NAU ANT 103 EXAM 2

- What does "youth as transracial subjects" mean?

"...forth the "transracial subject" as transgressive because crossing borders becomes central to disrupting the "ontologies" upon which definitions of race rest."

- Is this idyllic portrait of wealthy, happy, high-achieving, educated and fully assimilated Asian Americans really what life is for them on the ground? What does Lo's research reveal in regards to these questions?

"Asian Americans have been successful" is actually a response to rationalization rather than its absence. White members of the community actually work to distance themselves from Asian Americans

What were some of the ways that Asian Americans were being racialized in Lo's ethnographic context?

"I welcome them into our community, but...[ I don't want it to be] their community. schools are seen as overcompetative, racially divided sports/organization, white residents complain of exclusionary holidays, whites object displays of Asian language in public places, and publicly linked to deception.

Claims to place: Oldtimers vs. Newcomers - know the discourse around this dichotomy

"Newcomers" Asian Americans- seen as selfish and only want money and property, they only want to make a quick buck, claiming more than their fair share of resources.

What is battlin and why do African American youth like to do it?

"Verbal dueling" and they place value in inventiveness and competition.

- What is ethnicity?

"ethnos" means "nation". common bonds between language, race, and religion. Ancestral links or heritage or shared beliefs and values. A sense of group boundary and identity. Dominate groups usually do not define themselves as ethnic groups. Language one speaks is often one of the most important marker of ethnicity and nationalism.

- What are the characteristics of Obama's Black sermonizing speech?

"mirroring" that of a black, baptist preacher pregnant pauses with meaning passion words w/ double meaning repetition biblical allusions Adopts AAVE Strorytelling codeswitching rhythmic patterns call and response

- What does the name "Newcomers" signal, according to Lo?

"newcomers" taking over the community

What is the ideology of linguistic supremacy?

"our way of speaking is better"

In what ways can language index our identities?

(possible identities: nation, religion, social class, gender, age) we preform our identities through language and interaction and can not be easily compartmentalized (as we speak differently in different social contexts

- Know about some examples of language crossing, we talked about in class.

1) working class white boy might imitate Anglo-Jamaican friends' dialect in order to seem more imitating and tough

- How is ethnicity different from nationalism?

A nationalist holds that cultural ideologies should become institutionalized through policies, etc. Ethnic groups do not usually demand command over the state (unless they feel oppressed and are fighting for rights and recognition)

- How is battlin interpreted by white teachers?

Aggressive and violent

- What are the characteristics of a "More Perfect Union" speech by Obama?

Black sermonizing

- What does research with student drop-out rates show about the values of native language preservation?

Higher drop our rate for those who do not engage and utilize their native language.

- What is language crossing and how is it different from code-switching?

Language crossing- borrowing language that does not belong to ethnic group that the speaker belongs to. Code Switching- switching between ways of speaking that belongs to ethnic groups that the speaker also belongs to.

How is language connected to identity?

Language simultaneously creates, constructs, and reflects our identities. we preform our identities through language. We often play with our identities and use different linguistic varieties we don't belong to use to make a specific point (language crossing).

- Know about discourses of Asian Americans as juxtaposed to discourses of Latinx

Latinx: less ambitious, less willing to assimilate Asian Americans: more hard working and ambitious pits immigrants and ethnic groups against each other and diverts attention away from structural forces of racial inequalities, It frames rationalization as a thing of the past and imagines Asian Americans as "honorary whites"

How are model minority and yellow peril stereotypes connected?

Model minority stereotype is a seemingly positive stereotype because it is often used to belittle other minority groups and because as soon as Asian Americans get ahead they become the yellow peril

- What type of ideology of monolingualism is prevalent in the US today?

Monolingualism is extremely prevalent. A lot of parents only see value in teaching English to their children.

- What is Dr. Ling-chi Wang, a scholar and an activist, in the documentary fighting for and why?

Multilingualism in schools

- Watch Steven Pinker's video attached in week 8 lecture powerpoint. What does Pinker say about some Standard English rules and African American Vernacular English (it is not improper English as some have labeled it)

Standard english rules are arbitrary and based off of those in power. AAVE is not "improper" and they even have an additional tense and have grammar rules like standard english

- What is the evidence Samy Alim presents of code switching among African American youth? (example of Bilal and copula/copula absence)

Student Bilal uses no copula absence with WFN to 88.37% in his peer group

- What does language crossing show us?

Such play and borrowing blurs old ethnic boundaries and cunstructs "new ethnicites" found on the embrace of difference and diversity. Such research needed to better understand language and identity.

