Neuro Exam 4
Q8. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) dysfunction can include a temporal area headache as well as all of the following EXCEPT: A. Jaw clicking or popping. B. Is commonly resolved by surgery C. Pathophysiology can relate to micro-trauma and incomplete healing. D. Tenderness occurs in area innervated by Trigeminal V2 and V3.
ANSWER: B TMJ dysfunction is commonly resolved by washing the joint with a steroidal wash (arthrocentesis) or NSAIDs relaxation techniques splints Slide 31
Q5. How does the ANS maintain homeostasis? Genetic changes Feedback loops Both of the above None of the above
Answer: B (slide 30 - feedback loops are the most efficient way to maintain homeostasis. Genetic changes take too long (evolution doesn't happen in seconds)
Q2. When comparing long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). All the following are true about LTD EXCEPT: LTD is induced by low frequency stimulation LTD requires a lower rise in postsynaptic calcium for a longer time LTD activates postsynaptic phosphatases LTD activates postsynaptic kinases
Answer D. LTP activates postsynaptic kinases. A - LTD is induced by low frequency stimulation B - LTD does require a lower rise in postsynaptic calcium for a longer time C- LTD activates postsynaptic phosphatases
Q3. "Sleeping sickness" or hypersomnia is caused by a lesion to what brain structure? Posterior hypothalamus Anterior hypothalamus Ventral tegmental area Rostral medulla
Answer. A Slide 35
Q4. Which of the following in regard to sleep stages is/are correct? Non-REM sleep only includes N2 and N3 stages. The N2 stage of sleep involves both sleep spindles and K-complexes. The N3 stage of sleep is characterized by delta sleep or deep sleep. Both a and b Both b and c All of the above None of the above
Answer: 2 Incorrect (Non-REM includes N1 N2 and N3 stages.) Correct Correct (N3 also occurs during the 1st half of the night while REM occurs during the 2nd half of the night.)
Q3. Which of the following drugs is both a Schedule I and a Schedule II drug according to the DEA? 1.Heroin 2.Marijuana 3.Fentanyl 4.Oxycontin 5. Cocaine
Answer: 3 (illicit fentanyl is a schedule I drug/ slide 11/ addiction lecture)
Q2. Which region of the brain contains the cell bodies of dopamine neurons? 1.Nucleus accumbens in the midbrain 2.Nucleus accumbens in the striatum 3.Ventral Tegmental Area in the midbrain 4.Ventral Tegmental Area in the striatum
Answer: 3 (see side 12 addiction lecture)
Q3. Appropriate behaviors prior to and during bedtime include all of the following EXCEPT: Avoiding heavy exercise prior to going to bed. Eating no later than 3 hours prior to going to bed. Having a consistent time to prepare for going to bed. Limiting caffeine intake past 5 pm.
Answer: 4 Correct Correct (it is okay to eat before bed just not RIGHT before bed) Correct Limiting caffeine intake past 2 pm
Q5. Which of the following is NOT a type of parasomnia? Somnambulism Sleep terrors REM sleep behavior disorder Narcolepsy
Answer: 4 Somnambulism = sleepwalking Correct Correct Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder but is NOT considered a type of parasomnia.
Q3. Which of the following can cause both upper and lower half head pain? A. Trigeminal neuralgia B. Pseudotumor cerebri C. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction D. Temporal arteritis
Answer: A
Q9. A patient presents with a series of pulsating unilateral head pains commonly preceded by stress. They also report the inability to work and sensitivity to lights and sounds during these episodes. What is the most likely diagnosis? Migraine Cluster Headache Tension Headache Giant Cell Arteritis
Answer: A
Q4. Which of the following statements is FALSE? Hippocampus important for declarative but not procedural memory CA1 critical to procedural memory Hippocampus important for converting short- to long-term memory Memory may be lateralized
Answer: B CA1 is critical to declarative memory: NOT procedural
Q9: Which of the following is true of the opioid mechanism of action? Activation of mu opioid receptors on GABA interneurons increases activity of descending pain modulatory neurons. Activation of mu opioid receptors on GABA interneurons decreases activity of descending pain modulatory neurons. Blocks dopamine transporter to increase concentration of dopamine in synapse. It may cause enlarged pupils/ heart arrhythmias/ and a low grade fever.
