NDM case study

Piracy

'PutLocker'- website. 30% of UK population being active in some form of piracy, costing film industry £500 million a year. Audiences demand for content and rise of cinema prices have left some wanting content for free. Without having to pay for subscription service. Allows audiences to watch and stream content on same day release in cinemas and shows which aren't available in the UK. Online index of hosted files and a website used for streaming entertainment media such as film and TV, website originated in the UK in 2011 and grew to receive millions of daily visitors after the shutdown of Megaupload. 2016- website was blocked by a high court order and at its peak to a temporary closure in late 2016, Alexa Internet listed PutLocker as ranking among the top 250 most visited websites worldwide. PutLocker has been reported by the motion picture association of America as a major piracy threat. Domain has changed multiple times throughout its history with the most recent domain seizure being that of the URL putlockers.ch. which was suspended and transferred to the ownership of EuroDNS by order of a Luxembourg court. It is not publicly known as to whether or not an official PutLocker website maintained by the original term remains available online, but at least fifty mirror or proxy websites, many of which use the PutLocker name have been identified. July 2017- the International Business Times reported that "15% of internet users in the UK are either infringing copyright through streaming or illegal downloads with pirated TV material primarily accessed through Kodi or PutLocker (17%)"

Phil stokes

'the demand for internet video shows no signs of slowing down'

dystopian and utopian perspective

(Habermas)- del solle poole Amazon producing content that accounts for the whole world, wide range of amazon originals. Audiences have the chance to watch alternative media and maintain access to the content at any time. Habermas-dystopian- producing content on a mass scale, similar representations recurring and the development of stereotypes that are neglectful. Documentaries being 'dumbed down' to having low entertainment values in order to allow all audiences the chance to understand them. Making audiences lazy by not having to search far for the content they wish to see- convenience.

video killed the video star

- 'Video killed the video star' survey Nov 2017- reasons US internet users stream video, convenience- 53%, cost-41%, avoid commercials-40%, movie selection- 38%, substitute for TV service- 26%, documentaries- 19%, children programming- 10%, don't stream- 15%, 4% other

cultivation theory

- Gerbner Exposure to media over time examines the long-term effects of media and television. More time people spend living in the tv world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television. Images and ideologies transmitted through popular shows are heavily influenced perceptions of the real world.

Background

- Launched in 2006, both free and purchasable content to its laying subscribers - Experienced with variety of releasing strategies. Both full season and weekly model. - Turned over pilot process to the people. Streaming service release a group of series pilots to subscribers to watch, rate and critique before using information to determine which shows to pick up for a full season. Viewer play execution, Amazon is hedging its bets by green lighting shows that are virtually pre-approved by intended audiences. - Amazon Video is an Internet video on demand service that is developed, owned, and operated by Amazon. It offers television shows and films for rent or purchase and Prime Video, a selection of Amazon Studios original content and licensed acquisitions included in the Amazon's Prime subscription. In the United States, access to Prime Video is also available through a video-only membership, which does not require a full Prime subscription. In countries like France and Italy, Rent or Buy and Prime Video are not available on the Amazon website and Prime Video content is only accessible through a dedicated website. In countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, Amazon Video additionally offers Amazon Channels, which allows viewers to subscribe to other suppliers' content, including HBO in the United State - 100 million subscribers worldwide, 80 million in the US alone. - Not available worldwide, excluding China, North Korea, Syria, and iran from globalisation reach.

Additional information

- Netflix and Amazon driven explosion into tv drama quality- wrested budgets and talent away from Hollywood and smaller film makers - Netflix spent $100 million on two series of glossy TV drama The Crown. - Triple what it cost to make 'The Darkest Hour' and Three Billboards - Netflix don't give theatrical releases to films it producers or buys in most cases, makes it harder to get publicity for smaller scale productions - Amazon does!!, gives additional lift in terms of selling the film, biggest issue for mid0budget films being if you want some kind of lift to get the film out there - Net neutrality- Netflix and amazon - Boasts one of the largest audiences for tv and film, not spending too much time worrying about the demise of the government rules that once protected it - Millions of subscribers- unlikely to alienate audiences, background noise for them. 100 million users worldwide, continue to entertain people. - Amazon Oscar nominations- old fashioned cinema first release for prestige hopefuls, Manchester by the Sea.

Blockbuster

- Reached peak in 2004, 9,000 stores before it closed in 2013. - Attempted to compete with new and digital media - Did attempt through convergence, giving consumers a chance to watch films at less expense in their own homes, making its own streaming service and on demand. Too late. Length of time it took for DVD's to occur, assuming they were on time and it was too difficult to operate and ended in a loss of profits. - Attempt at streaming wasn't effective or customer friendly online service for audiences. - Redbox- competition with Netflix, major factor in its demise. - Lost significant revenue during the 2000's and in 2012 the company filed for bankruptcy protection. - Remaining 1,700 stores were brought by satellite television producer Dish Network, blockbuster brand has mostly been retired. - Dish still remains a small number of blockbuster franchise agreements, which allows some stores to remain open in a few markets.

Freeform

- TA is 14-34 year olds. Network more susceptible than most to a youth exodus from TV. Audience also presents additional opportunities. Freeform press release- network programming was the topic of more than 300 million social media posts this past summer, more than any other TV network. Streaming services have low price points averaging around £7-10 a month. More on demand content Great audio and video quality- Netflix- super HD 1080p steam, 3D capable streaming, 4K/ UHD TV's. Hulu Plus and amazon- 720p Both have 5.1 Dolby digital surround sound

Netflix impact

- The Netflix Impact: Impact of the streaming model on television storytelling: Control in hands of viewer Begins with courtship Netflix releases entire seasons at one time. Show fails to attract audiences you can easily turn off. The Netflix model potentially extends courtship period. Each episode available. Level of access comes with streaming catalog, series disappoints=move on quickly, easier. Subject to external vacuums and forces that guide mass medium. Netflix kept eye on horizon of content distribution. 100 online video services based in US alone. 40% of streaming services launched in past two years. Various niche options. Each service feels the need to define itself amidst the cornucopia of streaming. 75 million global subscribers and unparalleled pace of original content output, Netflix remains far and away the leading streaming service. Rather than target a specific niche demographic, company aimed to create a mass market service to assert hegemony.

