Neuro Lab Final

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Here is an image from a mouse brain DAPI stain, can you tell which end is more medial? no, this is an image form a transverse plane yes, B is more medial yes, A is more medial no, this is an image from a sagittal plane

yes, A is more medial

Here is an image from a mouse brain DAPI stain, can you tell which end is more medial? yes, B is more medial no, this is an image from a transverse plane no, this is an image from a sagittal plane yes, A is more medial

yes, A is more medial

The diagram below illustrates what kind of neural transmission. (starting from the cercus) Contralateral first then bilateral transmission (starting from the cercus) Longitudinal transmission (starting from the cercus) Ipsilateral first then bilateral transmission

(starting from the cercus) Ipsilateral first then bilateral transmissionc

If you need to see detailed structures in the nucleus of a cell from the CA1 region, which objective lens will be the best choice? 40x 4x 10x 20x

40x

Which objective lens would you use to see more area of the CA1 region in one field? 20x 40X 4x 10x

Which objective lens would you use to see more area of the CA1 region in one field? 4x 40X 20x 10x

What is the Na+ equilibrium potential, when Na+ out =100 mM and Na+ in =10 mM? (Use the Nerst equation to calculate or read from the software) -58mV -58 58mV 0mV 58

58mV

Keep your stimulus amplitude at 150 µA. Set the membrane resistance to 2. Membrane time constant=________ (You can use the time constant formula or the "HOP" method to calculate the answer.) 2 2ms 10ms 10

2ms

If you are using 4x objective lens and 10x eyepiece to view your sample under a light microscope what is your magnification? 100x 10x 40x 4x How I am supposed to know it?

40x

If you are using the 4x objective lens and a 10x eyepiece to view your sample under a light microscope what is your magnification? 4x 100x 40x 10x How I am supposed to know it?

40x

What is the K+ equilibrium potential, when K+ out =10 mM and K+ in =100 mM? (Use the Nerst equation to calculate or read from the software) 0 58mV -58 -58mV 58

-58mV

What is the Na+ equilibrium potential, when Na+ out = 100 mM, and Na+ in =100 mM? (Use the Nerst equation to calculate or read from the software) 58mV 100mV 0 mV -58mV

0 mV

Which number is pointing to optic chiasm? 1 2

Match the correct name to the number. 1 Cerebellum 2 Medulla 3 Pons 4 Internal Carotid Artery 5 Fornix 6 Corpus Callosum

1 Cerebellum 2 Medulla 3 Pons 4 Internal Carotid Artery 5 Fornix 6 Corpus Callosum

Match the correct name to the number. 1 Frontal Lobe 2 (#2 is pointing to the dark line between 2 purple regions) Longitudinal Fissure 3 Temporal Lobe 4 Pons 5 Medulla Oblongata 6 Occipital Lobe 7 Cerebellum

1 Frontal Lobe 2 (#2 is pointing to the dark line between 2 purple regions) Longitudinal Fissure 3 Temporal Lobe 4 Pons 5 Medulla Oblongata 6 Occipital Lobe 7 Cerebellum

Match the correct name to the number. clue: you can do a google image search for the structures in the the answer list. 1 Parahippocampus Gyrus 2 Thalamus 3 Lateral Ventricle 4 Third Ventricle 5 Caudate Nucleus 6 Putamen

1 Parahippocampus Gyrus 2 Thalamus 3 Lateral Ventricle 4 Third Ventricle 5 Caudate Nucleus 6 Putamen

Match the correct name to the number. clue: you can do a google image search for the structures in the the answer list. 1 Putamen 2 Globus Pallidus (internal segment) 3 Lateral Ventricle 4 Caudate Nucleus 1 + 2 + 4 Basal ganglia (AKA deep brain nuclei)

1 Putamen 2 Globus Pallidus (internal segment) 3 Lateral Ventricle 4 Caudate Nucleus 1 + 2 + 4 Basal ganglia (AKA deep brain nuclei)