Answer: A
Treatment with interferon beta agents: Cures MS Reduces relapse rate Reduces MRI disease activity 1 and 3 2 and 3 Q1. All of the following are true about Multiple Sclerosis EXCEPT: MS is a dysmyelinating disorder MS affects the CNS white matter The typical age of MS diagnosis is 20-40 years old MS is characterized by neurologic dysfunction disseminated in time and space
Answer: A MS is a demyelinating disorder (damage to previously formed myelin) Dysmyelinating disorders are caused by abnormal/defective or incomplete myelin formation (Slide 7)
Q3. For a patient suffering an acute relapse of multiple sclerosis which drug is the best option to treat the patient's symptoms? IV methylprednisolone Methadone Clozapine Naltrexone
Answer: A (slide 48)
Q10. A dopamine blockade in the Mesolimbic and Mesocortical pathways would most likely affect a Schizophrenic patient in which of the following ways? Reduce positive symptoms and worsen negative symptoms Worsen positive symptoms and reduce negative symptoms Worsen both positive and negative symptoms Reduce both positive and negative symptoms
Answer: A Dopamine excess in the Mesolimbic system → positive schizo signs and symptoms DA blockade reduces positive sx Dopamine deficiency in Mesocortical → decrease negative signs and symptoms DA blockade may worsen negative sx
Q6. Which of the following statements is FALSE in regard to Giant cell arteritis? Mean onset of age is around 30 years old Females are afflicted 3:1 compared to males. Undiagnosed can cause visual loss Prednisone is a treatment Most common systemic vasculitis involving the elderly
Answer: A Mean onset of age is >50 years old.
Q5. Which of the following is NOT included in the three symptom complex associated with schizophrenia? Passive Symptoms Positive Symptoms Negative Symptoms Cognitive Symptoms
Answer: A Slide 20 Schizophrenia lecture
Q2. Which of the following is the most common type of hallucination seen in schizophrenia? Auditory Visual Olfactory Somatic Gustatory
Answer: A Slide 21 of Schizophrenia Lecture
Q5.Which of the following is NOT a function of cortisol? Cortisol acts on the anterior pituitary to increase adrenocorticotropic hormone release. Cortisol reduces corticotropin-releasing hormone production by the hypothalamus. Cortisol reduces the sensitivity of the pituitary to corticotropin-releasing hormone. Cortisol acts on the liver to increase gluconeogenesis.
Answer: A Slide 22 neuroendocrine lecture (all other answer choices are correct, but choice 1 is incorrect cortisol acts on the anterior pituitary to DECREASE ACTH release which in turn causes a decrease in cortisol release by the adrenal cortex this is a negative feedback mechanism of hormonal secretion)
Q8. Which of the following details the correct mechanism of thyroid hormone production? Paraventricular neurons in the anterior pituitary synthesize thyrotropin Thyroid hormones synthesis functions with both positive and negative feedback loops Thyrotropes inhibit the production of additional TRH by solely acting on receptors in the anterior pituitary The result of activation of the TRH-TSH-Thyroid hormone axis is to decrease metabolism
Answer: B A - PVN neurons synthesize TRH C - Thyrotropes inhibit further TRH release by acting on both the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus D - the axis functions to increase metabolism (all on slide 25)
Q8. Evaluate the statements below in the context of a patient with REM Behavior Disorder: Statement 1: Dream enactment behaviors occur during REM sleep Statement 2: Dream enactment behaviors are more common in the first half of the night Statement 1 is correct/ Statement 2 is incorrect Statement 1 is correct/ Statement 2 is incorrect Both statements are correct Both statements are incorrect
Answer: B Dream enactment behaviors occur during REM sleep Most common in the last half of the night If awoken during the event the patient usually recalls the dream
Q10. Which of the following is true regarding NREM Parasomnias? They occur in the last half of the night NREM Parasomnia can be precipitated by alcohol use/abuse The patient remembers most of the event All of the above are true
Answer: B NREM Parasomnias occur in the first half of the night NREM Parasomnias are precipitated by: rotating shift work/ forced awakenings/ alcohol use/abuse/ sleep deprivation from disrupted sleep or other sleep disorders Amnesia of the event is most common
Q6 All of the following are possible treatment modalities for Obstructive Sleep Apnea except: Weight loss Benzodiazepines Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Oral appliance
Answer: B Patient is advised to avoid benzodiazepines and alcohol before bed may worsen OSA
Q7: Jerry arrives at the emergency room suffering from a drug overdose. An open bottle was found in their home which contained an opioid drug. Which drug would you give to Jerry to quickly alleviate any symptoms of their overdose? Methotrexate Naloxone Naltrexone I don't know I should have studied harder for my neuro exam!
