status. You perform a battery of tests on your client. After you complete the testing you discover your client is in imminent danger. You receive a legal court order to turn over the test scores. You:

you must turn over the test records complete with the test scores

A Type I error occurs when

you reject null when it is true