TV decrease

2011- 18-24-year-old Americans were watching 24 hours a week of traditional TV, meaning broadcast or cable TV whether live or time shifted with a DVR. 2016- dropped to 15 hours a week, spending more time watching streaming video rather than TV.

Streaming partners program

2015- launched. Amazon channels. Subscription based third party channels and streaming services to be offered to amazon prime ugh the amazon video platform. Separate from the amazon video offering and must be purchased separately Included services such as curiosity stream in the US and lifetime movie club. Added other partners such as HBO, Cinemax and fandor, PBS kids, Seeso, toku and boomerang,

Amazon viewers

26 million prime members watched tv and movies on amazon as early 2017. Calculated the number of how many subscribers per showed how many viewers a tv series had as a percentage of total rime video customers. Amazon studios aimed to win credibility in Hollywood with sophisticated shows beloved by critics.

Piracy increase

300 billion visits to internet piracy last year, up 1.6% from 2016. According to antipiracy consulting firm Muso. While illegal streaming and downloads of TV shows and music increased in 2017, film piracy actually declined Muso's analysis showed. TV accounted for more than one third of the reported global piracy activity, with 106.9 billion visits. Film had 53.2 billion. 53% of it occurred on unlicensed streaming platforms, much higher in the US for TV and movie content.

Subscribers

30m members in America, 38m globally Broadcast- 110m households in America Pay-Tv- increased to an average of $89.78 per month, up 36% in the last 5 years 22% of people who move don't subscribe to a pay tv service Netflix has gone from 3% of households with cable to over 12% in the last few years. Net-neutrality debate- Video streaming services like Netflix and Amaozn prime video account for 33% of internet traffic at any time in America.

Changing face of cinema experience

AMC in 1995, stadium style seating for comfort and better views, 2000's IMAX screens, online ticket sales, stayed the same. Dinner and a movie- independent and large chain movie theatres feature hot meals and alcohol service. Alternative cinema- Secret Cinema, creating new experience. Live chorus singing sound track, retro drive in theatres. Independent theatres- local theatres, niche films as anime or exploitation flicks. VR- new digital media. Dreamscape Immersive- Spielberg, AMC theatres MGM and WB. Engage in virtual reality experience w other players closely resembling storyline of experience of traditional cinema. Cinema goes more interactive- audience members interact with movie by phone, given power to make choices for protagonist and control how it unfolds.

NETFLIX V AMAZON

Amazon and Netflix originally offered alternatives to traditional video rental. Albeit with limited title selection and accessibility only through computers. The popularity of these SVOD services quickly accelerated when over the top devices such as the Roku box and apple TV brought streaming video to television screens. Later, these subscription services became accessible through digital apps on mobile devices, further driving online video into the mainstream. Amazon and Netflix always compete head to head, with both services offering movies and tv series licensed from major studios/ both also pursued exclusive deals with premium content providers. Leading SVOD services quickly transformed from content aggregators to full-fledged internet TV networks. The new frontier for streaming video is international expansion. In order to continue growth, the platforms are reaching out to new customers throughout the world. Netflix expanded its global reach to a total of 190 countries by launching simultaneously in 130 countries in January 2016, it sat alone as the only video streaming service available almost everywhere. By the end of the year, amazon prime video had caught up, landing in over 200 territories worldwide. Push toward international markets has far reaching implications for all stakeholders of the video streaming industry. Two companies seem to be taking vastly different approaches to their global expansion. Amazon has been focusing on offering local content that appeals to broader, indigenous population of the particular country in which its service is available. India- vying for rights to the Indian premier league cricket events, consistently capture the highest viewership rating Netflix- creating foreign programming that can find an audience in a broader global membership base.

Amazon and Netflix- studios

Amazon and Netflix partnered with a group of Hollywood studios to sue SET broadcast. The streaming service SET TV- pirated their copyright material and offered it to subscribers for a fee of $20.

Amazon- co-distributour

Amazon has acted as a co distributor for titles such as Spike Lee's Ch Raq (the first amazon original movie), Liza Johnson's Elvis and Nixon, Nicolas Winding refn's The Neon Demon, Woody Allen's Café Society and Michael Showalter's the Big Sick. 2017 saw Amazon move to become a self-distributing outlet, as it incorporates more film funding into his expansion. Bringing cinematic quality work from high profile filmmakers and performers to their customers, far quicker than the traditional home entertainment release after a theatrical run, sometimes bypassing theatres altogether. Brought back into sharp relief more recently, after Netflix quietly acquired the distribution rights to The Cloverfield Paradox from paramount and released the film to subscribers worldwide with little over an hour's notice.

Amazon v Netflix

Amazon magic is people who subscribe to Prime- $99 a year service that comes with two-day free shipping and the ability to stream thousands of free movies and TV shows, will also buy movies and shows from Amazon that are not listed as free. Netflix members view video 12.7 times per month Amazon 8.3 times per month iTunes users buy or rent video 4.9 times per month If Amazon offered only its subscription service, Netflix would still be the king of streaming video content. But it doesn't. If you factor in findings that Prime also buy or rent content from Amazon Instant video 5.1 times per month, Prime members view video on Amazon 13.4 times per month, more than Netflix. 'Amazon prime customers use the free streaming video that they receive with their membership somewhat less than Netflix members use their service, but amazon prime customers also buy or rent additional video using amazon instant video, say when a video is not available on prime streaming service, we combine the amazon prime streaming and amazon instant video use to conclude that amazon prime members use video from Amazon about as often as Netflix subscribers use video from their service. Amazon put $1.3 billion into the service to make it more attractive. Prime members are believed to spend more than double what non-members do on the site.

Lord of the rings

Amazon studios and its sister amazon video own global tv rights to the lord of the rings.

A winning situation for worldwide consumers

As Netflix and Amazon expand, consumers worldwide are presented with more entertainment choices than ever before. The global SVOD platforms are competing fiercely with the local streaming options in each territory, and they all want to provide consumers with the best entertainment experience. Will Netflix's premium pricing strategy be successful, or will Amazon attract consumers with its lower price? Unlike cable and satellite, streaming services offer consumers freedom from long-term contracts, so the risk of signing up is low. If a consumer is dissatisfied with Netflix, he or she can easily cancel and subscribe to another service.