Answer: B (Naltrexone helps to prevent a relapse into alcohol or drug abuse while naloxone is a drug used to treat opioid overdose)
Q7. All of the following are are cranial nerve nuclei that generate motor commands out except: Edinger Westphal nucleus Nucleus of solitary tract: caudal division Inferior and superior salivatory nuclei Visceral division of the nucleus ambiguous
Answer: B (Slide12)
Q6: Tom ingests a pill containing an opiate. When the drug reaches the brain it acts in the striatum by: Blocking dopamine receptors located in the nucleus accumbens leading to a drug "high" Inhibiting GABA interneuron activity thereby increasing dopamine neuron firing rates leading to an increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens Binding to dopamine in the synaptic space leading to a decrease in dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens Stimulating the re-uptake of GABA into the GABA interneuron leading to a loss of inhibition of the dopamine neurons
Answer: B (slide 21: addiction lecture) Opioids will inhibit GABA interneuron activity: thereby increasing dopamine neuron firing rates and subsequently increasing the dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens.
Q1. We would not expect a patient with narcolepsy to experience: A temporary inability to move upon waking up A sudden loss of muscle tone in the extraocular muscles Episodes of cataplexy typically brought on by strong positive emotional responses Onset of REM sleep within the first half of sleep
Answer: B Eye muscles and the diaphragm are not impaired during episodes of cataplexy A - Sleep paralysis (slide 22) C - Slide 23 - she mentioned the trigger she saw most often was laughter D - Slides 25/ 10 - We would expect REM in the 2nd half of sleep in a typical sleep cycle
Q4. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding headaches? Upper and lower head pain is determined by a line drawn along the philtrum of the upper lip. In patients who experience migraines with visual auras the headache begins only after the visual aura finishes. In patients who experience migraines with visual auras patients will often describe a dot that increases in size while remaining in one spot in their visual field. Migraines are an illness that only occurs periodically due to a phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression.
Answer: B Line drawn between the eyes Correct A dot that increase in size and moves from one side of the visual field to the other Migraines are an illness that is present ALL the time and occurs due to a phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression
Q6. Which statement below is correct in regard to a phase response curve (PRC)? A PRC helps to determine the length of exposure required to delay or advance circadian rhythms. A PRC helps determine what time exposure should occur in order to delay or advance circadian rhythms. A PRC helps determine what color the light exposure should be in order to delay or advance circadian rhythms. A PRC only helps determine what time exposure should occur in order to advance circadian rhythms not delay them.
Answer: B Replace "length" with "time" Correct Replaced "color" with "time" This is not correct: it indicates exposure time for both advancing or delaying rhythms
Q4. _________ memory input comes from the posterior sensory processing regions while _______ memory input comes from the prefrontal cortex. Anterior : posterior Posterior : anterior Superior : inferior Inferior : superior
Answer: B Slide 38 in higher cognitive function
Q5. Trigeminal Neuralgia is a disease that involves the trigeminal nerve more often V2 and V3 than V1. In addition trigeminal neuralgia... Occurs more frequently in young men. Occurs more frequently in older women. Is described as a sharp/electrical type pain lasting for several hours. Can have secondary causes that include cardiac arrest and chronic bronchitis.
Answer: B This is incorrect Correct "Is described as a sharp/electrical type pain lasting for a few seconds or up to 2 minutes" Can have secondary causes that include MS aneurysm tumor vascular compression chronic meningeal inflammation (think of things that might affect the trigeminal nerve and cardiac arrest and chronic bronchitis would not have a direct impinging effect on the trigeminal nerve. they are located too inferior in the thoracic region of the body)
Q10. Which of the following is not correct regarding sinus disease: There is a tendency to over diagnose patients with sinus disease Pain from sinus disease can cause mandibular tooth discomfort Sinus disease most often progresses from viral upper respiratory tract infections Symptoms of a sinus disease can include pain nasal congestion and fever
Answer: B (There is not a sinus in close proximity to the mandibular teeth. There IS a sinus close to the maxillary teeth) All on slide 21
Q7. What is considered the "third eye" of the body? The pituitary gland The pineal gland The hippocampus The hypothalamus
Answer: B (the Pineal Gland) In blinded birds with feathers plucked around the sides of their heads they still followed normal night/dark circadian rhythms because of the pineal gland.
