network+

Which IEEE standard is used for Ethernet over Power Lines?

1901

fiber distribution panel

Fiber distribution panels (FDP) are termination and distribution systems for fiber optic cable facilities. It consists of a cable management tray and a splice drawer. They are designed for central offices, remote offices and LANs using fiber optic facilities.

10GBaseER/EW

Fiber, ER=Extended Range, single mode, 1550nm, 40km

10GBaseLR/LW

Fiber, LR=Long Range, single mode, 10km, 1310nm

10GBaseSR/SW

Fiber, SR=Short Range, 26-400 meters, 850nm, multi-mode

Plenum-rated cable

Fire-resistant cable designed for airways, conduits, and areas sprinklers cannot reach.

Port Aggregation

In computer networking, the term link aggregation applies to various methods of combining multiple network connections in parallel in order to increase throughput beyond what a single connection could sustain, and to provide redundancy in case one of the links should fail.

iscsi

In computing, iSCSI is an acronym for Internet Small Computer Systems Interface, an Internet Protocol-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities. It provides block-level access to storage devices by carrying SCSI commands over a TCP/IP network.

Ring Topology

In this type of topology, each computer is directly connected to other computers within the same network. The problem is, the ring topology has a lot in common with the bus topology because if you want to add to the network, you have no choice but to break the cable ring, which is likely to bring down the entire network!

Mesh Topology

In this type of topology, you'll find that there's a path from every machine to every other one in the network. That's a lot of connections—in fact, the mesh topology wins the prize for "most physical connections per device"! You won't find it used in LANs very often, if ever, these days, but you will find a modified version of it known as a hybrid mesh used in a restrained manner on WANs, including the Internet.

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)

Is a networking protocol that offers us several security benefits: authorization, centralized access, and accounting supervision regarding the users and/or computers that connect to and access our networks' services.

CAT6a

Is characterized to 500 MHz and has improved crosstalk characteristics, which allows 10GBaseT to be run for up to 100 meters.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

It configures routers to periodically broadcast their entire routing tables. It broadcasts the entire routing table, including known routes and costs, every 30 seconds.

RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)

It is a protocol that carries voice and interactive video over a VoIP network.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

It is an external routing protocol used between autonomous systems. It maintains a table of IP networks among autonomous systems.

OTDR (Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer)

It shows the length of a cable and help pinpoint mid-cables breaks. It is a variation of TDR that transmits light-based signals of different wavelengths over fiber optic cabling to determine cabling issues.

TDR (Time-Domain Reflectometer)

It shows the length of a cable and help pinpoint mid-cables breaks. It works by issuing a signal on a cable and measuring the way in which the signal bounces back (or reflects) to the TDR. Many performance testers rely on TDRs.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

It uses the concept of an autonomous system to describe the set of contiguous routers. It is a proprietary routing protocol by Cisco and considered a hybrid protocol.

Port Mirroring/Spanning (SPAN/RSPAN)

Port mirroring, also called Switch Port Analyzer (SPAN) and Remote SPAN, allows you to sniff traffic on a network when using a switch.

Site-to-Site VPNs:

Site-to-site VPNs, or intranet VPNs, allow a company to connect its remote sites to the corporate backbone securely over a public medium like the Internet instead of requiring more expensive wide area network (WAN) connections like Frame Relay. This is probably the best solution for connecting a remote office to the main company office.

T568A

Standards for wiring twisted-pair network cabling and RJ-45 connectors and have the green pair connected to pins 1 and 2 and the orange pair connected to pins 3 and 6.

T568B

Standards for wiring twisted-pair network cabling and RJ-45 connectors and have the orange pair using pins 1 and 2 and the green pair connected to pins 3 and 6.

F-type connector

The F connector, or F-type connector, is a form of coaxial connector that is used for cable TV. It has an end that screws to tighten the connector to the interface

802.3

The IEEE standard for Ethernet networking devices and data handling (using the CSMA/CD access method).

802.2

The IEEE standard for error and flow control in data frames.

802.5

The IEEE standard for token ring networking devices and data handling.

unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable

The most popular transmission media option for Ethernet networks. UTP cable is composed of four pairs of wires that are twisted around each other to reduce electrical interference.

RJ-45 (registered jack 45)

The standard connector used with shielded twisted pair and unshielded twisted pair cabling.