Amazon sports

Began to make sport content in April 2017, first acquiring non exclusive rights to stream portions of the NFL's Thursday Night Football games during the 2017 NFL season to prime subscribers in a £50 million deal. Replacing previous deal with twitter August- acquired rights to ATP world tour beginning in 2019 replacing sky sports Deal will run until 2023 and will exclusively show all masters 1000 event and 12,500 and 250 series tournaments. Amazon will be the third party pay tv provider for the ATP finals and starting in 2018 for queens club and Eastbourne tournaments. AnnoUnced in two year deal in September for amazon to stream the next generation ATP finals.

binge watching

Binge released programmes, producers increasingly recognise the creative potential that the new distribution style has to offer. Show runner of Angie TriBeCa, Ira Ungerlekder when speaking on the release strategy commented ,we were all surprised and had never heard of such a thing before. We tossed it around and though it was a cool way to introduce a show, certainly the way we view TV today is binging. The show really lends itself to that kind of watching,. Recent moves by Amazon, NBC,TBS, and Starz exemplify the influence of the all at once release across all sectors of current television landscape. Greater trend in viewership since manifested itself further as will likely continue to do so. Rise of streaming, new forms of distribution have emerged and adapted to bring internet based television into family's room.

Netflix v Amazon

Both companies will continue to spend several billion dollars on content every year to stay competitive and attract new subscribers. Netflix and Amazon picked up the international distribution rights to many independent films at the Sundance Film Festival this year—at a price of several million dollars per film. Amazon has become the first streaming service to receive an Academy Award nomination. This is one area in which Jeff Bezos's company has superseded Reed Hastings's. Netflix now has a serious competitor—and one with even deeper pockets. Amazon's big advantage is that it has other lines of revenue from e-commerce and data hosting, and its content spend represents a much smaller percentage of its total revenue. In contrast, Netflix is a content-only business. To remain competitive, it may look to be acquired by a more powerful company. Although Netflix and Amazon have been the first SVOD services to pursue international expansion on a large scale, other video streaming players will feel pressured to follow in their footsteps. Video streaming in the international marketplace is in its infancy, and it is still anyone's game. It is no longer a business just about managing digital inventory and keeping up with technology. To be successful, streaming services must invest in content that caters to the diverse tastes and cultural preferences of consumers in various countries. As the two video streaming giants battle it out, consumers can look forward to greater accessibility and even more cutting-edge content.

Varying sates of internet infrastructure

Broadband internet access is not widespread in developing countries, in mobile first markets such as India, subscribers tend to rely on cellular data, which is more constrained than weird internet. Netflix is pursuing more deals with cellular providers in which Netflix streaming would be exempt from data usage charges. To provide better visual quality and fewer interruptions, Netflix and amazon are offering automated learning systems that provide optimal streaming configurations based on device, location and ISP. Both companies also allow downloading of movies and TV shows for offline viewing.

Jennifer Salke

Broaden amazon line up, old head of NBC entertainment president whom amazon hired last month as its studio chef. Amazon's Bezos has wanted a drama to rival HBO's global hit game of thrones according to the people Prequel to the nit lord of the rings, company had offered £250 million for the rights alone, production and marketing could raise costs to £500 million or more for two seasons one for people said. Half a billion dollars, the prequel would cost triple what amazon paid for the main in the high castle seasons one or two the documents show, need to draw three times the number of prime members as the man in the high castle for an equal payoff.

Regulatory environments

China is one of the only major markets where Netflix and amazon do not have a presence. Netflix recently announced that it would license its content to Chinese services because the regulatory environment is too hostile to outsiders. Europe- the European commission has proposed taxation of streaming services like Netflix to finance film and tv production in those countries. Content providers are forced to learn new digital workflows- Netflix and amazon have been focusing on the development of their own original programming, licensed content from Hollywood studios is still important. SVOD services have enhanced content localization for international markets, the requirements for digital delivery have changed. Studios forced to learn and master new digital workflows in order to satisfy partners and consumers higher expectations. SVOD services had a smaller international footprint, studios would deliver a flat file with the audio and video for a specific territory married together. SVOD services require component delivery in which the video and audio files are provided separately for greater flexibility. Studios have internal teams that handle digital mastering, localization, artwork and metadata. However, they often rely on external vendors to support localization, workflows and aggressive delivery schedules.

Britannia

Co production with sky One of the channels biggest launches in years according to figures seen by the radio times. 1.88 million after two weeks following the episodes first airing. Highlighting the rapid changes in how broadcasters measure success in the modern era Original premiere viewing of 248k- 2am premiere added another 300k, available on demand throughout the day too Aired on sky in the uk and Amazon in the US.

Payment systems

Credit card payments have been a stumbling block, especially in markets like Latin America where consumers are reluctant to share personal information. New Netflix subscribers are increasingly signing up on mobile, without even visiting the company's website. Netflix has been adding mobile payments, just like iTunes and Google Play, to make its service easier to use. Netflix has also made a big investment in gift cards, forming partnerships with local operators.

Good girls revolt

Critically acclaimed show about gender inequality in New York newsroom had total US viewership of 1.6 million but cost £81 million with only 52000 first streams worldwide by prime members Program cost per person was £1560 according to the documents, cancelled after one season Now working on more commercial dramas and spin offs with appeal outside the US Prime members had more room to grow people familiar with the matter,

Disney

Disney removing content from Netflix = ted sarandos surprised it took them that long, Netflix had instead lured ABC crown jewel Shonda Rhimes to leave her tv home of 15 years for an exclusive deal giving her the freedom to make content of any length without the onerous creative and schedule restraints demanded by an ad driven network. Enlightment was slow in coming, dawned on Hollywood that little disruptor Netflix is bent on world domination, 104 million global subscribers and 193 other markets around the world. Direct and fierce competition with an open wallet for content and talent. Disney first studio to move away from subscription services. Globalisation becoming more normal. Algorithms make shows travel. Amazon and Netflix are both for the mainstream audiences.

piracy decrease

Film piracy decreased by 2.3% last year even as torrent-based activity also increased globally toward the end of 2017. Muso speculated that shift toward peer to peer downloads could have resulted from illicit video streaming sites being blocked or shut down. 87% of piracy occurred via mobile devices, compared with 13% from desktop computers. The cost of illegal downloading and streaming of movies and TV shows had been laid bare- a whopping US $51.6 billion by 2022.

hegemony

Gramsci Indoctrinated audiences from watching films in the cinema, more streaming services available than ever before.

host of devices

Host of devices, smart TVs, game consoles, set top boxes such as Apple TV and Roku, let viewers watch streamed programming on television sets, effectively integrating interface of streaming with traditional TVs watching experience. Allowing streaming distribution to transcend computers and mobile devices. Technological contribute to the broader acceptance and greater legitimacy of services like Netflix within world of television. Amazon and Netflix wield status as internet based companies to expand on types of information gathering utilised y traditional to networks before them. Audience voice in programming decisions, greater emphasis on audience habits, tastes, and opinions after having wider access to them. Audience freedom originates from viewing audience.