Match structure names with their numbers. Number 1-4 are in image to the left, and it is an image of a human brain Number 3 and 5 are in the image to the right, and it is an image of a mouse brain 1 Putamen 2 Globus Pallidus (internal segment) 3 Lateral Ventricle 4 Caudate Nucleus 5 Caudoputamen

1 Putamen 2 Globus Pallidus (internal segment) 3 Lateral Ventricle 4 Caudate Nucleus 5 Caudoputamen

If we set "max repeat rate" to 600 Hz and we observed only 1 MGF action potential, the absolute refractory period for MGF for this earth worm should be [ Select ] ["600 ms", "600 sec", "1/600 ms", "1/600 sec"]

1/600 sec

Match the correct name to the number. 1: 2: 3: 4:

1: motor cortex (or precentral) gyrus 2: central sulcus 3: somatosensory cortex (or postcentral) gyrus 4: lateral sulcus

Match the correct name to the number. 1Frontal Lobe 2 Parietal Lobe 3 Temporal Lobe 4 Occipital Lobe 5 Cerebellum 6 Pons 7 Medulla Oblongata

1Frontal Lobe 2 Parietal Lobe 3 Temporal Lobe 4 Occipital Lobe 5 Cerebellum 6 Pons 7 Medulla Oblongata

Match the correct name to the number. 2 Thalamus 5 Caudate Nucleus 6 Putamen

2 Thalamus 5 Caudate Nucleus 6 Putamen

Which is the most anterior image that we can find both "fornix system" (we call it fornix for short) and "Hippocampal formation" (hippocampus for short) on the same image. I meant the major part of hippocampus, not the tiny parts above corpus callosum. Correct answer is bigger than 60. Write the number only in the blank Clue: You just have to spend some time with brain atlas, no short cut.

These are 2 images taken from different structures of a mouse brain slice (corpus callosum and caudoputamen). The slice was stained by GFAP stain (which means all cells containing GFAP protein are highlighted). When taking images, the student set the camera to grey scale (so photo was taken as black and white) by accident and also forgot to label which image was for which structure. Based on your knowledge, which image is taken from corpus callosum? (clue: cc has high or low density of astrocyte?) A Either A or B Both A and B B

Here are the illustrations of 2 possible models of how cercal signal travels toward the thorax and head. As indicated in the graph, we recorded signals between A3 and A4 and the lesion (cut) was made between A4 and A5. If we did NOT observe any signal after the lesion, model __ A ___will be the correct model of how signal travels in cockroaches. If we did observe some signal after the lesion, model __ B ___will be the correct model of how signal travels in cockroaches.

A B

Match the names of the structure with the letters in the image (the image is a DAPI stained mouse brain slice). A Meninges B Layer 1 of the cortex C Layer 2 of the cortex D Corpus Callosum E CA1 Pyramidal cell body layer in hippocampus

A Meninges B Layer 1 of the cortex C Layer 2 of the cortex D Corpus Callosum E CA1 Pyramidal cell body layer in hippocampus

Which abdominal ganglion is the most anterior? A4 A3 A5

Locate the anterior commissure, olfactory limb (ACO) on our brain atlas http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960305&structure=900&x=5280&y=3744&zoom=-3&resolution=16.75&z=5 (Links to an external site.) Use your spacial thinking to construct a 3D ACO in your mind. Then decide which statement is true. ACO is a ball-shaped structure, it does not cross the mid-line of the brain, it does not connect left and right brain. ACO is a dot-shaped structure, it crosses the mid-line of the brain, it connects left and right brain. ACO is an U-shaped structure. Its posterior part crosses the mid-line of the brain. It connects left and right brain.

ACO is an U-shaped structure. Its posterior part crosses the mid-line of the brain. It connects left and right brain.