RJ-11 (registered jack 11)

The standard connector used with unshielded twisted pair cabling (usually Cat 3 or Level 1) to connect analog telephones.

Bandwith

Transmission capacity measure by bit rate

802.11n

Wireless networking standard that can operate in both the 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz bands and uses multiple in/multiple out (MIMO) to achieve a theoretical maximum throughput of 108 to 300 Mbps. used OFDM

802.11b

Wireless networking standard that operates in the 2.4-GHz band with a theoretical maximum throughput of 11 Mbps. Used DSS

802.11g

Wireless networking standard that operates in the 2.4-GHz band with a theoretical maximum throughput of 54 Mbps and is backward compatible with 802.11b. Used OFDM

802.11ac

Wireless networking standard that operates in the 5-GHz band and uses multiple in/multiple out (MIMO) and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) to achieve a theoretical maximum throughput of 1 Gbps.

802.11a

Wireless networking standard that operates in the 5-GHz band with a theoretical maximum throughput of 54 Mbps. Used OFDM

66 block

a 66 punch-down block is a very old patch panel typically used in non-VoIP telephone systems.

Port Security

a Cisco switch feature that limits the number of MAC addresses allowed to communicate through a particular port. Disabling unused application/service ports to reduce the number of threat vectors.

Server

a computer or computer program that manages access to a centralized resource or service in a network.

host

host means any network device with an IP address

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

increases the speed over FDMA by dividing the channels into time slots and assigning slots to calls. This also helps to prevent eavesdropping in calls.

DB-9 connector

a type of connector with 9 pins that's used in serial communication and conforms to the RS-232 standard

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

is a Cisco-proprietary protocol with fast convergence. It is also known as a hybrid routing protocol because it mixes characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state routing protocols.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

is a Layer 2 protocol that provides authentication, encryption, and compression services to clients logging in remotely. ISPs use PPP a lot to authenticate clients dialing in with a dial-up modem or a DSL or cable modem

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)

is a WAN technology that performs label switching to forward traffic within an MPLS cloud by inserting a 32-bit header between a frame's Layer 2 and Layer 3 headers. It then makes forwarding decisions based on the label within an MPLS header.

ATM

is a cell-switching technology that can handle data as well as real-time voice and video. The ATM protocol breaks up transmitted data into 53-byte cells, which are switched between any two nodes in a network at rates ranging from 155 to 622 Mbps using virtual circuits.

An autonomous system

is a collection of networks or subnets that are in the same administrative domain. This is another way of saying an administrative domain is within your company's network, and you control or administer all the subnets that are within it.

VPN concentrator

is a device that accepts multiple VPN connections from remote locations. Although this function can be performed by a router or server, as with the encryption gateways and content filtering devices discussed earlier, the same performance benefits can be derived from dedicating a device to this. Moreover, additional functionality usually comes with these devices.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

is a media access control method that helps devices share the bandwidth evenly without having two devices transmit at the same time on the network medium.

VoIP Gateway (Voice over IP Gateway)

is a network device that helps to convert voice and fax calls between an IP network and Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) in real time. A VoIP gateway can typically support at least two T1/E1 digital channels.

PBX (private branch exchange)

is a private telephone switch that resides on the customer premises. It has a direct connection to the telecommunication provider's switch. It performs call routing within the internal phone system.

Wiremap cable tester

is a simple test that confirms that each wire is hooked up correctly, with no opens or shorts. UTP intended only for POTS (plain old telephone service) voice applications actually only needs to be tested for wiremap.

protocol analyzer

is a tool used to view contents of a packet traveling on a network and diagnose network related issues such as, slow performance, and so on. It allows a user to view a network conversation and if the conversation is not encrypted, a protocol analyzer will quickly discover this vulnerability.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

is a type of cellphone that contains a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) chip.

single-mode fiber-optic cable

is a very high-speed, long-distance media that consists of a single strand—sometimes two strands—of glass fiber that carries the signals. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser are the light sources used with SMF. This is the type of fiber cable employed to span really long distances because it can transmit data 50 times farther than multimode fiber at a faster rate.

Distributed Switching

is an architecture in which multiple processor-controlled switching units are distributed. There is often a hierarchy of switching elements, with a centralized host switch and with remote switches located close to concentrations of users.