Q1. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus? A. It is a bilateral structure located on the anterior portion of the hypothalamus B. Ablation of the SCN does not result in a loss of circadian rhythms C. Wild-type SCN grafts can restore circadian rhythmic activity in mutant mice D. SCN neuronal activity may be influenced by the amount of light or dark exposure E. All of these are true
Answer: B. Ablation of the SCN results in loss of circadian rhythms
Q2. Which nucleus is the only nucleus of the hypothalamus that is an inhibitor of the posterior pituitary? Ventromedial nucleus Arcuate nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Lateral Preoptic nucleus
Answer: B: The arcuate nucleus contains dopaminergic neurons which act to inhibit posterior pituitary while all other nuclei cause release of hormone from the posterior pituitary
Q3. I. The posterior pituitary is the neurohypophysis. II. The posterior pituitary synthesizes neuroendocrine hormones. Both statements are true Statement I is true/ statement II is false Statement I is false/ statement II is true Both statements are false
Answer: B: The posterior pituitary is the neurohypophysis, the anterior pituitary is the adenohypophysis. The posterior pituitary does not synthesize any hormones: it releases neuroendocrine hormones made in the hypothalamus (ADH and Oxytocin). The anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases endocrine hormones in response to releasing hormones (neuroendocrine) from the hypothalamus.
Q1. Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of upper half headaches? A. Tension headaches B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage C. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction D. Pseudotumor cerebri
Answer: C
Q2. Which of the following is the most common cause of lower half head pain? A. Burning mouth syndrome B. Neoplasms C. Pain of dental origin D. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Answer: C
Q9 (Blue Box Style) Burt is an 84 year-old overweight man that comes to the clinic complaining of terrible headaches he has almost every morning. His wife explains that they both have difficulty maintaining sleep at night. However she says the reason she doesn't get enough sleep is because Burt snores so loud every night. Based off your conversation with Burt and his wife: Burt most likely has: REM Behavior Disorder Nocturnal Groaning Obstructive Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy
Answer: C
Q7. Which of the following is not a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea? Obesity Family history of OSA Sleep deprivation Crowded posterior oropharynx
Answer: C Risk factors for OSA include: obesity/ males over 50 y/o /postmenopasual state/ crowded posterior oropharynx/ family history of OSA
Q4. Hirschsprung disease (aganglionic megacolon) is due to failure of ______ to migrate to the colon and results in the absence of ________. epithelial cells: peristaltic activity epithelial cells: a lumen neural crest cells: peristaltic activity neural crest cells: a lumen
Answer: C (slide 27 - neural crest cells arising from the sacral region migrate to the colon and form parasympathetic nerves/enteric ganglia in the gut: needed for peristaltic activity)
Q4. Patient X is addicted to cocaine. They overdose on cocaine and are rushed to the emergency room. A/an _________ in cocaine concentration results in a direct __________ in dopamine concentration in the synaptic space. increase: decrease Decrease: increase Increase: increase Decrease: decease
Answer: C (slides 15/16 of addiction lecture: cocaine blocks the DA transporter: causing an increase in dopamine concentration in the synaptic space)
Q6. I-Cortisol inhibits CRH release in the hypothalamus. II- Cortisol increases ACTH release in the anterior pituitary? Statement I and II are false. Statement I and II are true. Statement I is true and II is false. Statement I is false and II is true.
Answer: C Cortisol has a negative feedback loop with all parts of the axis. Inhibits production of both of its precursors.