Cinema survival

If cinemas want to survive then they need to change their model to reflect the way in which audiences have changed with modern times. The initial rise in popularity of the movie theatre was closely tied to their additional role as an outlet for war time propaganda, something we no longer need, since we now have rolling 24 hours news coverage on hundreds of television channels, as well as constant access to our social media accounts. Cinemas exist for the sole purpose of screening film and if that service becomes increasingly limited in range or is provided at too high a price, demand for that service will fade. Not the fault of competition nor the fault of the consumer. Medium of cinema has evolved, but the pace of evolution of movie theatres have failed to match that of technology and consumption. To be clear, it is not incumbent upon audiences to preserve the theatre going experience. Incumbent upon movie theatres to serve the needs of the audience they wish to attract, otherwise audiences will find all but their event movies elsewhere. Odeon- sold to China owned firm in 2016, brought by AMC entertainment- brought by conglomerate Dalian Wanda, deal worth £921 million

SVOD growth

Important to put SVOD growth numbers in context. Such services accounted for about 3% of total UK viewing in 2014, while around 90% went to live, recorded and on demand television, the domains of the traditional broadcasters and cable channels 'for all the impressive headlines that companies like Netflix and amazon generate they are still only used by a minority of the population. While Netflix dramas like House of Cards generate a lot of attention, the majority of viewing on these platforms goes to existing broadcast content. So the content that people like the BBC and ITV have funded and created has gone some way to making Netflix as popular as it is.' SVOD platforms are mostly a 'complementary' form of viewing, says Ofcom, used primarily to access films and US TV shows. They also face fierce competition from mainstream and cable channels, which are themselves offering new digital services, not to mention from recorded TV and free video on demand services like YouTube. SVOD is just one reflection of an overall media landscape that's in the midst of fundamental change. In part, the traditional broadcasters are capitalising on changing viewing habits and the opportunities from technology by launching their own time shifted catch up channels, families of channels, mobile apps and video platforms.

ISP's have a golden opportunity

In developed markets, internet service providers may also be cable providers. Big communications companies have an advantage in that they are somewhat immune from the movement toward online video. As consumers eschew traditional pay TV offerings in favor of streaming, these firms can simply charge more for internet access to offset the lost cable revenue. Bandwidth demands will increase even more in the future as content is made available in new formats such as 4K UHD and High Dynamic Range. In order to maximize quality of service, streaming video giants such as Netflix may pay for high speed lines, similar to how cars pay for access to fast lanes on the highway. And in the more remote parts of the world, it is possible that Netflix or Amazon may subsidize the build-out of internet infrastructure.

Cinema impact

Introduction of IMAX, 3D, 4DX, 4D etc have increased cinema prices in order to maintain profit and audience attendance. Streaming services are unable to stream these types of films through their platforms. Sky able to through Sky Cinema. Decline of predominant audience, teenagers, going to the cinema by 32% has led to moral panic. Decline of traditional cinema as a whole. Cineworld- losing profit as a result of streaming services. Films in cinemas for less time and audience are preferring to wait until its online or home release instead of paying expensive prices. Now stream west end shows and opera's in cinema, attempting to make event cinema more of an experience. Has worked in some cases. Fans of franchises being more willing to spend more money a cinema ticket to watch in Imax or 4DX for the experience and the film itself. Introduction of technicolour sound, panning shots, continuity, visual effects, animation, computer generated images, 3D, IMAX, each new decade has heralded an evolutionary leap for this storytelling medium. And each of those leaps has led to a related expansion in the business of film exhibition. Economic power shifted to the audience with the introduction of home entertainment. Pressure was now on studios to produce pictures that encouraged audience to want to see them on the big screen, rather than the small. This pressure has only increased with the rise of streaming services and video on demand. Ensured audiences don't need an additional device, within a home cinema to watch movies, a subscription and digital movie rental fee is regularly less than the cost of a DVD or cinema ticket.

Anime strike added

January 2017

technological determinism/ media determinism

Marshall McLuhan New media determining society's culture and the form of the media being counted. Allows audience to control watching times, whenever and wherever. Half the price as the cinema. More access to films and TV shows than ever before. Taking over dvd sales. Studios making their own streaming services.

Content creation

Netflix- hoc, OITNV, Marco Polo Amazon- Alpha House, Beta's, Mozart in the Jungle CBS- NCIS New Orleans, scorpion, stalker ABC- toy story that time forgot, modern family, scandal, greys NBC- heroes reborn, Charles in charge, the biggest loser.

networks taking too long to adapt

Networks too longer to adapt- went into competing with them, not on same scale. Netflix and other services have taken advantage of growing demands for access and control. Netflix influence on viewing practices and preferences, some cable companies an distressing services have experimented with all at once model. Amazon began releasing some seasons all at once beginning with Transparent, around time of release, Roy prince said ,there is defiantly a lot of enthusiasm for the whole binge release idea. We're going to do whatever people respond to,. Studio was following rather than setting a trend. Traditional networks and channels have attempted to incorporate the all at once release into linear programming model. NBC released full first season of Aquarius via various video on demand platforms immediately after airing season premiere in twenty fifteen. Remaining episodes continued to air weekly, already available online. Making deals with select advertisers and airing the same commercials in linear and on demand, able to execute the unusual distribution tactic. Essentially guarantee to cannibalise linear viewership. Stark implemented similar distribution strategy for third season of Da Vincis Demons, but by being a premium channel, it didn't include commercials in either the linear or on demand release. TBS debuted Angie TriBeCa with commercial free marathon in tenth sixteen. Show release, dubbed a binge a thin, featured ten episode season being broadcast continuously for twenty five hours on linear television, online all at once release accompanied this marathon broadcast. Partially dependant on advertising revenue, otherwise commercial free marathon incorporated ad sponsored vice vignettes between episodes. Sponsored vignettes represented a deliberate attempt by. ASIC cable channel ,to appeal to viewers who might dig into a video favourite via Netflix or Amazon,. Satisfying revenue model. Distribution strategy for the show reflects growing popularity of the all at once release among viewers and the increased desire by networks to take advantage of this viewing behaviour. Unconventional hybrid tactics point to transitional nature of to industry at the time.

