Natural Disasters Exam 2, Chapter 7 Exam (Volcano Case Histories:Killer Events), Chapter 6 Exam (Volcanic Eruptions:Plate Tectonics and Magma)

100 year flood probability

1% probability of that flood in any year

State with most thunderstorms

Florida

At Mt. St. Helens, about 60 people were killed in 1980, primarily by pyroclastic flows and effects related to lateral blast.

True

Silicon and oxygen link up to form the silicon-oxygen ______________.

tetrahedron

In Icelandic-type eruptions, low-viscosity, low-volatile content lava erupts peacefully.

True

Pyroclastic flows can travel across bodies of water.

True

Volcanic eruptions can result in the formation of tsunamis.

True

Mechanisms of controlling runoff

You are going to put up levees

You're welcome

Your lord and saviors RnB

Rock may melt by _______________.

All of these choices are correct

Spreading centers are an ideal location for volcanism because ______________.

All of these choices are correct

Greenhouse effect (definition and causes)

Warms atmosphere

Several geologic phenomena are being studied as signs of an impending volcanic eruption. These include seismic waves, ______________, and the release of gases.

ground deformation

Most of the people killed by the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 __________.

had gone around barriers meant to keep people out of 'harms' way

The Mt. Pinatubo endangered people, animals, and property when its 1991 eruption resulted in __________.

lahars and pyroclastic flows

Most Icelandic eruptions are __________.

peaceful fissure eruptions

Important requirements for hail to form are _______________________________.

1. Large thunderstorms with buoyant hot air rising from heated ground2. Upper-level cold air creating maximum temperature contrasts3. Strong updrafts to keep hailstones suspended while adding coatings of ice onto ever-growing cores

Deaths associated with flooding

50% of all deaths associated with flash flooding is vehicle related

Over _________ of Earth's magma extruded through volcanism takes place at the oceanic spreading centers.

80%

Over _________ of volcanism is associated with the edges of tectonic plates.

90%

Types of jetstreams

Polar and Sub-tropical jet streams, ours is polar

The most famous of all volcanoes probably is Vesuvius, and the most famous of its eruptions are those of 79 ce, which buried the cities of ____________.

Pompeii and Herculaneum

Hydrograph plot

Rate of flow, or volume

Month of the year for most deadly hurricane landfall?

September

Trends in deaths associated with lightning

Steady decrease

Saffir-Simpson scale and the categories of storms

Strength of the hurricane! Measured by the wind speed.

Tsunami generation from earthquakes caused by vertical movements of the crust along subduction zones.

The crust is moving vertically and the crust is being squeezed

Hadley cells

The rising at the tropical/equator

The typical trend in a rising plume of subduction-zone magma is to increase the ____________.

All of these choices are correct

Why are low-latitudes the most dangerous latitudes to have a large volcanic eruption occur?

Ash and gases from low-latitude eruptions are spread around Earth to the greatest degree.

The two most active Cascade Range volcanoes over the past 4,000 years are _______________.

Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Shasta

Height of tsunami in open ocean first height of tsunami encountering land

One meter

Origin of the word "tsunami"

Harbor Wave

Specific heat

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of water

During the summer of 1783, the greatest lava eruption of historic times poured forth at _________, accompanied by the release of an enormous volume of gases that enshrouded much of northern Europe in a "dry fog" or blue haze rich in SO2 (one of the visible components of today's urban smog).

Laki, Iceland

What triggers of tsunami (not just earthquakes!)

Land slide, volcano, asteroids, earthquake

Cause of thunder

Lightening heats up the air

Base-level

Lowest level

In 1985, __________ produced a minor eruption that melted part of a glacier near its summit, sending a lahar down its slopes and killing at least 22,000 people.

Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia,

Active volcanoes today in Oregon and Washington, including Mt. St. Helens, result from _________________.

the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath North America

Highest wind speeds associated with

tornadoes(318)

Cause of April Fool's Day tsunami in Hilo, Hawaii

Earthquake in Alaska

Strongest winds in the hurricane (where?)

Eye wall

All volcanic activity in a failed rift ceases once the rifting fails.

False

At Lake Nyos in 1986, a gas cloud wiped out all nearby plant and animal life.

False

Lassen Peak is unusually large, SiO2-rich, lava dome in Mt. Saint Helens.

False

Magma at spreading centers is low-temperature, high-viscosity, and granitic, with easy escape of gases, providing all the factors that promote the peaceful eruption of magma.

False

Nuee ardente (French for glowing cloud) is another term used to describe a lava flow.

False

Pyroclastic flows cannot travel down all sides of a volcano simultaneously.

False

How to protect yourself in a tsunami event

Go to higher ground and stay there!!!!!

In 1883, __________ exploded and the resulting tsunami killed 36,000 people on Java and Sumatra.

Krakatau

In the United States, there was great concern in the early 1980s when earthquakes were frequent, including harmonic tremor, and four magnitude 6 earthquakes caused damage near __________.