FYI: Dr Fu was wrong about the GFAP stains in the meninges in the video, remember? Let's take a closer look. First, let's learn how fluorescent images are labeled . Image A is our GFAP stained image, and Image B is a figure from a research article: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5952 Image A, cells that have GFAP epitope are highlighted in green. It is because we used a secondary antibody conjugated (attached) with a fluorophore that has green light as its emission light. Thus the greener region has more cells that have GFAP epitope. Image B, cells that have GFAP epitope are highlighted in blue. It is because we used a secondary antibody conjugated (attached) with a fluorophore that has blue light as its emission light. Thus the bluer region has more cells that have GFAP epitope. Image B, cells that have CD31 epitope are highlighted in red. It is because we used a secondary antibody conjugated (attached) with a fluorophore that has red light as its emission light. Thus the redder region has more cells than have CD31 epitope Image B, cells that have _________ epitope are highlighted in green. It is because we used a secondary antibody conjugated (attached) with a fluorophore that has green light as its emission light. AKAP12 GFAP CD31

AKAP12

Which is the best practice when using a microscope? ALWAYS start with the 4x objective lens and the stage at the highest position Start with the 4x objective lens and randomly move the stage START from the 40x objective lens (skip the 4x), if you need to see detailed structures

ALWAYS start with the 4x objective lens and the stage at the highest position

Match the structure name with their letters. ANucleus accumbens B anterior commissure, olfactory limb C Caudoputamen D lateral ventricle

ANucleus accumbens B anterior commissure, olfactory limb C Caudoputamen D lateral ventricle

Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be ___________ Agonists Antagonist Pre-Synaptic Post-Synaptic

Agonists

Which statements are true? All samples stained by a fluorophore will have a dark (black) background. Light with a bigger wavelength always has lower energy than light with a shorter wavelength. The dichroic mirror in a fluorescent microscope allows light with lower energy to pass through but will reflect light with higher energy. The dichroic mirror in a fluorescent microscope allows light with higher energy to pass through but will reflect light with lower energy.

All samples stained by a fluorophore will have a dark (black) background. Light with a bigger wavelength always has lower energy than light with a shorter wavelength. The dichroic mirror in a fluorescent microscope allows light with lower energy to pass through but will reflect light with higher energy.

Based on the images that we collected in module 2c, which statements are correct? (if you forget, please go over module 2c images.Remember you will be asked similar question in final exam) Almost no neuronal soma can be found in the corpus callosum, but astrocytes are present in the corpus callosum The Caudoputamen has a limited amount of astrocytes, but a lot of neuronal soma can be found there. Layer 1 of cerebral layer has lower soma density than other cerebral layers

Almost no neuronal soma can be found in the corpus callosum, but astrocytes are present in the corpus callosum The Caudoputamen has a limited amount of astrocytes, but a lot of neuronal soma can be found there. Layer 1 of cerebral layer has lower soma density than other cerebral layers

If you need to find certain structures (such as the ACO) on a mouse slice, under 40x objective lens, choose the rule(s) that will help you to find the structure fast. Man, you got to start directly from 40x objective lens, don't waste your time on other lens' Always start with the stage at the highest position (the platform that you put the slide on is called the stage) always start with lowest objective lens (usually 4x) Always start with the stage at the lowest position (the platform that you put the slide on is called the stage)

Always start with the stage at the highest position (the platform that you put the slide on is called the stage) always start with lowest objective lens (usually 4x)

Here is a NISSL (Neruotrace) stained image. What could the cells that are stained in cortical layer 1 be? Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes Microglial cells Oligodendrocytes

Here is a NISSL (Neruotrace) stained image. What could the cells that are stained in cortical layer 1 be? Attention: where can we find ependymal cells? Astrocytes Microglial cells Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes Microglial cells Oligodendrocytes

Among the 3 brain slices, which one is the most anterior? A B C They are all the same, so no one is the most anterior

Based on the recording from these 3 roaches, which image illustrates the signal pathway correctly. Caution: between A3 and A4, does the signal travel contralateral and ipsilateral ? Either A or B Both A and B Neither A or B A B

On which mouse brain slice (DAPI stain) is the dentate gyrus region of hippocampus visible? Neither A or B B Both A and B A

On which mouse brain slice (DAPI stain) is the dentate gyrus region of hippocampus visible? Neither A or B Both A and B B A