New cultures and languages

Offering service in international markets means that content must be translated into multiple languages. Netflix catalogue now supports 22 languages though not all content is available in every language. Algorithms that analyse consumer behaviour must continually evolve for a global audience. Netflix has always based its predications about consumers within a particular country on analysing data from that country's consumers. Aggregating data from subscribers all over the world. Because it needs to generate recommendations for countries with little historical data. What is challenging is that the content catalogues are not the same all over the world due to distribution rights.

OITNB

Pirates introduced an entrepreneurial plot twist- ransom by Hollywood studios. Rogues have told leading makers of films or tv programmes that if they do not pay up, digital copies will appear online before the official release date. Hollywood's version of WannaCry-the ransom malware. Netflix- certain episodes of OITNB released early "thedarkoverlord"- demanded payment in bitcoin. Disney blackmailed over a forthcoming film - Cars 3, unclear if Disney's foes actually have the goods, Bob Iger, the chief executive, mentioned the case at a company event in New York last month, saying the firm was working with the authorities. Neither Disney nor Netflix has disclosed the sums demanded.

TV impact

SVOD services such as Amazon have sent shockwaves through the broadcast world, gain millions of new viewers each year and produce ever more of their own award-winning content UK regulator- Ofcom, household subscriptions to the top SVOD services- Netflix, Amazon prime and sky now shot up from 4.2 million to 6 million in the 12 months to march in 2015. Forecasts from Mintel suggest that UK streaming video subscription revenues will rocket from £457m to £1.1 billion between 2014 to 2019 as users more than double. 199m estimated households by 2020. Comes at a time when the number of people who own a TV set is falling in the UK and the long-term viability of the licence fee is in question Research from media consultancy SNl Kagan has also found that in the US, take up of cable, satellite and other pay TV services is falling fast as lower cost SVOD's undercut them. Mark Mulligan, analyst of media consultancy Midia- Netflix and amazon have big advantages over broadcasters in their ability to target programmes at specific audiences and lavish budgets. Measured in billions on their productions. 'A traditional cable company has to worry about filling entire programming schedules of a vast selection of channels- SVOD companies have no schedules at all. So, they can afford to be highly selective about what they want to commission and then pay over the odds to get it'

When did it launch?

September 7th 2006 Amazon unbox in the US Expanded library and grew Made part of prime. Amazon instant video on demand

streaming platforms

Streaming platforms are succeeding precisely because they are constantly providing audiences with access to the ends of films that are rarely found in mainstream theatres, outside of crowded and expensive film festivals. Hollywood studio film distribution monopoly has caused a general 'squeezing out' of smaller movies in generic urban multiplexes and this coupled with rising ticket prices, led to cinema trips being regarded as more of an event than a regular leisure activity. Elitist attitude surrounding the theatres versus streaming debate. Some films being put on streaming services rather than face a low performing box office. Two points of argument- first being watching the film on a small screen, disrespects the art of filmmaking and secondly that the very fabric of society is adverse affected, because a trip to the cinema brings people together in a communal experience

Youtube

Streaming v traditional cinema v new and digital media such as internet marketing, social media platforms and the utilization of 'YouTube'. Traditional cinema key target audience being those aged between 15-35, online trailers, adverts, websites, and interactive user generated content all contributing to the encouragement of audiences going to experience films in the cinema, increasing box office profits.

Curiously stream

Subscription based service that streams science and history documentaries, founder of Discovery Channel, award winning streaming destination where viewers can journey through our world and beyond, 1,7000 documentary series and features. Immersive experiences shown experts from Stephen Hawking to veritasium's Derek Muller, stunning visuals and unrivalled storytelling to demystify science, technology, history and nature. Global ad free subscription video on demand service. March 18th 2015. Owned by Amazon Prime video on December 8th 2015, offered as a add on to subscription service. Amazon-curisoitystream is separate subscription from Curiosity streams main VOD. December 1st, 2017, it was announced that CuriosityStream would partner with VRV an aggregate provider of streaming content, to allow access to CuriosityStream content through their service. December 7th, 2017- Sling TV began offering the service as an add on option to their customers.

TV- Connected home

The difficulty for SVOD services in past was that you could only watch the programmes on a laptop or desktop, which meant they weren't ideal for collective family viewing. Now internet enabled smart TV'S are bridging the gap and new technologies such as Amazon's fire struck and Google's Chromecast are enabling viewers to beam content wirelessly from any connected device to their TV sets with relative ease. Many cable services such as Virgin's Tivo, also offer Netflix as part of their packages, again widening access. Avergae download speeds in the UK are still around 23 megabits per second, so viewing SVOD on more than one device at the same time can lead to jerky, stuttering pictures, says Michael Underhill, an analyst at media consultancy enders. 100Mbps are needed for SVOD to continue its rapid growth.

Localisation vendors becomes increasingly important

Third party vendors perform content localization work including subtitle and dub audio creation. Vendors handle the workload of many different studio's. such a high volume of content and tight turnaround times, many struggles to keep up. Netflix may reject deliveries because the video does not work, or subtitles are out of sync. Streaming services need to build a strong network of in country dubbing studios for accurate translations and authentic voice casting. The challenge for vendors is to optimize localization workflows to support accelerated timelines without compromising quality.

The grand tour

Top gear-BBC 1.5 million first streams £49 per subscriber to make.

traditional networks

Traditional networks moves reflect a desire to adapt to the trend toward greater viewer choice without cannibalising their existing decade long business. Appointment viewing is no longer holding value- cannot be said. Broadcast TV still commands highest ratings per episode map game outlets. Steadily gravitated towards increasing levels of viewer control and the VCR, gradually took hold over the viewing public. DVR and VOD aided by the ease of digital delivery, took comparatively less time.