Q8. Which of the following correctly matches the drug with the neurotransmitter it mimics? Opiates: Dopamine Psychostimulants: GABA glutamate Nicotine: Acetylcholine Marijuana: Endorphins
Answer: C Opiates: Endorphins Psychostimulants: Dopamine Nicotine: Acetylcholine Alcohol:GABA Glutamate Marijuna: Anandamide
Q2. (Blue Box Style) A nursing home contacts you to consult on one of their elderly patients. Recently this man has fallen out of bed. When taking his history he tells you that he was dreaming of his past days of a football player where he would have to leap to catch the ball. He reports that he otherwise feels fine and well rested. The staff tells you that the man has also been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. You would lead towards a diagnosis of... Narcolepsy Somnambulism REM parasomnia NREM parasomnia
Answer: C REM Parasomnias can have dream reenactments during REM sleep (slide 37) The dreams can usually be recalled. She also has PD listed on slide 38 A - pathologic sleepiness with sleep onset REM - pt would present as extremely tired B - sleepwalking is common for NREM parasomnia (slide 35) D - NREM parasomnia is usually accompanied by amnesia of the event is more common in childhood and we would most likely expect to see "sleep terrors" or "somnambulism" as key words
Q5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of circadian rhythms? Ubiquitous Endogenous Intrinsic Temperature-Compensated
Answer: C Should be "entrainable"
Q6. What is the correct order of LTP and LTD development? Expression → Maintenance → Induction Induction → Maintenance → Expression Induction → Expression → Maintenance Expression → Induction → Maintenance
Answer: C Slide 7 in Synaptic Plasticity Lecture
Q2. What structures of the brain represents the evolutionarily oldest system? Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Subcortical region Cortical region
Answer: C Slide 8
Q8. Which of the following anatomical abnormalities is least likely to be found in a patient diagnosed with Schizophrenia? Enlargement of lateral ventricles Cortical atrophy Smaller hypothalamus Smaller than normal total brain volume
Answer: C Smaller hippocampus associated with Schizo (not hypothalamus)
Q5. Which structures would a taxi driver specifically not want to have a stroke in? Left temporal lobe Right parietal lobe Right temporal lobe Left parietal lobe
Answer: C Spatial memory is encoded in the right temporal lobe which would be important for a taxi driver
Q6: Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the Enteric Nervous System? The ENS is divided into two plexuses: the submucosal plexus and the mesenteric plexus. Unlike the brain: glial cells are not necessary for proper ENS function. The ENS resides within the gut wall and is predominantly found between two muscle layers. The colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC) requires input from the brain in order for proper function.
Answer: C The plexuses are the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus Glial cells ARE necessary for proper ENS function just like the brain Correct The CMMC does NOT require input from the brain in order to function properly
Q4. Which is the most common prognosis of an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia? Continuous hospitalization once diagnosis is confirmed. Recovery from disease and symptom-free individuals within 5 years. Continued problems with living a normal life with potential for episodic periods. An increase in disease severity which almost always leads to death.
Answer: C This is <10% occurrence This is around 30% occurrence This is 60% occurrence making it the MOST COMMON result This is a made up fact about schizophrenia
Q3. Which of the following is associated with a right MCA stroke? Apraxia Anosmia Anosognosia Aphasia
Answer: C This is associated with a LEFT MCA stroke This is not listed as a symptom of a specific MCA stroke This is KEY for a right MCA stroke (they don't think they have anything wrong!) This is associated with a LEFT MCA stroke
Q7. Schizoaffective disorder is a disorder which is characterized by all of these EXCEPT: A combination of both a mood disorder and schizophrenia. Being a psychotic disorder. Involving manic or depressive mood episodes which occur infrequently. Involving persistent psychosis even when patients are euthymic.
Answer: C This is correct This is correct It involves manic or depressive mood episodes that UNLIKE schizophrenia are FREQUENT This is correct
Q6. All of the following statements regarding schizophrenia are correct EXCEPT: Schizophrenia often involves hallucinations that involve the sense of hearing. Negative symptoms often precede positive symptoms in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. A patient diagnosed with schizophrenia might first experience hallucinations or delusions followed by the possibility for loss of speech. The worst functional outcome in schizophrenia is associated with cognitive symptoms in patients.