Some sloppy student took photos of DAPI and Neurotrace stained mouse brain slices under 40x objective lens. The student set the camera to grey scale by accident. By looking at the images, help the student to determine, which image(s) is (are) from Neurotrace (FYI: Neurotrace is a NISSL stain) Clue: review the "Neurotrace stained mouse brain slices.pptx" from this module and the image file in 2a. C B A D

Which line (A or B) in the plot represents a dendrite that has a bigger diameter? Assume that the Internal Resistivity and Membrane Resistance are the same for these 2 dendrites. (you have to educate your brain with part 1, 2 and 3 to answer this question) A A and B has the same diameter B

Decide if line A or line B represents a dendrite that has a higher length constant? (clue: if you can't tell directly from the shape of the line, think: on which line does signal decay faster? And what does "signal decays faster" tell you about the dendrite's length constant? If you still can't tell, you can calculate length constant using the HOP method for line A and B). Line B decays slower, thus B has higher length constant?

B B

If you were to cut on the Red dotted line (the one with arrow pointing to your left) what kind of section would you be making? Oblique Sagittal Coronal Transverse

Coronal

If you were to cut on the Red dotted line (the one with arrow pointing to your left) what kind of section would you be making? Sagittal Coronal Transverse Oblique

Coronal

Read the abstract of this research article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691720/ (Links to an external site.) Just the abstract unless you have an interest in reading the full article. Based on this abstract and our NeuN staining lab which statements are true? Based on the abstract, in gerbil (aka desert rat) SNr, there are some NeuN-negative neurons, but not in rat SNr. (FYI: monoclonal antibody A60 is a kind of NeuN primary antibody, that is commercially available)) Based on the abstract we can find some NeuN-negative neurons in Purkinje cells in cerebellum, mitral cells in olfactory bulb, and photoreceptors in retina. This article is wrong, Dr. Fu said NeuN stains all neurons, and Dr. Fu is always right. The abstract said NeuN is a neuron-specific marker of a nuclear protein. This means it will mark neuronal nuclei. However we can see NeuN weakly marks a small portion of the axon and dendrites in CA1 pyramidal layer. Given this observation, the statement in the article could be wrong/overly simplified.

Based on this abstract and our NeuN staining lab which statements are true? Based on the abstract, in gerbil (aka desert rat) SNr, there are some NeuN-negative neurons, but not in rat SNr. (FYI: monoclonal antibody A60 is a kind of NeuN primary antibody, that is commercially available)) The abstract said NeuN is a neuron-specific marker of a nuclear protein. This means it will mark neuronal nuclei. However we can see NeuN weakly marks a small portion of the axon and dendrites in CA1 pyramidal layer. Given this observation, the statement in the article could be wrong/overly simplified.

Which statement is NOT true? Corpus callosum is dorsal to caudoputamen Blue light was used as excitation light for DAPI imaging We used PBS to rinse off storage medium and extra DAPI from the brain slices in this lab

Blue light was used as excitation light for DAPI imaging

Locate image 49 on brain atlas: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960328&structure=1089&x=5280&y=3744.0000406901045&zoom=-3&resolution=13.96&z=6 (Links to an external site.) Locate image 60 on brain atlas: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960280&structure=1089&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=6 (Links to an external site.) Locate image 70 on brain atlas: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960244&structure=1089&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=6 (Links to an external site.) Take a look at the brain slices below. They match with images 49, 60, and 70 from the atlas. On which brain slice can we see a large area of the hippocampus (aka hippocampal formation) C

Some sloppy student took photo of DAPI and Neurotrace stained mouse brain slices under 40x objective lens. The student set the camera to grey scale by accident. By looking at the images, help the student to determine, which image(s) is (are) from Neurotrace (FYI: Neurotrace is a NISSL stain) Clue: review the "Neurotrace stained mouse brain slices.pptx" from this module and the image file in 2a. D A C B

C B

Match the structure names with their letter C Thalamus A superior colliculus B Pineal gland