Transparent

Transgender father and his family, eight prime time Emmy's created buzz amazon wanted to attract top producers and actors. Lagged top shows in viewership First season drew a us audience half as large as that of the man in the high castle and it fell to 1.3 million viewers for its third season.

Trump card

Trump card- Mr Underhill makes is that services like Netflix have largely produced dramas which, despite critical acclaim, do not attract the mega audiences of shows like downtown Abbey or strictly come dancing. 'platforms like Netflix have shown no interest in commissioning shows like the x-factor or the only way is Essex or springwatch or indeed live sport or news. In these areas TV broadcasting companies are producing the bulk of content and accounting for a large share of audiences. Whereas, Top gear will likely reinvent itself after a few years without Clarkson, it is much less likely that Clarkson's brand will be as robust after a few years hidden behind the online play walls of an SVOD service'. They have to be innovative constantly.

Everyday Cinema's

UK cinema company, founded in 2000 when entrepreneur Daniel Broch brought the original Everyman cinema in Hampstead, which dated back to 1933. Led the growth of the company with the acquisition in 2008 of screen cinemas to add more locations. Coincided with Broch selling a majority stake in the enlarged company though he remains a shareholder. Offer's a programme of films and special events. Metropolitan opera from New York and national theatre. Venues each feature a licensed bar, food, digital projection and surround sound technology. August 2013- the guardian reported that the entire non-management staff of about 100 is employed on zero-hour contracts earning just above minimum wage and without any guaranteed set hours each week. Made its debut in the alternative investment market on 7th November 2013.

VCR's

VCR's- early 1980's. machine offered viewers the opportunity to record and play back episodes of video cassettes. New tech allow viewers to fast forward through commercials. Emancipated them from the rigid schedule of time slots and weekly viewing. Advent of VCR represents the first steps toward self scheduling and free viewing later popularised by streaming services such as Netflix. Lotz: 'viewers first gained the convenience of defying networks schedules with the VCR, which established a modest beginning that since has been expanded by DVR's and digital devices that integrate internet and TV to vastly expand consumer control. Popular through the 80's and 90's. despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc and Video CD. Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio, the disc's are heavy, cumbersome and more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled. Only home LD players not records were available. VCD format found a niche with Asian film imports but didn't sell widely. Hollywood studio's didn't release feature films on VCD in north America because the format had no means of preventing perfect copies being made on cd-r discs, already popular when the format was introduced. In an attempt to lower costs, manufacturers began dropping nonessential features form their VCR models. Built in display was dropped in favour of on screen display, programming and status. Buttons eliminated from the VCR's front panel, functions accessible from remote control. 2000- DVD's became the first universal success optical medium for playback of pre-recorded video as it gradually worked and overtook VHS to become the most popular consumer format. DVD records and other digital video recorders dropped dramatically in price, making the VCR obsolete. Dvd rentals in the US first exceeded those of VHS in June 2003. Declining market combined with US federal communications commission mandate effective March 1st 2007. As a result of the winning format war over HD, DVD became the optical disc, with the blue ray format replacing the dvd format. Many homes still having a large number of VHS tapes and with all blue ray players designed to play regular DVD's and CD's by fault, some began to make VCR and Blue Ray combo players. In 2018 they are non existent.

Strategic rationale

With the rebranding and repackaging, Amazon strengthens its already existing SVoD service 'LoveFilm' by tying it to the attractive next day delivery service for the amazon.com retail platform. Proposition- unlimited and ad-free streaming of movies and shows Pricing- includes access to Prime Instant Videos, a monthly standalone subscription to prime instant video, membership also includes next day free delivery service and access to amazon kindle e book library. Content- 12,000 titles in HD quality, consisting of series, movies and documentaries, including some exclusive amazon studios shows. Rent by mail service for DVD's will continue by Lovefilm brand in Germany. Video content production- 2010, amazon started amazon studio's initiative to develop and produce movies, TV shows and comics Amazon studios provides high profile exclusive shows such as alpha house for instant video Video Content discovery- 1998 acquired the leading internet movie database IMDb Amazon has access to a vast amount of video related data. Video content distribution- Amazon.com massively sells DVD's/ Blue Ray's Love film brand still operates as a rent by mails service Prime Instant video offers subscription based and the instant video shop transaction-based access to movies and shows Video content consumption- CE such as TV sets are key products sold on amazon.com, the kindle can also be used to consume video content. Customer satisfaction with streaming services exceeds the traditional pay TV services, according to American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI), annual survey of consumer attitudes to services including pay TV, video streaming, ISP's and fixed and wireless phone. Scored 76. Amazon's Twitch has capitalized on the growing popularity of streaming video games and esports, report noted. Cable performed poorly overall. Amazon has quietly become a major player in the video on demand competition, Amazon Channels, company's platform for reselling subscription services like HBO and Showtime, accounts for 55% of all a la carte direct to consumer video subscriptions, according to new data from The Diffusion Group (TDG). Amazon launched channels as part of its add on program for Prime video users, end of 2015. Grown the number of video services available through channels. Briefly experimented with selling its own niche video services through channels, gave up on strategy early 2018. Due to the price increase, a reported 49% of audiences were expected to leave the service. Amazon's top television shows drew more than 5 million people worldwide to its prime shopping club by early 2017, 26 million US customers, video programming, film and tv shows licensing from other companies included. 19 shows on Amazon that were exclusive, their cost, viewership, and the number of people they helped to lure to prime. Prime originals- much of the quarter accounted for of what analysts estimate to be total prime sign ups from late 2014 to early 2017. Amazon estimates its profit by dividing the budget by customer consumption, calculates how expensive the viewer is, the lower the figure, the better. Half of all households in the US, plus 75 million or more worldwide. I

DVD argument

You don't own the films you download technically- leasing the content, when you would be able to give or sell, a DVD you owned to anyone you chose. If you die, iTunes has the right to terminate the account and negate all ownership of its content. Films can disappear in the digital landscape- Netflix dropped 163 movies from its catalogue and added only 131, Netflix shifting focus to generate own material. Market moves fully to streaming and the market leader has the power to decide what content is made available to consumers. Digital film preservation is not proven to be safe- once something exists digitally, it is safe forever. Not necessarily the case. Film preservation traditionally an underfunded area already will struggle to preserve modern films reliably. Don't expect streaming service to be investing in preservation. Internet- what if it goes away? Convenience will always win out, exactly the premise that video rentals was built on 40 years ago, worth giving it some thought and maybe hanging on to your favourite DVD's and keeping hold of the DVD player. Saddest thing about completing our move to streaming films is the total loss of the warm culture of the video shop.