Answer: C This is correct (most common=auditory hallucinations) Negative symptoms DO precede positive symptoms in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia This is incorrect. The order is flipped (hallucinations/delusions are POSITIVE symptoms/ loss of speech is a NEGATIVE symptom) This is correct (worst outcomes= social withdrawal/blunt affect and cognitive dysfunction)
Q5. Which of the following lists the correct steps involved during the formation of an LTP in postsynaptically silent synapses? Ca2+ → CaMKII → dephosphorylation of AMPA → increased conductance Ca2+ → CaMKII → phosphorylation of AMPA → decreased conductance Ca2+ → CaMKII → phosphorylation of AMPA → increased conductance Ca2+→ CaMKII → dephosphorylation of AMPA → decreased conductance
Answer: C Should be phosphorylation Should be increased conductance Correct Should be phosphorylated and increased conductance
Q4. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the middle area of the hypothalamus: It contains the arcuate nucleus/ventromedial nucleus/ and dorsomedial nucleus It is the satiety center of the brain. It is the hunger center of the brain. It produces hypothalamic releasing hormones.
Answer: C Slide 6 neuroendocrine lecture (all other answers choices are correct, but choice 3 is correct for the LATERAL area of the hypothalamus) Lateral: hunger/thirst Medial: satiety (fullness)
Q1. Localized domains of organization of higher cognitive function include all but A. Sensory and motor function B. Memory consolidation C. Decision making D. Language production
Answer: C. Decision making is part of the diffuse domains of organization (slide 5)
Q1. At excitatory glutamate synapses: which of the following receptors help carry a current at depolarized potentials? AMPA only NMDA only Both AMPA and NMDA APV
Answer: C. Synaptic transmission at excitatory glutamate synapses is mediated by both AMPA and NMDA receptors A - AMPA carries all the electrical current during resting potential only. B - NMDA is blocked during resting potential but does carry a current during depolarization. D - APV is a NMDA blocker
Q2. Which of the following is not a common symptom of Multiple Sclerosis? Bladder dysfunction Fatigue Spasticity Ataxia
Answer: D (Slide 57)
Q5: Which type of receptor do opioid drugs target? α receptor β receptor γ receptor µ receptor
Answer: D (slide 19 of addiction lecture: mu opioid receptors)
Q3. Postganglionic Sympathetic neurons release ____ while postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release _____. Epinephrine: norepinephrine Norepinephrine: epinephrine Acetylcholine: norepinephrine Norepinephrine: acetylcholine
Answer: D (slide 21 autonomic Parpura)
Q4. The goal of long-term treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: Reduce future relapse Reduce disease progression Reduce MRI changes All of the above
Answer: D (slide 49)
Q1. Presynaptic parasympathetic neurons are _______ compared to the presynaptic sympathetic neurons and synapse ______ to their target organs. Shorter: farther Shorter: closer Longer: farther Longer: closer
Answer: D (slide 6 in autonomic Parpura)
Q5. Which of the following are not correctly paired together in regard to attention and higher cognitive function? Prefrontal cortex and attentional control Frontal eye fields and direct eye movements Temporoparietal junction and sudden attention shifts Occipital region and saccadic eye movements
Answer: D All other pairings are correct slide 29 higher cognitive function
Q9. Which of the following is correct in regard to cell loss associated with schizophrenia? Sudden cell loss in middle to late stages of adult life. Cellular death that is followed by gliosis. Areas of tissue loss are not correlated to symptoms that appear in the patient. Cellular loss involves the degradation of neuronal dendrites.
Answer: D In "late adolescence or early adulthood" NO involvement of cellular death NOR gliosis Areas of loss ARE correlated to symptoms This is a correct statement.
Q4. Which of the following is a correct statement in regard to long-term potentiations (LTPs)? In the hippocampus pyramidal neurons in CA1 send axons to CA3 cells. The 3 parts of an LTP are induction extension and maintenance. Presynaptic stimulation involves the release of glutamate leading to a postsynaptic hyperpolarization. At the resting membrane potential NMDA receptors are blocked by Mg2+ and current is only carried by AMPA receptors.