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)

is an authentication and accounting service that's used for verifying users over various types of links, including dialup.

PAT (Port Address Translation)

is an extension to network address translation (NAT) that permits multiple devices on a local area network (LAN) to be mapped to a single public IP address.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

is considered to be the routing protocol that runs the Internet, which is an interconnection of multiple autonomous systems.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

is defined as a digital telephone/telecommunication network used to carry voice, data, and video over a present telephone network infrastructure. It needs an ISDN modem at the end of a transmission.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

is one of the most commonly used Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) routing protocols defined by RFC 1058 on internal networks that help routers determine the best path through which data can be sent. RIP uses UDP port 520 for route updates.

Router Advertisement

is part of a new system configuration option in IPv6. This a packet sent by routers to give the host a network ID ( called a prefix in IPv6) so that the host can generate its own IPv6 address derived from its MAC address.

Network Segmentation

is the act or practice of splitting a computer network into sub-networks, each being a network segment. Advantages of such splitting are primarily for boosting performance and improving security.

Carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD)

is the procedure used by Ethernet to determine whether it is safe to transmit, detect collisions, and retransmit, if necessary.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

is used to find the hardware address of a local device from a known IP address.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

is used to send error messages through the network, but ICMP does not work alone. Every segment or ICMP payload must be encapsulated within an IP datagram (or packet).

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

is used with IP that attempts to report on the condition of a connection between two nodes. The ICMP also provides troubleshooting tools for identifying the network error.

which device breaks up collision domain?

bridges, switches, routers

DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point)

or DiffServ is one of the methods that can be used for classifying and managing network traffic and providing Quality of Service (QoS) on modern IP networks.

The Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus (TACACS+)

protocol is also a AAA method and an alternative to RADIUS. Like RADIUS, it is capable of performing authentication on behalf of multiple wireless APs, RAS servers, or even LAN switches that are 802.1X capable. Based on its name, you would think it's an extension of the TACACS protocol (and in some ways it is), but the two definitely are not compatible.

loopback plug

test the NIC ability to send and receive

Rollover Cable

A Cisco proprietary cable used to connect a computer system to a router or switch console port.

BPDU Guard

A Cisco switch feature that listens for incoming STP BPDU messages, disabling the interface if any are received. The goal is to prevent loops when a switch connects to a port expected to only have a host connected to it.

1000BaseSX

A Gigabit Ethernet standard using multimode fiber cabling, with a 220- to 500-m maximum cable distance.

1000baseCX

A Gigabit Ethernet standard using unique copper cabling called twinax, with a 25-m maximum cable distance.

Frame Relay

A Layer 2 WAN technology that interconnects sites using virtual circuits. These virtual circuits are identified by locally significant data-link connection identifiers (DLCI).

h.323

A VoIP standard that handles the initiation, setup, and delivery of VoIP sessions.

IDF (intermediate distribution frame)

A cable rack that interconnects the telecommunications wiring between an MDF and any workstation devices.

MDF (main distribution frame)

A cable rack that interconnects the telecommunications wiring between itself and any number of IDFs. The primary equipment room is called the MDF

CAN

A campus area network (CAN) refers to a network that encompasses several buildings. It comprises the part of the network where data, services, and connectivity to the outside world are provided to those who work in the corporate office or headquarters.

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

A cell-switching network technology designed for the high-speed transfer of voice, video, and data in LANs, WANs, and telephone networks.

Patch Panel

A central wiring point for multiple devices on a UTP network. The patch panel itself contains no electronic circuits. Generally, patch panels are in server rooms or located near switches or hubs to provide an easy means of patching over wall jacks or hardware.

Device Hardening

A collection of security tasks used to reduce the scope of the device's vulnerability and attack surface.

logic bomb

A computer program or part of a program that lies dormant until it is triggered by a specific logical event.

Workstation

A computer that runs a desktop operating system and connects to a network.

A bridging loop

A condition where Ethernet frames are forwarded endlessly around a Layer 2 loop formed between switches.

MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack)

A connector used with single-mode or multimode fiber-optic cable.

BNC connector

A connector used with thin coaxial cable. Some BNC connectors are T-shaped and called T-connectors. One end of the T connects to the NIC, and the two other ends can connect to cables or end a bus formation with a terminator.

routing table

A data table stored in a router that lists the routes to particular network destinations

point-to-point

A data transmission that involves one transmitter and one receiver.