Long Valley Caldera in California

Avulsion and channelization processes

Lower level in the flood plan

Enhanced Fujita scale

The way of determining tornado wind speed and better assessing the damage because of the closer relation of the wind speeds for each tornado. (google E1,E2...) (Measures tornadoes and tells you max. wind speed)

Where are the major zones of volcanism?

There are three main places where volcanoes originate: Hot spots, Divergent plate boundaries (such as rifts and mid-ocean ridges), and. Convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones)

The most dangerous volcanoes tend to be in the same general plate-tectonic settings as the largest earthquakes in the world.

True

The plate-tectonic process responsible for volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest region of North America is identical to the cause of the region's great earthquakes—subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate.

True

The radiocarbon process of documenting major eruption dates for volcanoes in the past 50,000 years or so is the same as that used to work out dates of major prehistoric earthquakes.

True

Volcanic eruptions with which of the following VEIs happen the most often?

VEI of 3

What is the volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of a Yellowstone super-eruption?

VEI of 8

Seafloor spreading generates __________ magma

basaltic

In August 1986, a gigantic volume of __________ belched forth from Lake Nyos in Cameroon and swept down the adjacent valleys asphyxiating 1,700 people.

carbon dioxide

The Toba eruption 74,000 years ago may have __________.

caused a great reduction in the worldwide human population

Tsunami risk related to landslides and debris flows and associated with volcanic flank collapse

Hawaii

Weather event with the highest death toll

Heat related weather events

What do dew point and relative humidity have to do with eachother?

Air temperature at which relative humidity is 100%, which then excess water vapor condenses and forms liquid water

The viscosity of magma is lowered by __________.

All of the choices are correct.

Mt. Rainier, Washington, is number one on the danger list of many U.S. volcanologists because of its __________.

All of these choices are correct

The energy behind the 1902 pyroclastic flow that destroyed St. Pierre came from _________________.

All of these choices are correct

Violent causes of death from volcanic eruptions include _______________.

All of these choices are correct

Low- and high-pressure systems - cyclonic vs anticyclonic

Areas of high pressure are called anticyclones, whilst low pressure areas are known as cyclones or depressions.

Mineral growth in magmas at the surface with temperatures around 1,000 to 1,200°C occurs in the following way

Both of these are correct

During the 1990s, hundreds of trees were killed at Mammoth Mountain, California, by the diffuse emission of _________ gas.

CO2

Tsunami risk in the Atlantic Ocean (what is the source of the potential risk?)

Canary Islands, (Volcanic Islands)

Coriolis effect and movement of hurricanes (northern hemisphere)

Causes storms in North America that turn right

Cyclonic rotation - northern hemisphere

Counter-clockwise

Nature of hurricane rotation (north hemisphere)

Counter-clockwise

Stream equilibrium controls

It is going to change its slope

Controls on the shift of the ITCZ

It is gonna shift around with the season. It moves north in the Northern Hemisphere summer and south in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Therefore, the ITCZ is responsible for the wet and dry seasons in the tropics.

What was the origin of the gas that killed 1,700 people in Cameroon in 1996?

It leaked upward from basaltic magma underlying a lake.

Weather conditions with different pressure systems

Low-pressure systems are associated with clouds and precipitation that minimize temperature changes throughout the day, whereas high-pressure systems normally associate with dry weather and mostly clear skies with larger diurnal temperature changes due to greater radiation at night and greater sunshine during the day.

Seiche

Mini tsunami in a lake

On 8 May 1902, a massive eruption of __________ killed 30,000 people in the town of St. Pierre.

Mont Pelée, Martinique,

Braided stream characteristics

More sedimate than it can actually carry

A genuine success story of advance warning before a large eruption occurred in the Philippines in 1991 before the climactic eruption of _________________.

Mt. Pinatubo

The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Columbia in 1985 dropped hot pyroclastic debris onto glaciers, resulting in lahars.

True

Period and wavelength of tsunami waves compared to wind-generated waves are

Tsunami waves are longer than wind-generated

Formation of thunderstorms

Warm ,moist air rises into cold air

Internal mechanisms within a hurricane

Warm rising air

Requirements for hurricane development

Warm water, unstable air, low wind speeds in upper atmosphere

Latent heat and condensation

Water going from vapor to liquid, that's causes storms.

Hurricane wind speeds (right-hand side of storm)

Wind speed + the speed the storm is moving in

When the relative humidity reaches 100%, excess water vapor condenses and forms liquid water. This temperature is the ___________.

dew point temperature

The presence of water ________ the melting point of rock.

lowers

Definition of fronts along with types of fronts

means The boundaries between different air masses. Cold Fronts Warm air in front of cold air then Warm Fronts are Cold air in front Warm air

Dome collapse, overspilling crater rim, direct blast and eruption column collapse are all ways to generate __________.

pyroclastic flows

In magma, __________ is the most abundant dissolved gas.

water vapor (H2O)