Network + Chapter 12 overview
4to6 6in4 Teredo Miredo ISATAP
Tunneling standards for implementation of IPv6 to TCP/IP.
/64 - no prefix should ever be longer than /64
What is a valid IPv6 prefix length? /64 /72 /255 255.255.255.0
It reduces the size and complexity of routing tables, allowing routers to work more efficiently.
What is the main benefit of IPv6 aggregation? A. It allows users to combine multiple IPv6 addresses to increase their bandwidth and overall internet speed exponentially B. It is backward compatible and can be directly applied to IPv4 networks C. It reduces the size and complexity of routing tables, allowing routers to work more efficiently D. Signals are increased with each router the packet travels through allowing or greater distances over wireless networks
Link local
What is the only type of IPv6 address required to communicate with other computers on a local network? Link local Global Unicast EUI 64 Multicast
They always begin with 2001::, 2002::, 2003::, and so on.
What is true of current global unicast addresses? A. They always begin with 2001::,2002::,2003::, and so on B. They always begin with FF02::1, FF02::2, FF03::, and so on C. They are only 64 bits long D. They are only used by root and tier one routers
C. All modern operating systems (post Windows XP) generate the second 64-bit portion randomly.
What is true of link-local addresses? A. They are passed out by the default gateway router B. They are completely randomly generated by each computer C. All modern operating systems (post Windows XP) generate the second 64-bit portion randomly. D. They always start with 169.254
A global unicast address
What must your computer have to access the IPv6 Internet? IPv4 address global multicast address link local address global unicast address
unicast
What type of address applies to a single unique network node? unicast unilateral multicast omnicast
global unicast address
An IPv6 ______________ is required for Internet access.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)
IPv6 protocol that enables hosts to configure automatically their own IPv6 addresses and get configuration information like routers and DNS servers
multicasts
IPv6 relies heavily on _________________.
Teredo
A NAT-traversal IPv6 tunneling protocol, built into Microsoft Windows.
Tunnel Broker
A ___________________ is a service provider that creates the tunnel, acts as the far endpoint, and often provides a tunneling client for easier setup.
FE80::/10
A link-local address always starts with _________________, followed by 54 zero bits.
APIPA/zeroconf
A link-local address is similar to an IPv4 _____________ address in that it is self-generated. The link-local address is guaranteed to be unique.
anycast
A method of addressing groups of computers as though they were a single computer. Anycasting starts by giving a number of computers (or clusters of computers) the same IP address. Advanced routers then send incoming packets to the closest of the computers.
reserved addresses ff02::2
A multicasts is a set of _______________ designed to go to only certain systems. Packets sent to address beginning with ______________ are only sent to routers.
Every router on the network.
A packet has been sent to the address ff02:0000:0000:0002:0bcd:23dd:3456:0001. What will process the sent packet? Every network node Ever router on the network Single computer Nothing
Neighbor Discovery
A process whereby routers learn about all of the devices on their networks. On IPv4 networks, this process is managed by ARP with help from ICMP. On IPv6 networks, NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) automatically detects neighboring devices and automatically adjusts when nodes fail or are removed from the network.
aggregation
A router hierarchy in which every router underneath a higher router always uses a subnet of that router's existing routes.
router advertisement
A router's response to a client's router solicitation, also sent at regular intervals, that gives the client information to configure itself (prefix, prefix length, and more).
global unicast address
A second IPv6 address that every system needs in order to get on the Internet.
Multicast address
A set of reserved addresses designed to go from one system to any system using one of the reserved addresses.
manual tunnel
A simple point-to-point connection between two IPv6 networks. As a tunnel, it uses IPsec encryption.
NAT64
A transition mechanism that embeds IPv4 packets into IPv6 packets for network traversal.
unicast address
A unique IP address that is exclusive to a single system.
overlay tunnel
A(n) _______ enables two IPv6 networks to connect over an existing IPv4 infrastructure.
IPv4
A(n) _________ address contains a total of 32 bits.
Stateless
A(n) ___________________ DHCPv6 server passes out important information.
multicast
All nodes see ________ frames, but only the target nodes process the packet.
prefix delegation
An IPv6 router configuration that enables it to request an IPv6 address block from an upstream source, then to disseminate it to local clients.
ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol)
An IPv6 tunneling protocol that adds the IPv4 address to an IPv6 prefix.
6in4
An IPv6 tunneling standard that can go through IPv4 Network Address Translation (NAT).
overlay tunnel
An _______________ enables two IPv6 networks to connect over an existing IPv4 infrastructure, such as the Internet.
Miredo
An open source implementation of Teredo for Linux and some other UNIX-based systems. It is a NAT-traversal IPv6 tunneling protocol.
A. Stateless DHCPv6 servers can provide optional information, such as DNS server information.
As IPv6 clients can get a portion of their IP addresses from the default gateway server, what purpose does a DHCPv6 server serve? A. DHCPv6 servers can still distribute DNS server information B. DHCPv6 servers provide link local addresses C. DHCPv6 servers provide the other half of the IPv6 addresses D. There is no such thing as a DHCPv6 server
Link-local address
Computers involved in a local network that has no internet connectivity require only a(n) _________.
link-local global unicast
Computers using IPv6 that are on the Internet have at least two IPv6 addresses, a ______________ address and a ____________address.
stateless
Describes a DHCPv6 server that only passes out optional information.
stateful
Describes a DHCPv6 server that works very similarly to an IPv4 DHCP server, passing out IPv6 addresses, subnet masks, and default gateways as well as optional items like DNS server addresses.
tunnel broker
Employing the services of a(n) ___________ automates the process of setting up an IPv6 tunnel.
overlay tunnel
Enables two IPv6 networks to connect over an IPv4 network by encapsulating the IPv6 packets within IPv4 headers, transporting them across the IPv4 network, then de-encapsulating the IPv6 data.
default gateway
Global unicast prefixes are distributed by the ________________, provided the router is configured to pass out global IPv6 addresses.