Load Balancer

A dedicated network device that can direct requests to different servers based on a variety of factors.

WAP (Wireless Access Point)

A device that provides a connection between wireless devices and can connect to wired networks.

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

A distance-vector routing protocol developed by Cisco as an improvement over RIP and RIP v2.

Riser-Rated Cable

A fire rating that designates the proper cabling to use for vertical runs between floors of a building.

Tunnelling

a process that encrypts each data packet to be sent and places each encrypted packet inside another packet

Link-State

OSPF, IS-IS

Collision Domain

On an Ethernet network, a(n) ____ is the portion of a network in which collisions occur if two nodes transmit data at the same time.

advantages of Multiprotocol Label Switching over other WAN technologies

Physical layout flexibility Prioritizing of data Redundancy in case of link failure One-to-many connection

Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)

Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)

VLAN

helps to create broadcast domains to eliminate the need for expensive routers. VLAN allows to logically segment a LAN into different broadcast domains.

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)

A key encryption technique for wireless networks that uses keys both to authenticate network clients and to encrypt data in transit.

SC Connector

- Type of connector used in fiber optic cabling. - Snap-in with 2.5 mm ferrule.

LC Connector

- Type of connector used in fiber optic cabling. - Uses a connector likened to RJ-45. It has a smaller form factor and uses 1.25 mm ferrule. - Preferred for single mode.

ST Connector

- Type of connector used in fiber optic cabling. - Uses bayonet connector with 2.5 mm ceramic or polymer ferrule.

Here's a list of some of the important ways that WANs are different from LANs:

1) WANs usually need a router port or ports. 2) WANs span larger geographic areas and/or can link disparate locations. 3) WANs are usually slower. 4) We can choose when and how long we connect to a WAN. A LAN is all or nothing—our workstation is connected to it either permanently or not at all, although most of us have dedicated WAN links now. 5) WANs can utilize either private or public data transport media such as phone lines.

100BaseT4

100 MBPS 1024 nodes per hub 100 meters from hub to any node uses cat 3 uses 4 pairs

100Base-FX

100 Mbps 1024 nodes per hub can run multi mode fiber-optic cable provides a more secure, long-distance cable that is not susceptible to EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) at high speeds* up to 2 km if you have a fiber switch 1

100BaseTX

100 Mbps Twisted pair (Cat5 or higher) Uses 2 pairs of wires 100 meters distance per node 1024 nodes per hub

CAT7

10GBASE-T, 100 meters

10GBASE-T

10Gbps over twisted-pair copper cable cat 6 -55m cat 6a -100m

What is the maximum transmission distance of 10GBaseSR?

302 meters (990 feet)

NAT (Network Address Translation)

A means of translating a system's IP address into another IP address before sending it out to a larger network. NAT manifests itself by a NAT program that runs on a system or a router. A network using NAT provides the systems on the network with private IP addresses. The system running the NAT software has two interfaces: one connected to the network and the other connected to the larger network. The NAT program takes packets from the client systems bound for the larger network and translates their internal private IP addresses to its own public IP address, enabling many systems to share a single IP address.

Multi-layer Switch

A multilayer switch (MLS) is a computer networking device that switches on Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Layer 2 like an ordinary network switch but provides routing. A 24-port MLS gives you the best of both worlds. It operates at Layer 3 (routing) while still providing 24 collision domains, which a router could not do.

Flood Guard

A network device that blocks flooding-type DoS/DDoS attacks, frequently part of an IDS/IPS.

Bus Topology

A network layout in which there is one main trunk, or backbone, that all the various computers and network devices are connected to. Some of the benefits of using a bus topology are that it's easy to install and it's not very expensive, partly because it doesn't require as much cable as the other types of physical topologies. But it also has some drawbacks: For instance, it's hard to troubleshoot, change, or move, and it really doesn't offer much in the way of fault tolerance because everything is connected to that single cable.

Point-to-Multipoint Topology

A network topology that consists of multiple devices connecting to single device in order to communicate. - commonly used in wireless outdoor networks

110 block

A newer type of wiring distribution point called a 110 block has replaced most telephone wire installations and is also used for computer networking. On one side, wires are punched down; the other side has RJ-11 (for phone) or RJ-45 (for network) connections.