Answer: D In the hippocampus pyramidal neurons in CA3 send axons to CA1 cells. The 3 parts of an LTP are induction expression and maintenance Presynaptic stimulation involves the release of glutamate leading to a postsynaptic depolarization
Q7. The lateral hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for: Hunger Thirst Satiety Hunger and thirst Hunger and satiety
Answer: D Medial hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for satiety
Q1. Which of the following is a true statement about cocaine? Cocaine has some therapeutic utility and a moderate abuse potential Cocaine increases the amount of dopaminergic vesicles released into the synaptic cleft Acute risks of cocaine usage include anosmia/ euphoria/ coma/ and enlarged pupils Cocaine exerts an antagonistic effect on dopamine transporters
Answer: D See slide 13 and 15 - Increases synaptic concentration of dopamine by inhibiting its reuptake by the presynaptic neuron A - Cocaine is Schedule II - some therapeutic utility with a high abuse potential C - Anosmia is a prolonged effect/risk - all others are correct acute effects/risks
Q7. Your patient complains of unbearably painful headaches in the forehead area that occur at 3:00 PM each day and he also presents with miosis ptosis and anhidrosis on the left side. What type of headache is he experiencing? A. Tension headache B. Headache due to acute glaucoma C. Migraine D. Cluster headache
Answer: D Slide 15
Q2. Damage to the following structures would lead to dysfunction in implicit memory EXCEPT: A. Striatum B. Amygdala C. Cerebellum D. Hippocampus
Answer: D Slide 7
Q4. Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a "circadian rhythm/clock"? Self-sustained Cycle ~ 24 hrs Entrainable by external cues Temperature dependent
Answer: D Slide 8
Q1. A patient with a damaged hippocampus would have problems with which of the following? Remembering events Knowing facts Converting short- to long-term memory All of the above
Answer: D The hippocampus is important for declarative but not procedural memory. It is important for converting short- to long-term memory (slide 28) Declarative memory consists of episodic memory and semantic memory. Remembering facts (A) is episodic knowing facts (B) is semantic (this info is on slide 7)
Q5. (Blue Box Style) Anne is a 29 year old caucasian female that came into the clinic with a sudden painful vision loss in her left eye. She explains that she started noticing sensory changes in her arms and legs a week before her vision loss. You suspect she might have Multiple Sclerosis. Which of the following would be useful in diagnosing the patient with MS? MRI imaging Blood testing CSF testing All of the above
Answer: D There is not a single diagnostic test for MS: so you must use several modalities to diagnose the disease. Used to diagnose: -Patient history -Physical examination -MRI -Blood test -CSF test -Electrophysiology studies
Q10. Which is correct regarding sleep and the immune system? Paradoxical sleep acts to induce a pro-inflammatory environment boosting the T-helper immune response. Slow wave sleep (SWS) acts with the circadian system to induce a pro-inflammatory environment boosting the innate immune response. Acquired immune responses are stimulated by slow wave sleep working alone to induce a pro-inflammatory environment. Proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines give feedback to the brain and enhance slow wave sleep.
Answer: D This is correct except that it is SLOW WAVE SLEEP This is correct except that it boosts the ACQUIRED immune response (T-cells) This is correct except that slow wave sleep works in CONSORT with the circadian system This is entirely correct
Q2. Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic response? 1 Piloerection Mydriasis Increased stroke volume Bronchial constriction Vasoconstriction
Answer: D (slide 17 autonomic Parpura: should be bronchial dilation. Mydriasis = pupillary dilation)
Q8. Which of the following statements is false? Tetanic stimulation creates repeated bursts of high frequency stimulation which enhances the size of the synaptic response LTP induction is Hebbian Late LTP leads to the formation of new proteins and new synapses Early LTP requires presynaptic kinase activity
Answer: D (slide 26: early LTP requires POSTsynaptic kinase activity) A - Slide 9
Q3. All of the following are true regarding the Morris Water Maze EXCEPT: It involves a shallow pool with a hidden platform used to test learning and memory in rodents NMDA receptor knock-out mice have impaired spatial memory NMDA receptor knock-out mice have larger place fields in all behavioral environments If the platform is removed the control mice spend equal amounts of time in each quadrant looking for the platform
Answer: D The control mice actually spend more time looking in the quadrant where the platform used to be.