C Thalamus A superior colliculus B Pineal gland

All gloves and brain tissues after this lab must be disposed in: Anywhere in Fume hood Biological Waste Container Chemical Waste Container Sink

Chemical Waste Container

Find the falling phase of the action potential (yellow line), during the first half of the falling phase, Na+ channels start to___________(roughly, the yellow line and green line peaks do not happen exactly the same time) Not change Close Open

What is the measure of how fast an action potential travels down an axon. Axonal Propagation Membrane velocity Conduction velocity Nernst

Conduction velocity

What is the measure of how fast an action potential travels down an axon. Membrane velocity Axonal Propagation Nernst Conduction velocity

Conduction velocity

Based on our lab manual which statement(s) is(are) ture? Cortical layer II is also called external granular layer, we can find small pyramidal cells there Granule cells have short axon or dendrite (if they even have them) compared with pyramidal cells We can find pyramidal cell bodies (soma) easily in cerebral cortex and in CA1 region of hippocampus. The cortical layer I is also called molecular layer, consisting of terminal branches of dendrites or axons

Cortical layer II is also called external granular layer, we can find small pyramidal cells there Granule cells have short axon or dendrite (if they even have them) compared with pyramidal cells We can find pyramidal cell bodies (soma) easily in cerebral cortex and in CA1 region of hippocampus. The cortical layer I is also called molecular layer, consisting of terminal branches of dendrites or axons

Which cranial nerves are responsible for eye movement?

Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve Cranial Nerve VI: Abducent Nerve Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve

Which statements are correct? Cresyl Violet is a type of NISSL stain. Neurotrace staining requires a fluorescent microscope to view the results, but its procedure takes less time compared to Cresyl Violet. Neurotrace is a type of NISSL stain. If we do not have a fluorescent microscope, we can use Cresyl Violet to perform a NISSL stain.

Cresyl Violet is a type of NISSL stain. Neurotrace staining requires a fluorescent microscope to view the results, but its procedure takes less time compared to Cresyl Violet. Neurotrace is a type of NISSL stain. If we do not have a fluorescent microscope, we can use Cresyl Violet to perform a NISSL stain.

Which statement is correct about the experimental steps in this module? DAPI was introduced to the staining together with a primary and secondary antibody. DAPI was introduced to the staining together with a primary antibody. We only stained the brain slices with NeuN and GFAP primary antibodies and their paired secondary antibodies, we did not stain the slices with DAPI. DAPI was introduced to the stain together with a secondary antibody.

DAPI was introduced to the stain together with a secondary antibody.

Increasing gNamax will__________ the threshold stimulus amplitude to initiate an action potential? Decrease Increase Not change

Decrease

When we are doing IHC stains, we will need triton x 100 (or tween 20, which is also a type of detergent). Why do we need to add detergent to our staining solution? (I added triton x 100 to both primary antibody and secondary antibody solutions when we did our IHC) Detergents will block non-specific binding Detergent will make antibodies bind to their epitope tighter. Detergents will open small holes in the cell membrane so antibodies can enter cells

Detergents will open small holes in the cell membrane so antibodies can enter cells

What is the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain seen here? Neural Sac Dura Mater Pia Mater Arachnoid Layer

Dura Mater

What is the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain seen here? Pia Mater Arachnoid Layer Neural Sac Dura Mater

Dura Mater

When we need to make GFAP primary and secondary antibodies to stain a mouse brain slice: First, we need to isolate ___ from the mouse. GFAP secondary antibody GFAP primary antibody GFAP antigen (or GFAP epitope)

GFAP antigen (or GFAP epitope)

If we stain a mouse brain slice with both NeuN and DAPI, what will be stained on the brain slice? Astrocyte will be stained (majorly soma) by NeuN Every single nucleus will be stained by DAPI Neurons that contain NeuN protein will be stained (majorly soma) by NeuN

Every single nucleus will be stained by DAPI Neurons that contain NeuN protein will be stained (majorly soma) by NeuN

Changing the potassium concentration will affect sodium equilibrium potential. True False