Neighbor Discovery

A process whereby routers learn about all of the devices on their networks. On IPv4 networks, this process is managed by ARP with help from ICMP. On IPv6 networks, NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) automatically detects neighboring devices and automatically adjusts when nodes fail or are removed from the network.

proxy server

A proxy server is basically a type of server that handles its client-machine requests by forwarding them on to other servers while allowing granular control over the traffic between the local LAN and the Internet.

DHCP Snooping

A rogue DHCP server (one not under your control that is giving out incompatible IP addresses) can be an annoyance that causes users to be unable to connect to network resources, or it may play a part in several types of attacks.

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

A routing protocol that can span multiple, autonomous networks. BGP and EIGRP are examples of Exterior Gateway Protocols.

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

A routing protocol, such as RIP, that can only route data within an autonomous (internal) network.

Honeypot

A security tool used to lure attackers away from the actual network components. Also called a decoy or sacrificial lamb.

QoS (Quality of Service)

A set of parameters that controls the level of quality provided to different types of network traffic.

DMZ (demilitarized zone)

A small section of a private network that is located between two firewalls and made available for public access.

SFP (Small Form Factor Pluggable)

A standard hot-swappable network interface used to link a connectivity device's backplane with fiber-optic or copper cabling.

Star Topology

A star topology's computers are connected to a central point with their own individual cables or wireless connections. You'll often find that central spot inhabited by a device like a hub, a switch, or an access point.

DiffServ (Differentiated Service) (DSCP)

A technique for ensuring QoS by prioritizing traffic, taking into account all types of network traffic, not just the time-sensitive services such as voice and video. DiffServ places information in the DiffServ field in an IPv4 packet. In IPv6 packets, DiffServ uses a similar field known as the Traffic Class field. This information indicates to network routers how the data stream should be forwarded.

crossover cable

A twisted pair patch cable in which the termination locations of the transmit and receive wires on one end of the cable are reversed. one side T568A and the other T568B

straight-through cable

A twisted pair patch cable in which the wire terminations in both connectors follow the same scheme.

incremental backup (partial backup)

A type of backup that only backs up files that have changed since the last time files were backed up.

RG-58

A type of coaxial cable characterized by a 50-ohm impedance and a 24 AWG core. uses a bnc connector

RG-6

A type of coaxial cable that has become the standard for Cable television (CATV) systems and satellite systems. Cable television, cable modems Longer distances than RG-59;some power implementations. 75 ohm. thicker than the others.

DB-25 connector (parallel port)

A type of connector with 25 pins that's commonly used in serial communication that conforms to the RS-232 standard. they were typically used with printers

link-state routing protocol

A type of routing protocol that enables routers to share information beyond neighboring routers, after which each router can independently map the network and determine the best path between itself and a message's destination node.

Unicast

A unicast address is assigned to a single interface, and this term is used in both IPv4 and IPv6 to describe your host interface IP address.

Evil Twin

A wireless network with the same name as another wireless access point. Users unknowingly connect to the evil twin; hackers monitor the traffic looking for useful information.

CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit)

Acts as a translator between the LAN data format and the WAN data format. Such a conversion is necessary because the technologies used on WAN links are different from those used on LANs. An example of this would be connecting a phone company T1 line to the internal LAN.

10BaseT

An Ethernet LAN designed to run on cat 3 or better UTP cabling. Runs at 10 Mbps and uses baseband signaling. Maximum length for the cabling between the NIC and the hub (or the switch, the repeater, and so forth) is 100 m. no more than 1024 nodes.

10Base2

An Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses small coaxial cable up to 200 meters long. Also called ThinNet. a slight upgrade to 10base5. it can handle up to 30 devices per segment. uses bnc connectors. and a terminating resistor.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

An IGP and link-state routing protocol that makes up for some of the limitations of RIP and can coexist with RIP on a network.

NTP (Network Time Protocol)

An Internet protocol that enables synchronization of computer clock times in a network of computers by exchanging time signals. UDP 123

Kerberos

An authentication system developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and used to verify the identity of networked users.

10Base5

An outdated Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses thick coaxial cable up to 500 meters long. Also called ThickNet. uses a terminating resistor.