128
How many bits comprise an IPv6 address? 32 48 64 128
2 to the 128th power.
IPv4 supports only about four billion addresses, which is no longer enough for the future. IPv6 supports ______________ IP addresses.
/64
IPv6 addresses always use _________ as the prefix length.
128 Hexadecimal
IPv6 addresses are composed of _______ bits written in _______________ notation.
unicast
IPv6 link-local addresses are ____________, or unique to a specific computer or network node.
Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
IPv6 packet sent in response to a multicast neighbor solicitation packet.
Neighbor Solicitation (NS)
IPv6 process of finding a MAC address of a local host, given its IPv6 address.
router solicitation
In IPv6, a query from a host to find routers and get information to configure itself.
Tunnel Broker
In IPv6, a service that creates the actual tunnel and (usually) offers a custom-made endpoint client for you to use, although more advanced users can often make a manual connection.
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
In addition to an expanded address space, IPv6 improves security by supporting ____________ out of the box.
4to6
Internet connectivity technology that encapsulates IPv4 traffic into an IPv6 tunnel to get to an IPv6-capable router.
dual stack
Networking device, such as a router or PC, that runs both IPv4 and IPv6.
aggregation
It is the practice of _________ that greatly reduces the size of IPv6 routing tables by reducing them to a prefix length of an upstream router.
Multicast
Method of sending a packet in which the sending computer sends it to a group of interested computers.
Tunnel Information and Control Protocol (TIC)
One of the protocols that set up IPv6 tunnels and handle configuration as well as login.
Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP)
One of the protocols that sets up IPv6 tunnels and handles configuration as well as login.
6in4 Teredo
Only _______ and ___________ can go through NAT
subnet ID
Portion of an IP address that identifies bits shared by all hosts on that network.
IPv6
Protocol in which addresses consist of eight sets of four hexadecimal numbers, each number being a value between 0000 and ffff, using a colon to separate the numbers.
IPv4
Protocol in which addresses consist of four sets of numbers, each number being a value between 0 and 255, using a period to separate the numbers.
prefix length
The IPv6 term for subnet mask. In most cases, it's /64.
Teredo
The _______ protocol can traverse NAT and is built into Windows.
ISATAP
The ________ appends an IPv4 address to the end of the IPv6 prefix.
link-local address
The address that a computer running IPv6 gives itself after first booting. The first 64 bits of a link-local address are always FE80::/64.
global routing prefix
The first 48 bits of an IPv6 unicast address, used to get a packet to its destination. See also network ID.
network prefix global routing prefix subnetID
The first 64 bits of a global unicast address is called the _____________________ and consists of the _________________ and ________________________.
network prefix
The first 64 bits of an IPv6 address that identifies the network.
Extended Unique Identifier, 64-bit (EUI-64)
The last 64 bits of the IPv6 address, which are determined based on a device's MAC address.
Interface ID
The last 64 bits of the global unicast address is called __________________.
interface ID
The second half (64 bits) of an IPv6 address, unique to a host.
DHCPv6
The version of DHCP used with IPv6. DHCPv6 uses port number 546 for client-to-server communications and port number 547 for server-to-client communications.
A. accb:876::fd87:0:0:64 C. accb:876:0:0:fd87::64
Which of the following IPv6 addresses are equivalent to accb:0876:0000:0000:fd87:0000:0000:0064?(select 2) A. accb:876::fd87:0:0:64 B. accb:876::fd87::64 C. accb:876:0:0:fd87::64 D. accb:876:0:fd87:0:64
NAT64
Which of the following is a transition mechanism that embeds IPv4 packets into IPv6 packets for network traversal? DHCPv6 DNSv6 ISATAP NAT64
C. 2541:fdc::acdf:2770:23
Which of the following is a valid IPv6 address? A. 192.168.0.1 B. 2001:376:bds:0:3378:baaf:qr9:223 C. 2541:fdc::acdf:2770:23 D. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
B. fe80::1994:33dd:22ce:769b link-local addresses always start with fe80::/10
Which of the following is a valid link-local address? A. 2001:2323:cce:34ff:19:de3:2dba:52 B. fe80::1994:33dd:22ce:769b C. fefe:0:0:0:fefe:0:0:0 D. ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:232d:0:de44:cb2
Miredo
Which protocol enables 6to4 tunneling in Linux? GOGO Miredo Tererdo 6to4en
global unicast address
You must have a(n) _______ to connect to the IPv6 internet.
TSP and TIC
____________ and _____________ are two automatic configuration protocols for setting up IPv4 to IPv6 tunnels.
Stateful
____________DHCPv6 servers passout IPv6 addresses, subnet IDs, default gateway addresses, and DNS server addresses, as well as other, optional information.
Stateless
_____________DHCPv6 servers pass out only optional information. Theses servers are preferred to stateful servers because these servers are easier to configure.
Leading zeroes double colons
______________ can be dropped, and ____________ may be used to represent consecutive groups of zeroes to write an IPv6 address with fewer characters.
ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol)
_______________ adds an IPv4 address to an IPv6 prefix.
Teredo Miredo Teredo addresses always start with 2001:0000::/32
_________________ is built into Microsoft Windows. _____________________ is the open source version in Linux and UNIX systems.
Aggregation
_________________ reduces the size and complexity of routing tables by allowing downstream routers to sue a subset of an upstream router's routes to populate its routing table rather than tens or hundreds of thousands of disjointed routes.