False

For a sheep brain, the parietal lobe is more posterior to the occipital lobe. True False

False

GABA is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain. True False

False

If neuron A has a higher length constant then neuron B, an action potential travels faster on neuron A. True False

False

If you make a serial coronal sections of 0.2 cm thick of a sheep brain, you can find the pineal gland and anterior commissure in one coronal section. clue: take a look at the mid-sagittal section of the sheep brain in lab manual. do you think you can include anterior commissure and pineal gland in one 0.2cm think coronal section? True False

False

In Indirect Immunofluorescence, both primary and secondary antibodies are labeled with fluorophores, thus it gives stronger signals compared to Direct Immunofluorescence. True False

False

Right after the peak of an action potential, K+ channels start to close and all K+ channel closed when membrane potential hits the lowest point. True False

False

TRUE OR FALSE: There will not be any NISSL stained cells in layer 1 of the cortex, this is because layer 1 of the cortex consists of the terminal branches of dendrites or axons. True False

False

TRUE OR FALSE: There will not be any NISSL stained cells in layer 1 of the cortex, this is because layer 1 of the cortex consists of the terminal branches of dendrites or axons. True False

False

Which fly lines would NOT have a higher light preference index compared with wild type flies? (wild type flies are flies that do not have any genetic modification) Flies have "Sweet neuron specific promoter + gal 4 gene" and "UAS + Chrimson gene" Flies has "UAS + Chrimson gene" in sweet neuron only Flies have "sweet neuron specific promoter+ Chrimson gene"

Flies has "UAS + Chrimson gene" in sweet neuron only

Both fluorophore and pigment can be a dye, if they can attach to the object that we want to dye. But fluorophore and pigment work differently. Which statements are true? Pigment works by absorbing a higher energy light and emitting a lower energy light. The emitted light is the color that we will see. Fluorophore works by absorbing a higher energy light and emitting a lower energy light. The emitted light is the color that we will see. Fluorophore works by reflecting or scattering one wavelength of light and absorbing all other wavelengths of light. And the reflected or scattered light is the color of the pigment. Pigment works by reflecting or scattering one wavelength of light and absorbing all other wavelengths of light. And the reflected or scattered light is the color of the pigment.

Fluorophore works by absorbing a higher energy light and emitting a lower energy light. The emitted light is the color that we will see. Pigment works by reflecting or scattering one wavelength of light and absorbing all other wavelengths of light. And the reflected or scattered light is the color of the pigment.

I think you must be confused by 3 terms: fluorophore, pigment, and dye. To make it clear: Both fluorophore and pigment can be a dye, if they can attach to the object that we want to dye. But fluorophore and pigment work differently. Now let me quiz you Which statements are true? Fluorophore works by absorbing a higher energy light and emitting a lower energy light. The emitted light is the color that we will see. Pigment works by reflecting or scattering one wavelength of light and absorbing all other wavelengths of light. And the reflected or scattered light is the color of the pigment. Fluorophore works by reflecting or scattering one wavelength of light and absorbing all other wavelengths of light. And the reflected or scattered light is the color of the pigment. Pigment works by absorbing a higher energy light and emitting a lower energy light. The emitted light is the color that we will see.

Name the structure pointed by the arrow

Fornix system

Name the structure pointed by the arrow FYI: Use our brain atlas http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1 (Links to an external site.) google might not your best friend here. My TA was tricked by google for this question :P caudoputamen corpus callosum Fornix system hippocampus lateral ventral

Fornix system

Based on our lab manual which statement(s) is(are) ture? Granule cells have short axon or dendrite (if they even have them) compared with pyramidal cells Cortical layer II is also called external granular layer, we can find small pyramidal cells there We can find pyramidal cell bodies (soma) easily in cerebral cortex and in CA1 region of hippocampus. The cortical layer I is also called molecular layer, consisting of terminal branches of dendrites or axons

Granule cells have short axon or dendrite (if they even have them) compared with pyramidal cells Cortical layer II is also called external granular layer, we can find small pyramidal cells there We can find pyramidal cell bodies (soma) easily in cerebral cortex and in CA1 region of hippocampus. The cortical layer I is also called molecular layer, consisting of terminal branches of dendrites or axons