Root Guard

Another feature that can be used to maintain the desired STP topology is called Root Guard. This feature is like BPDU Guard in that it also prevents a new switch from altering the topology. It is applied to all interfaces on the current root bridge and prevents these ports from becoming root ports. Despite the name, root ports are only present on non-root switches and represent the best path back to the root bridge.

Bridging vs. LAN Switching

Bridges are software based, whereas switches are hardware based because they use ASIC chips to help make filtering decisions. A switch can be viewed as a multiport bridge. There can be only one spanning-tree instance per bridge, whereas switches can have many. (I'm going to tell you all about spanning trees in a bit.) Switches have a higher number of ports than most bridges. Both bridges and switches forward Layer 2 broadcasts. Bridges and switches learn MAC addresses by examining the source address of each frame received. Both bridges and switches make forwarding decisions based on Layer 2 addresses.

RG-59 coaxial cable

Cable televisionLow cost, short distance. 75 ohm and uses an F-type connector

twisted-pair cable

Cables made of copper wires that are twisted around each other and are surrounded by a plastic jacket (such as traditional home phone wire).

SAN

Classic Storage area networks (SANs) are comprised of high-capacity storage devices that are connected by a high-speed private network (separate from the LAN) using a storage-specific switch. This storage information architecture addresses the collection of data, management of data, and use of data. These networks are typically fiber networks, using protocols such as iscsi, foe, infinity band.

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Defined by the IEEE 802.1D standard, it allows a network to have redundant Layer 2 connections, while logical preventing a loop, which could lead to symptoms such as broadcast storms and MAC address table corruption. they turn off the unnecessary port to stop the loop.

hybrid protocols

EIGRP, BGP

100BaseT

Ethernet cabling system designed to run at 100 Mbps on twisted pair cabling. It uses baseband signaling. No industry-standard naming convention exists, so sometimes it's written 100BASE-T or 100Base-T.

demarc extension

Extends the demarcation point from its original location to another location within the building. Typically consists of a single wire bundle that attaches to the existing demarc and supplies a termination point to a different location. You will need to install an extension to place the demarc into the IDF on your floor. You might need a demarc extension if your network occupies an upper floor of a building.

CAT3

Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires) with three twists per foot. This type can handle transmissions up to 16 MHz. It was popular in the mid-1980s for up to 10 Mbps Ethernet, but it's now limited to telecommunication equipment and, again, is obsolete for networks.

CAT5e

Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), recommended for 1000BaseT (four pair wiring) and rated for 100 MHz - Networking twisted pair cabling standard used to support 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps @100meters - Provides additional protection from EMI.

CAT6

Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), used for 1000BaseTX (two pair wiring) and rated for 250 MHz. - Networking twisted pair cabling standard used to support 1gb for up to 100meters and 10 Gbps for up to 55meters connection speeds.

CAT5

Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), used for 100BaseTX (two pair wiring) and rated for 100 MHZ- Networking twisted pair cabling standard used to support 100 Mbps @100meters. To connect two devices for voice on a vertical connect, the minimum cable you can use is Category 5.

1000BaseT

Gigabit Ethernet on UTP. up to 100m cat 6 cabling

Honeypots

Honeypots are systems strategically configured to be attractive to hackers and to lure them into spending enough time attacking them while information is gathered about the attack.

Distance vector

IGRP, RIP

IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)

IP Security (IPSec) was designed by the IETF for providing authentication and encryption over the Internet. It works at the Network layer of the OSI model (Layer 3) and secures all applications that operate in the layers above it

Botnet

Malware that "calls home" to a command and control center for further instructions after it infects a computer.

Multicast

Multicast is a different beast entirely. At first glance, it appears to be a hybrid of unicast and broadcast communication, but that isn't quite the case. Multicast does allow point-to-multipoint communication, which is similar to broadcasts, but it happens in a different manner.

advantages of subnetting a network?

