Nervous System Mastery

Identify the phases of an action potential in chronological order, starting with the first phase at the top.

1 Local potential 2 Depolarization spike 3 Repolarization 4 Hyperpolarization

indicate the correct order of events that occur during a single action potential, starting with the first at the top.

1 Local potential decreases membrane potential. 2 Threshold reached 3 Depolarization spike 4 Repolarization 5 Hyperpolarization 6 Resting membrane potential reestablished

Which of the following are major regions of the brain? (Select all that apply.)

Brainstem Cerebrum Cerebellum

Select each statement that correctly describes a function of the medulla oblongata.

Controls reflexes associated with swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing Contains ascending and descending nerve fiber tracts

Identify the structures innervated by the cervical plexus. (Select all that apply.)

Diaphragm Skin of the neck Posterior portion of the head

True or false: Motor neurons transmit nerve signals toward the CNS.

False

Which matter of the spinal cord contains neuron cell bodies?

Gray

______ is NOT one of the phases of an action potential.

Hyperpotential

Which of the following is the function of the brainstem?

It is a critical center for essential survival reflexes, and even small areas of destruction can be fatal.

Depolarization occurs when ______ ion channels open, allowing that ion to move _____ the cell.

Na+; into

_______ are structural elements in a neuron cell body that help organize the cytoplasm into distinct areas.

Neurofilaments

Select all of the cell types that are components of the nervous system.

Neurons Glial cells

Match each cell of the nervous system with the correct description.

Oligodendrocyte - Neuroglia cell that forms the myelin sheaths around neurons of the CNS Astrocyte - Branched neuroglia that help to form the blood-brain barrier Ependymal cells - Neuroglia that produce cerebrospinal fluid Microglia - Neuroglia that remove bacteria and cell debris Schwann cell - Neuroglial cell of the PNS that forms a myelin sheath

Match the components of a synapse with its correct definition.

Presynaptic terminal - The end of the axon before the synapse Postsynaptic membrane - The portion of a dendrite or effector cell after the synapse Synaptic cleft - The space separating the axon from effector Neurotransmitter - The chemical that carries the message across the synapse

Which of the following would be found in a neuron's cell body? (Select all that apply.)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Mitochondria

Propagation of an action potential down a myelinated axon requires that the action potential "jumps" from node to node in a process called ______________ conduction.

Saltatory

The propagation of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to another along a myelinated axon is called _______ conduction.

Saltatory

The specific cells that are responsible for producing myelin in the PNS are the ______ cells.

Schwann

The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheaths in the PNS, are ______.

Schwann cells

Identify the structures controlled by the autonomic nervous system. (Select all that apply.)

Smooth muscle Glands Cardiac muscle

______ is when multiple local potentials combine their effects on a cell to produce a response.

Summation

Identify the characteristics of action potentials.(Select all that apply.)

They are all-or-none. The strength of the stimulus determines the frequency of the action potentials.

True or false: The brainstem is responsible for many essential functions, including many reflexes essential for survival.

True

True or false: The general types of cells that make up the nervous system are neurons and glial cells.

True

The sensory division is also known as the ______________ division of the nervous system.

afferent

The sensory division is synonymous with the _____ division of the nervous system.

afferent

The division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits electrical impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS is the __________ division, whereas the division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits electrical impulses from the CNS toward muscles and glands is the _________ division

afferent or sensory efferent or motor

Neurons are classified based upon the ______.

arrangement of the processes

The type of pathways that transmit information through the spinal cord or brainstem from the periphery to the brain is ______.

ascending

Action potentials that travel toward the brain are conducted by ______________ tracts, whereas action potentials that travel away from the brain are conducted by _______________ tracts.

ascending descending

The division of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions and transmits impulses from the CNS toward cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands is the ______.

autonomic nervous system

A single, long cellular extension from a neuron cell body would be a(n)_______.

axon

A synapse can be a junction between the ______ of one neuron and a muscle, or gland.

axon

The cell process that carries information away from the neuron cell body is the ______.

axon

Where does the spinal cord begin?

base of the skull

The two components of the central nervous system are the ______ and the ______.

brain spinal cord

The cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the _______

brainstem

The diencephalon is between the cerebrum and ______.

brainstem

The most inferior portion of the brain that lies superior to the spinal cord is called the _______________ (one word).

brainstem

The region of the brain that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata is the

brainstem

What do the cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to?

brainstem

What is the most inferior portion of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain called?

brainstem

At the inferior end of the spinal cord, the spinal nerves flare into a structure called the _________________ _____________

cauda equina

What is the structure at the inferior end of the spinal cord where the spinal nerves flare called?

cauda equina

Match the divisions of the nervous system with the correct description.