- How do systems of power intersect with language and communication?

Systems of power (race, ethnicity, age, sex, class) are connected to cultural context, social positions, and larger systems.

- In what way is multilingualism connected to ethnicity?

The group that is in power determines what language is to be used and what is "correct", therefor, some ethnic groups become required or expected to learn multiple languages.

How is language connected to "race" and ethnicity?

The language of other ethnic groups are often stereotyped. Language can also index race and ethnicity

What does "racing language" concept mean?

Theorizing language through the lens of race and using race theory to better understand the social Focus more on small details like: copula absence, double negative, and t/d deletion.

Why do we often develop stereotypes of other ways of speaking? Why do we often think of them as inferior?

There's a history of inferiority or the group in power creates an idea of inferiority. Ex: Ebonics jokes of the 1990's and Mock Spanish

- What are some of the things Samy Alim urges us to realize about African American Vernacular English and its use in school by AA youth?

There's nothing standard about english and teachers should be more aware of verbal creativity.

What would Samy Alim say to a comment that we are living in a postracial society?

We actually live in a hyperracial society and are constantly oriented towards race but denying it.

- What does a model minority stereotype mean?

What immigrants and minorities should be. "They assimilate better than others"

- Know about an example of indexicality that is effective in its context (My Fair Lady). What does effective in its context mean? - acquiring new ways of speaking can open social doors for us

a particular way of speaking can index where someone is from or what group they belong to (Her Cockney speech indexes her social class and where she's from)

What is culturally sustaining pedagogy?

a theoretical model that not only addresses student achievement but also helps students to accept and affirm their cultural identity while developing critical perspectives that challenge inequities that schools (and other institutions) perpetuate

- What is copula absence?

absence of the verb "to-be"

What kinds of systems of power does language intersect with?

anything from government to daily systems of power and class hierarchies

- Why is the dictionary an example of symbolicity?

arbitrary or culturally conventional rules. Most are symbols, however it doesn't feel that way because we have some connection to something. What a word denotes can be found in a dictionary.

What does policing somebody's language mean?

controlling how someone or a group should speak or write

How was Obama using Black Language to connect with a racially diverse crowd?

copula absence, trash talking, black sermonizing. see "Nah, we straight" video.

What are language ideologies? Think of some examples of language ideologies?

different values (often negative) are placed on how people/other groups speak or any set of beliefs about language. Tendency to think of other ways of speaking as inferior. "They speak ow they do because they are what they are" Helpful to make sense of power drenched ideas people have regarding proper use of language (who has the right to speak and in what way).

What kinds of things does the press report of Asian Americans?

fastest growing racial group in the us w/ highest incomes, most educated, happier than other groups, the model minority stereotypes

- What is nationalism?

has a relationship to the state

What is Alim's main argument? in Talking Black in This White Man's World

he's against linguistic supremacy, he's for linguistic equanimity, teachers are unaware of linguistic supremacy , children have the ability to codeswitch, black youth place extreme value in verbal inventiveness and competition.

What goals does speaking Inverted Spanglish accomplish for Latinx youth in Rosa's ethnographic study?

highlights shared latix identity as different from mainstream white identity, lays claim to a "cool" americanness while mocking it at the same time, displays insider knowledge of Spanish, a way to lay claim to spanish and english as their own, calls into question negative views of their spanish proficiency, and outgrow negative views of their english proficiency.

What is Mock Spanish and what does Mock Spanish mean for a linguistic anthropologist Jane Hill? - What is

incorporation of Spanish language forms into English by white people incorrect grammatical and syntactical structure in a "Hyperanglicized" way of pronouncing words invokes stigmatizing stereotypes w/o making such stereotypes explicit. double standard: while thick accent attempts are ok when speaking Spanish, the reverse is not true.

What does a yellow peril stereotype mean?

is a racist color-metaphor that is integral to the xenophobia of colonialism: that the peoples of East Asia are an existential danger to the Western world.

- How is copula absence perceived among mainstream public?

lazy and ignorant HOWEVER Black folks shift their use of the copula in regularly patterned ways depending on the race, gender, and cultural knowledge of the person they are speaking with. Copula absence is not used in a random way but is a rule governed.

What are the main arguments in the documentary?

lots of pros of multilingualism. discusses the advantage of a classroom not limited to one language and the opportunities it gives.