Reduces traffic congestion Optimizes the IP address space

Client-to-Site (Remote-Access) VPNs

Remote-access VPNs allow remote users like telecommuters to securely access the corporate network wherever and whenever they need to. It is typical that users can connect to the Internet but not to the office via their VPN client because they don't have the correct VPN address and password.

transceivers

SFP+: Used for telecommunication and data communications applications; supports data rates up to 16 Gbit/s QSFP: Used for data communications applications; allows data rates from 4×1 Gb/s QSFP+: Interfaces networking hardware to an active or a passive electrical copper connection; supports data rates from 4×10 Gbit/s QSFP28: Interfaces networking hardware to a fiber optic cable; used for 100 Gbit/s links

crossover vs straight through

T568A+T568A = straight-through T568B+T568B = straight-through T568A+T568B = crossover

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

TCP 389 A directory service is a database designed to centralize data management regarding network subjects and objects. A typical directory contains a hierarchy that includes users, groups, systems, servers, client workstations, and so on

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

The Session Initiation Protocol is a signaling protocol used for initiating, maintaining, and terminating real-time sessions that include voice, video and messaging applications

demarc

The demarc seperates the telecom's company's property from your responsibility.

Distance Vector

The distance vector protocols find the best path to a remote network by judging—you guessed it—distance.

MTU (maximum transmission unit)

The largest IP packet size in bytes allowable by routers in a path without fragmentation and excluding the frame size.

Dual stack

This is the most common type of migration strategy. It allows the devices to communicate using either IPv4 or IPv6. This technique allows for one-by-one upgrade of applications and devices on the network. As more and more things on the network are upgraded, more of your communication will occur over IPv6.

Overloading

This is the most popular type of NAT configuration. Understand that overloading really is a form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered IP address—many-to-one—by using different ports. Now, why is this so special? Well, because it's also known as Port Address Translation (PAT). And by using PAT (NAT Overload), you get to have thousands of users connect to the Internet using only one real global IP address

SNAT (Static Network Address Translation)

This type of NAT is designed to allow one-to-one mapping between local and global addresses. Keep in mind that the static version requires you to have one real Internet IP address for every host on your network.

DNAT (Dynamic Network Address Translation)

This version gives you the ability to map an unregistered IP address to a registered IP address from a pool of registered IP addresses.

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access uses time division multiplexing to divide each cellular channel into three sub channels to service three users at a time.

cluster

a grouping of a number of similar things e.g servers

flow control

allows the receiving device to control the pace of the transmitting device so the receiving device's buffer does not overflow.

Bonding

allows to connect two or more physical connections and join them to create one logical connection. This provides more bandwidth on the connection.

multi mode fiber optic cable

also uses light to communicate a signal, but with it, the light is dispersed on numerous paths as it travels through the core and is reflected back. A special material called cladding is used to line the core and focus the light back onto it. MMF provides high bandwidth at high speeds over medium distances (up to about 3,000 feet), but beyond that it can be really inconsistent.

Captive Portal

an AP that requires users to agree to some condition before that can use the network / internet

terminating resistor

an electrical device that absorbs transmitted signals, preventing the signals from deflecting and distorting

Next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) layer 7 firewall

are a category of devices that attempt to address traffic inspection and application awareness shortcomings of a traditional stateful firewall, without hampering the performance.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

assigns a unique code to each call or transmission and spreads the data across the spectrum, allowing a call to make use of all frequencies

Vlan not working

most of the time the person setting up the switch messed up.

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

provides logical links between sites, so branch offices can be easily and quickly added. Multiprotocol Label Switching has as many advantages as a LAN protocol. For example, when labels are used, voice can have priority over basic data.

pvc or non plenum rated

provides no fire protection at all, way cheaper than plenum rated cables

Quality of Service (QoS)

refers to the way the resources are controlled so that the quality of services is maintained. It's basically the ability to provide a different priority for one or more types of traffic over other levels; priority is applied to different applications, data flows, or users so that they can be guaranteed a certain performance level.

which device breaks up broadcast domain?

routers

PDU (protocol data unit)

segments of data of varying length that move up or down the protocol layers

Baseline

the measurement of network performance.

Quad small form factor plugable

transceiver designed for 40G Ethernet

Access control lists (ACLs)

typically reside on routers to determine which packets are allowed to route through them based on the requesting device's source or destination Internet Protocol (IP) address.

hybrid protocol

uses aspects of both distance vector and link state, and formerly, EIGRP was the only one you needed to understand to meet the Network+ objectives. But now, BGP is also listed as a hybrid routing protocol because of its capability to work as an EGP and be used in supersized internetworks internally.

1000BaseLX

uses single mode fiber optic cable with distance up to 5 KM

Continuity cable testing

will show if the cable has any breaks