Q1. Which of the following is a serious side effect that should be monitored when treating a schizophrenic patient with Clozapine? Tachycardia Hypotension Sialorrhea Agranulocytosis
Answer: D. Agranulocytosis (dangerously low WBC count). Clozapine was withdrawn from the market because of high agranulocytosis rates. It was reintroduced with a mandatory program for weekly blood draws. A - A common side effect B - A common side effect C - A common side effect
Q1. Which of the following nuclei is correctly paired with its function? Suprachiasmatic nucleus - regulation of water balance Supraoptic nucleus - synthesizes oxytocin Lateral hypothalamic nuclei - regulation of satiety Anterior hypothalamic nuclei- regulation of temperature in response to heat
Answer: D: The anterior hypothalamic nucleus is involved in regulation of the parasympathetic NS (rest and digest) which would cause cooling of the body in response to heat. A- suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates circadian rhythms B- supraoptic nucleus synthesizes vasopressin C- lateral hypothalamic nuclei are involved in the hunger center (increasing food intake)
Q11. Blue box question: Carol is a 30-year-old nurse at Children's Hospital of Alabama. Over the past 3 months she has noticed irregular menstrual cycles and recent weight gain. She presents for her regular yearly check-up but believes she could be pregnant. Upon further questioning you learn that she made a recent change to the night shift at the hospital. Which of the following are other effects that Carol might be experiencing due to the recent change at work? Difficulty sleeping Subfertility Irregular hormone levels of gonadotropins/ cortisol/ and melatonin Endometriosis and dysmenorrhea All of the above
Answer: E
Q3. Which one is classified correctly? Schizophrenia: a neurodevelopmental disorder Schizoaffective disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder Bipolar disorder: a mood disorder A and B A and C None of the above All of the above
Answer: E A and C are both correct
Q9. True or False: Both younger and older individuals are equally as likely to have negative effects from chronic jet lag.
Answer: False (slide 29 circadian rhythms)
Q8. True or False: Delayed sleep-phase (DSP) is the most common wakefulness-sleep challenge in adolescents and can lead to DSP circadian sleep disorder.
Answer: True (slide 30 circadian rhythms)
Q2. True or false: The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives both photic and nonphotic input.
Answer: True! Slide 17
Patient HM Primarily Demonstrated the Role of: Area CA1 in memory consolidation Cerebellum in declarative memory Hippocampal formation in declarative memory Lateralization in memory encoding
Area CA1 in memory consolidation
Q9. I. The supraoptic nucleus is located in the anterior pituitary and releases antidiuretic hormone. II. Hormones synthesized within the posterior pituitary are released directly into the bloodstream. Both statements are correct Both statements are incorrect I is true/ II is false I is false/ II is true
B. Both statements are incorrect I. The supraoptic nucleus is located in the posterior pituitary and releases antidiuretic hormone. II. Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus travel to the posterior pituitary to be released directly into the bloodstream. (No hormones are synthesized within the posterior pituitary)
Q8. I. Somatic afferent fiber cell bodies and visceral afferent fiber cell bodies lie on different regions of the dorsal root ganglia. II. Somatic afferent fibers and visceral afferent fibers relay to the same laminae on the spinal cord. Both statements are true Both statements are false I is true/ II is false I is false/ II is true
Both statements are true (slide 11)
Which of the following areas is LEAST related to the brain's ability to remember a spatial map? Cerebellum Cingulate/Retrosplenial cortex Entrohinal cortex Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Q6. Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli Specific areas of the brain serve different functions Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. All of the above
D. All of the above Slide 5
Q9. Which of the following is TRUE of LTP and LTD? Only LTPs are reversible Both activate postsynaptic kinases LTP are induced by low-frequency stimulation They both require activation of NMDA receptors
D. This is the only true statement LTP and LTD are both reversible LTP activate postsynaptic kinases: LTD activate postsynaptic phosphatases LTP are induced by high-frequency stimulation
All of the following statements about MS are incorrect EXCEPT: MS is a disease of the central nervous system MS is most common in women over 40 years of age MS patients always have an initial relapsing course MS can be cured with interferon therapy The following diagnostic studies are required to diagnose MS: MRI brain Cerebrospinal fluid examination Evoked potential studies All of the above None of the above MS is a life threatening disease True False
False
The following factors increase the risk of development of MS except: Female gender Family history of MS Susceptibility genes Pregnancy Place of residence
Pregnancy
Q10. True or False: Corticotropin releasing hormone from the PVN stimulates ACTH by the corticotrope cells in the anterior pituitary.
True - Slide 24
Q3. Following a recent head injury
your patient began to struggle with emotional associations. What structure has most likely been damaged? Prefrontal cortex Cerebellum Amygdala Hypothalamus, Answer: C Slide 7