Lovefilm

acquired it in 2011, prime video added to prime in the UK, Germany and Austria in 2014 61% in subscription fee

Broadcast TV

appointment tv viewing is limited compared to online content HD for anyone with a capable tv More ads than online video services, 16-18 minutes of advertising during a one-hour broadcast program Shows are created to target a certain demographic. Programming is dependent on ratings. Effects- Competition for creation of in house content Competition for subscribers Net neutrality debate Changes in how content is delivered

releasing seasons at once

drew a distinction from weekly model, defined viewing experience, 'now streaming'. Viewer choice- excerpting control over TV viewing long before advent of digital platforms. Prevalence of remote controls in American TV marketplace grew from 9.5% in 1976 to 90% in 1990. Program listings in print were useful. Informed viewers decision making and making them aware of programming options available to them. Trend- networks would make programmes available after they originally aired through on demand services and through streaming. Mid 2000's offer episodes to purchase through online services such as Apple iTunes Store. Accelerated ongoing procession of viewer access. Built on impacts of DVR and DVD. More immediate access to content while operating distinctly from linear programming stream. Netflix was a DVD service before it was streaming. Led to surge of streamed original content. Rise of streaming services represents a step away from scheduled flow of linear television. Prioritising viewers choice over appointment viewing, emergence of term 'appointment viewing'. Proof of shift. Tension between traditional viewing and streaming services led to foundation for streamed original content . Netflix, largest streaming service faced greatest among of pressure from existing television systems. Hulu was network based and owned, Amazon had more diversified business model, Netflix became increasingly vulnerable to rising licensing fees and studios, experiencing failing ratings and begun to see the streaming service as a threat. Netflix invested heavily in original content. Curb reliance on traditional networks and channels. Competitive differentiation and the finite amount of licensable content, drove streaming services to begin commissioning original series. 2011-2013- Hulu, Amazon and Netflix to varying degrees, made substantial investments in original scripted content. 2009-2015- number of online original scripted series grew from 2 to 44 indicating dramatic shift in the ways to is created and consumed. Steep drops in viewership for broadcast and cable have been accompanied by substantial rises in subscriptions. Causal relationship not established, linear television networks have come under pressure to increase their online offerings. Variety: 'the motivation behind all of the upheaval in TV content distribution boils down to the industry adjusting to the new world order of viewer choice'. 2014- CBS launched CBS all access. Streaming competitors- amply named. 2015- HBO and Showtime released their one stand alone over the top services, 2016- NBC unveiled a streaming comedy channel called Seeso with five original series immediately available at launch. Episodes of Seeso originals will be released on weekly basis, keeping with vested interests of institution.

DVD Impact

early 1999- continuation of viewing practices established by VCR before it, allowing viewers to record and store episodes with unprecedented ease. Viewers often using them to record few select programmes for added convenience of digital technology. Encouraged to make time shifting their default mode of watching television, essentially promoting a 'non linear programming experience'. Sudden rise of DVR usage, largely led by TiVo. Prompted companies to revise tactics for advertising and ratings measurement, seeing as device altered how and when viewers would watch television. Popularisation had ramifications on ways in which creators made TV. Large portion of viewers it keep up without having to watch each episode live and to control manner of viewing, advance in technology has permitted greater degrees of narrative complexity, don't affect viewer equally. Avid viewers took full advantage of the device capabilities to rewatch episodes and parse out details, other settled into time shifted routine, consistently teaching episodes just as they would live on Tv at a more convenient time. Others who couldn't afford or had desire. NDM changed viewers schedules and convenience. Expanded methods of viewing that each show had to consider.

moral panic

end of the high street, cinemas, DVD, VCR's, changing the consumption landscape for audiences. Occurs when someone or something is defined by the media as a threat to the values or interests of society. Media enforcing it further. Stanley Cohen. Decline of traditional cinema.

Disney Life

horizontal and vertical integration, trying to prevent piracy. UK Only streaming service, appear to cord cutters or more specifically their children. £10 a month it's a little costlier than Netflix or amazon, despite the fact it only offers Disney content, isn't just for streaming video also hosts soundtracks, e-books and a selection of Disney branded apps. Can be accessed online or on iOS and android devices. Works with apple tv and chrome casts too. 10 devices and 4 concurrent streams running at one time. Launched in 2015, for smart devices in Europe and UK. Streaming service for Disney movies and tv series, includes access to soundtracks, digital storybooks and games. Marvel television content is now only available on uk Netflix. Also available in china through partnership with Alibaba. Only has 437,000 subscribers in the UK.

