Nervous System Part B and Special Senses exam

What type of deafness results from conditions in the middle ear that block the normal transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

Conduction

What pathway begins at the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex?

Corticospinal

Which of the following delivers poor localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature to the primary sensory cortex?

Spinothalamic Pathway

Visual information received by which structure controls constriction of the pupil and eye movement reflexes

Superior colliculi

Which of the following arrives at the primary sensory cortex?

Taste sensations

In the middle ear, which muscle pulls on the malleolus

Tensor tympani

Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct?

The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated

Swellings in the semicircular canals are called

ampullae

The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the

ampullae

The space between the iris and the cornea is the

anterior chamber

The anterior cavity is filled with

aqueous humor

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation

arachnoid granulations

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are

association areas

The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

astrocytes

A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is

auditory tube

Which structure functions in the subconscious control of muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns?

basal nuclei

The structure that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani is the

basilar membrane

_____ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells

bipolar

Which of the following is first struck by photons?

bipolar cell

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Loss of lens transparency is referred to as

cataract

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the

cerebellum

The midbrain has a slender CSF filled canal known as the

cerebral aqueduct

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the

cerebrum

The lens focuses the visual image on the photoreceptors by

changing shape

For close vision

ciliary muscle contracted, lens rounded

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

connected to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, and adipocytes

The transparent anterior portion of the eye is called the

cornea

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called

dendrites

Axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other are found in the

gray commissures

Which structure secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

hypothalamus

The Abducens nerve innervates which extrinsic eye muscle

lateral rectus

The _____ establishes emotional states

limbic system

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by

oligodendrocytes

The daily day/night cycle known as a circadian rhythm involves the

pineal gland

Which structure secretes melatonin

pineal gland

The space between suspensory ligaments and the iris is the

posterior chambers

The primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located on the

precentral gyrus

An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called a(n)

preganglionic neuron

the surface of the post central gyrus contains the _______ cortex

primary sensory

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

rhodopsin

When viewing an object close to you, your lens should be more

rounded

The fibrous layer of the eye

sclera and cornea

The fading of a dominant odor some time after one enters a room is an example of experiencing

sensory adaptation

The structure that overlies the spiral organ and which is firmly attached to the walls of the cochlear duct is the

tectorial membrane

The hearing receptors are located in the

cochlear duct

The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

The intensity of vibrations is measured in

decibels

The portion of the eye that contains blood vessels, pigment cells, loose connective tissue, and intrinsic muscle fibers is the

iris

nearsightedness

myopia

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane

Ossicles connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window

The branch of the cranial nerve that is responsible for monitoring changes in equilibrium is the _______ branch.

vestibular

In a young child the tympanic membrane vibrates to frequencies between

20-20,000 Hz

What structures control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli

Medulla

The processing of olfactory sensations and reflex movements associated with eating occurs in the

Mammillary bodies

The vitreous body

Helps to stabilize the eye shape

The vestibular nuclei send reflexive motor commands to which cranial nerve motor nuclei, those that are involved with eye, head, and neck movements?

III, IV, VI, XI

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?

Loss of ability to speak

The automatic processing center responsible for programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels is the

Midbrain

The movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the

Perilymph of the scala vestibuli

Which of the following performs such abstract function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?

Prefrontal cortex

Which structure of the eye contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

Vascular layer

Night blindness can be treated by administering

Vitamin A

Changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant is a process called

accommodation

The _____ ventricle is associated with the pons and upper portion of the medulla oblongata

fourth

Highest concentration of cones

fovea centralis

Stimulation of the reticular formation results in

increased attention

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

increased secretion by digestive glands

Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles is responsible for the eye looking down

inferior rectus

The sense of hearing is provided by receptors of the

inner ear

Major centers concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the

medulla oblongata

Movement of the sensory receptors in the ampullae of the semicircular canals

stimulates the receptor cells, alerting us to rotational movement

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?

subarachnoid space

The shape of the lens is controlled by the

suspensory ligaments

The division of the autonomic nervous system that usually stimulates tissue metabolism is the

sympathetic division

In the visual pathway, each cerebral hemisphere receives visual information from

the lateral half of the retina on the same side, and from the medial half of the retina on the opposite side.

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because

these spaces compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain

Gustation refers to the special sense of

to taste

Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called

tracts

Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles is responsible for enabling the eye to roll, look up, and look laterally?

Superior rectus

Autonomic neurons that control effectors in the body wall and inside the thoracic cavity are found in

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine

Sympathetic postganglionic

The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Which of the following occurs from spinal segments T1-L2

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers join the ventral root of each spinal nerve.

The conscious awareness of a sensation is called

perception

The ciliary muscle helps to

pull the lens into a more rounded shape

Most common form of color blindness

red and green

Colors of the cones

red, blue, green

The frequency of a sound is indicated to the nervous system by the

region of the basilar membrane of the spiral organ that is stimulated