central nervous system - consists of the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system matches - conducts action potentials between receptors and the CNS and between the CNS and muscles and glands afferent division - conducts nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS efferent division - conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands enteric nervous system - consists of sensory and motor neurons within the digestive system consists of sensory and motor neurons within the digestive system

The pons is a functional bridge between the cerebrum and ______.

cerebellum

The four major parts of the brain are the brainstem, the diencephalon, the ______________ and the ______________

cerebrum cerebellum

The skin of the neck, the posterior portions of the head, and the diaphragm are innervated by the _________________ plexus.

cervical

In a synapse, the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is the synaptic _______.

cleft

The very small plexus that innervates the muscles of the pelvic floor and the skin over the coccyx is the _______________ plexus

coccygeal

The nerve plexus that innervates the muscles of the pelvic floor and the skin over the coccyx is the ______.

coccygeal plexus

somatic nervous system

conducts action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

autonomic nervous system

conducts action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscle.

The highly branched cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron cell body that are specialized to receive input and conduct signals toward the cell body are called ______.

dendrites

During an action potential, an increase in membrane permeability to Na+ leads to a(n) ________________ followed by an increase in permeability to K+ that leads to a(n) ________________ of the membrane and a slight after hyperpolarization.

depolarization repolarization

When the resting membrane potential shifts to a more positive value, this is referred to as_________

depolarization or depolarisation

The area of the brain called the ______ is located between the brainstem and cerebrum.

diencephalon

The thalamus is the largest part of the ______

diencephalon

Spinal nerves are formed from ______.

dorsal and ventral roots

The spinal cord BEGINS at the level of this bony landmark within the occipital bone:

foramen magnum

The statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter is ______

gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons

The most inferior portion of the diencephalon is the _________________

hypothalamus

What is the most inferior portion of the diencephalon called?

hypothalamus

The changes in membrane permeability that will promote a depolarization is(are) an ______.

increase in Na+ permeability

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly along an axon with a _____ diameter.

larger

When the membrane potential decreases, the inside of the membrane becomes _____ negative. This is called ______.

less, depolarization

The component of the brainstem that contains reflex centers for heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting is the

medulla oblongata

The ______________ is the component of the brainstem that helps coordinate eye movements and regulate general body movement.

midbrain

What is the component of the brainstem that helps coordinate eye movements and regulate general body movement called?

midbrain

The three parts of the brainstem include the ____________ ______________ and _______________

midbrain pons medulla oblongata or medulla

Reflexes allow a person to react ______ quickly than is possible if conscious thought is involved.

more

Stronger stimuli will produce ______ action potentials.

more frequent

In the nervous system, the term ______ refers to signal conduction from the CNS to effectors.

motor

A(n) ________ neuron carries information away from the central nervous system.

motor or efferent

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly along ______ axons.

myelinated

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ______ cells

neuroglia

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ______ cells.

neuroglia

There are several types of nonneuronal, support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called ________ (one word).

neuroglia, glia, glial cells, or neuroglial cells

There are several types of nonneuronal, support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called ___________ (one word)

neuroglia, glia, glial cells, or neuroglial cells

Another name for nerve cell is ______

neuron

The structural unit of the nervous system that consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon is the ______.

neuron

The glial cells that form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord are ______.

oligodendrocytes

In the CNS, the cells that are responsible for forming myelin sheaths around axons are _______, whereas the cells that help form the permeability barrier between blood and neurons are ______.

oligodendrocytes; astrocytes

What is the area of brainstem that forms a prominent bulge on the anterior aspect of the brainstem called?

pons

At a synapse, the neuron that releases a neurotransmitter referred to as ______.

presynaptic

The first neuron at a synapse (the end of an axon that releases neurotransmitter) would be the ______ neuron.

presynaptic

An involuntary response to a stimulus is called a ________________

reflex

The difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane in an unstimulated cell is ______________ _____________called the potential.

resting membrane

What is the difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane in an unstimulated cell called?

resting membrane potential

The propagation of action potentials from one node to another along a myelinated axon is called ______ conduction.

saltatory

The spinal cord extends inferiorly to the level of the ______.

second lumbar vertebrae

In the nervous system, the term ______ refers to signal conduction toward the CNS

sensory

What is the division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits electrical impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS?

sensory

Spinal nerves contain ______ axons.

sensory and motor

An axon with a smaller diameter will conduct action potentials more _______ than an axon with a larger diameter.

slowly

Multipolar, bipolar, and pseudo-unipolar neurons are ______ classifications of neurons.

structural

A junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron is called a(n) ______.

synapse

The largest portion of the diencephalon is the ______.

thalamus

The two components of the central nervous system are ______.

the brain and spinal cord

The ____________ matter of the spinal cord consists of myelinated axons, and the _____________ matter consists of neuron cell bodies.

white grey