How are Latinx policed through language?

mock spanish

- What is multilingualism and what is monolingualism?

multilingualism- you have to speak more than one language to communicate monolingualism- one language serves as the de facto official language

- What are some of the possible benefits of speaking more than one language?

new opportunities and and increase to social and capital growth.

How is language connected to generation? Know what moral panic is.

older generations are often judging youth for "destroying" standard varieties of language. Most linguistic motivation originates with youth and are connected to social and cultural change (commonly disapproved but it shows creativity, play, self-awareness, and political commentary). Moral panic-feeling of fear spread among many people that new language threatens the well-being of society

- Why is the example of an encounter between a ritual healer and a patient in Senegal an example of iconicity? What is the purpose of latching and overlapping in their greeting encounter?

overlap and latching helps establish a sense of connection and project a sense of interpersonal intimacy. iconicy because it resembles a desired purpose and is a crucial prerequisite for healing process.

Know the specifics of Obama's political oratory style as described in the article./- Know about the distinction between Obama's language and his style of speaking.

poised, composed, in a straightforward manner, empowering, able to build up a sense of community. hyper-aware of audience (Style and demographics), has a global family history, biracial background, and socialization across multiple cultures which honed his "style shifting" skills. "He speaks no Negro dialect unless he wants to have one." Overall, he uses standard American rhetoric and intonation but his style is African American.

- In what ways is multilingualism viewed by some as positive and in what ways can it be viewed as negative?

positive- can increase social/cultrual capital negative- other languages might be seen as a "threat" to the official language, and some people are uncomfortable with bilingual immigrants (immigrants generally want to learn the official language and retain their native language).

- What is colorblindness?

race is not seen this logic leads to "I don't see race, therefor race doesn't matter" and erases history.

What are some of the main points Lera Boroditsky mentions in the NPR interview Lost in Translation?

reach for words in your native tongue without even thinking about it "Mendokusai"- phrase that helps you perfectly encapsulates a feeling or an experience Languages are shaped by the way people see the world, but they also shape how people see the world reads left to right, egocentric way of thinking, Thaayorre speakers orient based off of the landscape not themselves we speak different languages then do we shift between worldviews.(we don't fully shift between them but instead utilize different distinctions at the same time) number words which could lead to more complex technological advancements languages give genders, same object we all see is different in our brains. Does a language see the world more gendered if every word is masculine or feminine language really matters- why would we argue about it? Why would we pay advertising companies so much money to name products? Why would we stress so much about what to call our children? Languages dying-Each language comprises the ideas that have been worked out in a culture over thousands of generations, and its all being lost

- What does Samy Alim have to say about Language, Race and Education?

schools are not merely sites of learning, but are also sights through which race, ethnicity, and linguistic diversity are constructed and produced. We transform language through education. we need to know how young people enact race and ethnicity through language. Moving forward: recognizing a changing national demographic and need to solve racial problems of the future.

What is linguistic equanimity?

stucture/ social equality of languages

What are the ways teachers in schools in Sunnyside are subscribing to an ideology of linguistic supremacy?

teachers say AAVE is something to "combat" and eradicate even by the most well meaning of teachers/

- Why is the Declaration of Independence an example of iconicity?

the intratextual movement (shift from us to we, resembling victimhood to assertion) resembles the real world movement towards independence.

- What does "languaging race" concept mean?

theorizing race through the lens of language aka "What is languages role in construction, maintenance, and transformation of racial/ ethnic identities". in what ways is race a social process that is remade daily by speakers who are socialized into power for language ideologies? ex: ideologies of language and race work together to produce Asians and Latinos as foreign and radicalized others in our culture

How is language connected to class and power?

there's no inherit feature of a language that causes it to become "standard" and no intrinsic superiority associated with "superior" social class. Language connected to class and power are purely a matter of history/power due to economic and political conditions.

What are some of the ways Lera Boroditsky thinks language shapes the way we think? What are some of the examples she is talking about in her TED talk (know about cardinal directions, time, numbers, color spectrum, grammatical gender).

we are oriented through language. language affects time, numbers (or if there are any), the color spectrum (i.e. between Russian and English), describing an accident (i.e. English vs Spanish) this reveals how flexible our brains are. there are about 7,000 languages

- What is code-switching or style-shifting?

we speak several forms of the same language. Also, speak two or more languages, We switch between them.

- What is Inverted Spanglish and how do young Latinx use it?

when you code-switch and also pronounce some spanish words with "hyperanglicized" accent insults are transformed into jovial play

What is white public space?

whites in positions of power (visibly normal) and blacks are visibly marginalized and suffered personal judgement in ways of speaking