Hulu

joint venture between networks ABC, NBC and Fox, initially offered streaming VOD for free starting in 2008 before shifting to a primarily subscription-based model in 2010. Maintained the practice of including commercial breaks, like institutions. Providing greater access than DVR but less viewer control. Owners core business relied heavily on linear TV maintained weekly release schedule for its original series. Primary appeal is viewer access- retained some of the limitations of linear programming, allowing viewers access to past episodes and but restricting access to future ones Service owned by HULU LLC a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company, 21st Century Fox, Comcast, and Time Warner. Through an acquisition announced in December 2017, Disney will acquire Fox's partial ownership, giving it a majority stake if the deal closes. Primarily orientated towards instant streaming of tv series, carrying current and past episodes of many series from its owner's respective television networks and other content partners. Some of Hulu's competitors, include Netflix and Amazon. Previously it was divide into free and paid tiers, with the free service limited in the amount of content accessible to users only by a computer, and a paid service with a larger library of content and accessed via Hulu applications for various mobile and connected devices. Subscription service is divided into advertising supported and mostly free ad tiers. 2016- Hulu spun out free content into joint venture with Yahoo called Yahoo!View and launched a live television streaming service on May 3rd, 2017. Currently offered only to users in Japan and the US and its overseas territories. Deals with Disney, Time Warner, The CW (later removed to creating own streaming service), BBC, Disney-ABC, Showtime, CBS and Spotify- allowing users to purchase both streaming services for discounted price very month. Hulu with LIVE TV- Hulu existing library of television and films, launched in beta on May 3rd 2017. $40 a month subscription service provided support for Xbox One, Apple TV and Chromecast, iOS and android devices. Live content limited to major broadcast networks due to owned and operated stations and affiliates based in NYC, LA, Chicago, San Francisco and Philadelphia. Hulu representatives stated that it intended to negotiate carriage agreements with independently owned broadcasting groups to gain distribution rights to local stations from additional markets. Ability to create up to 6 user accounts profiles per single subscription personalized program recommendations based one user's favourite programs and varying simultaneous streams depending on the package. Hulu is the first digital company to receive multi-platform measurement at an individual level that includes co-viewing for living room devices. When factoring this in, Hulu's reach among A18-49 increases 50%. 20 million subscribers in May 2018, 36 million behind Netflix, disclosed at media presentation at the newly named Hulu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York. Grown total engagement by more than 60% with 78% of viewing taking place in the living room on connected TV's. Unable to launch in Canada, relatively small size of Canada's online advertising market. Canada television networks already have the exclusive streaming rights in Canada too several titles offered on Hulu, American mainstream shows. Absence in Canadian market raised concerns by fans of the Mindy project when it was cancelled by fox in the spring of 2015 and subsequently picked up by Hulu, the shows Canadian broadcaster, City, subsequently announced it would continue to air the series in Canada. Japanese users have access to a library of popular television shows such as Grey's Anatomy, Prison Break and Ugly Betty, and as well as movies such as Men in Black and Pirates of the Caribbean.

Studios and cinemas competing with NDM

lack of recent blockbusters on streaming services. Studios make more from iTunes downloads, red box rentals, DVD and blue ray sales and second run movie theatre ticket purchases. Limited distribution channels.

NOWTV

no contract subscription internet television, broadband internet and land line telephone service. First announced in the UK in 2012, internet television service and launched in July 2012, 5 months later originally offering sky cinema subscription, March 2013 offering sky sports subscription, and October 2013 entertainment television channels subscription. June 2016- kids television channel subscription, all without contract. Launched in Italy in June 2016. Not currently available in republic of Ireland or Italy with not future plans announced, launched in Ireland in April 2017. 1.4 million subscribers by end of third quarter in 2017. Accelerated as sky ploughed more marketing spending behind it and begun selling it alongside broadband and mobile services that could eat into its more lucrative traditional satellite stronghold, increasingly seeking to shift towards cheaper streaming options by entering new markets.

DVD- 2000

overtook popularity of VHS, viewers more inclined to purchase and own DVD's sets of televisions seasons and series. Home video releases for television series and films that were done previously through VHS encouraged new heights of collection. Steadily declined in the last 10 years. Convergence theory and media determinism. Physical film market declined to 8.3% in 2015 to £2 billion total revenues of streaming surging 23% to £1.3 billion in 2017. Attempting to compete through quicker release times, decreasing from 9 days to 30-45 depending on studio DVD rate falling by 16.3% per year to £956 million a year, taking expenditure below the £1 billion mark for the first time since 1994. Online formats are expected to account for 58% of home video spend, compared to 42% for DVD's which only last year had market share of 52%. Amazon and Netflix are driving this trend, streaming subscriptions have accounted for £1 in every £3 spent on home video. 4.6 million UK households that subscribe to Netflix and another 2.5 million to amazon prime. 20% of households subscribe to video streaming service use at least two. Dominant home format in 2017. More than half of UK homes.

DramaFever

specialises in Korean films and series. Owned by Time Warner. VOD owned by warner Brothers, documentaries, movies and TV shows with subtitles, content offering is both ad supported for regular users and available in high definition for premium subscribers. Available on variety of devices including iPad, iPhone, Android and Roku. International programming. largest licensed US collections available online in both English and Spanish and comprises over 15,000 episodes from 70 content partners across 12 countries. February 2016- subsidiary of Warner Brothers, division of time warner. Built upon feedback of drama fans, many of whom previously frequented sites for Korean dramas, the original site was beta before going live in 2009, founders raised approximately $12 million from investors before the website was acquired by SoftBank in October 2014 for $100 million. 80% of estimated 3.5 million monthly viewers are non-Asian. Company reports that the majority of users are young, urban and educated. May 2015- 8 million monthly active users, females making up 65%, 18-34 age range is most significant. New Spanish and Latin American content is expected to increase viewership to among Hispanic users. Licensing deals with all three major Korean TV networks: Seoul Broadcasting System, Korean Broadcasting System and Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. First website to work with all three south Korean content providers legally and its partners represent over 60 of the top TV networks and production companies from China, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, Argentina and Spain. Consumers can choose between free and premium subscription. Registered subscribers can watch limited videos for free with commercials while premium subscribers watch without interruptions and in high definition, users can register on the site or with their Facebook login.

Sky cinema

stream 4d, 4DX, IMAX films. Only need compatible advice. Premium subscription television film channels operated in the UK and the republic of Ireland by sky. 5 million subscribers via satellite, cable and IPTV. Interactive red button service, a website, and in 2005 launched a 3G mobile service via Vodafone. 2016- re branded its television film channel operations under one single sky cinema branding July 2016- the channels were rebranded sky cinema in Germany and Austria, extended to other channels in the group formerly known as the sky film, adopting brand packages. 4k ultra high definition feed later in the year, 4k movies became available on 13 august 2016, for sky q customers with a 2tb box, and sky cinema and multiscreen packs, 70 were available by the end of 2016. January 2018- Sky cinema original films- altitude film distribution, new brand would distribute movies for on demand service as well as release them into cinemas. First movie was monster family, the hurricane heist, anon and final score followed. Film funding and production unit, result was sky pictures, existed in order to invest in both low budget and mainstream British films, following a lack of success and her decisions to leave sky and set up her own production company, the unit was scaled back and closed in 2001- Elisabeth Murdoch.

convergence

technological convergence with mobile phones and other platforms alongside TV's with streaming. Transition phase and transformation period affecting aspects of audience life. - Jenkins. Less about technological process more about cultural shift as consumers are encouraged to seek out new information and make connections amongst dispersed media content. Media convergence Participatory culture Collective intelligence Studios and retailers attempting to compete with streaming-fail.

Netflix model

unique manner in which streaming service commissions and distributes original programming, scripted comedy and drama series.