When we used the following antibodies to stain a mouse brain slice: rabbit anti mouse GFAP (primary antibody) goat anti rabbit FITC (secondary antibody) What color astrocyte will look like under a fluorescent microscope after the stain? FYI: FITC has excitation and emission spectrum peak wavelengths of approximately 500 nm/525 nm, Green white black (dark) Blue

Green

What is the name of the structure indicated by number 16? Pituitary Hippocampus Mammillary body Pineal gland

Hippocampus

This is image 69 from our brain atlas. http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960248&structure=81&x=5280&y=3744.0000406901045&zoom=-3&resolution=13.96&z=5 (Links to an external site.) Which statements is true about this image Hippocampus is medial to lateral ventricle on this image This is a stitched image from DAPI stained mouse brain slice. What is the structure name pointed by red arrows lateral ventricle

Hippocampus is medial to lateral ventricle on this image lateral ventricle

To further confirm if the region in the yellow circle is a tumor or not. Which stain will provide the best information? IHC(immunohistochemistry) stain with a primary antibody that specifically binds to NeuN epitope and its matching secondary antibody. NISSL IHC(immunohistochemistry) stain with a primary antibody that specifically binds to an epitope only found in tumor cells and its matching secondary antibody. DAPI

IHC(immunohistochemistry) stain with a primary antibody that specifically binds to an epitope only found in tumor cells and its matching secondary antibody.

Which statements are correct? If we do not have fluorescent microscope, we can use Cresyl Violet to perform a NISSL stain. Neurotrace is a type of NISSL stain. Cresyl Violet is a type of NISSL stain. Neurotrace staining requires a fluorescent microscope to view the results, but its procedure takes less time compared to Cresyl Violet.

If we do not have fluorescent microscope, we can use Cresyl Violet to perform a NISSL stain. Neurotrace is a type of NISSL stain. Cresyl Violet is a type of NISSL stain. Neurotrace staining requires a fluorescent microscope to view the results, but its procedure takes less time compared to Cresyl Violet.

Here is an illustration of how blood flows in our body or a mouse body(follow the arrow): The left ventricle (LV) pumps blood to all over our body except to the lungs, and then the blood flows back to the right atrium (RA) and then flows into the right ventricle (RV); then gets pumped into the lungs by the RV. Then comes back to the left atrium (LA). (then flows to LV, then out for another cycle) When we were doing the transcardio perfusion, first we have to pump PBS into a ventricle. Then the PBS will push the blood flow to different organs then back to the atrium. If we cut the atrium open, the blood will be flushed out. This will clean up the blood in the blood vessel, so formalin can get there later. If we need to use transcardio perfusion to fix mouse tissue, which ventricle (left or right) should you pump PBS into and which atrium (left or right) should you cut open to let the blood out? FYI: blood only has one-way flow (follow the arrow), because there are valves inside the blood vessel and between atrium and ventricles to prevent fluid to back flow. clue: Check the blood flow route. That will be how PBS/formalin flow in the body. And you want PBS/formalin flow right into the organ that you want to fix. If you want to PBS/formalin go to brain, you dont want PBS/formalin enter the lungs first, and circle to the heart then to go the brain. (Because the faster PBS/formalin enter the tissue, the better the tissue will be preserved) If we need to fix the lungs, we will want PBS/formalin enter lungs first If we need to fix brain we need pump PBS into right ventricle, cut left atrium If we need to fix lungs we need pump pump PBS into left ventricle, cut right atrium If we need to fix brain we need pump pump PBS into left ventricle, cut right atrium If we need to fix lungs we need pump PBS into right ventricle, cut left atrium

If we need to fix brain we need pump pump PBS into left ventricle, cut right atrium If we need to fix lungs we need pump PBS into right ventricle, cut left atrium

Here is an illustration of how blood flows in our body or a mouse body(follow the arrow): The left ventricle (LV) pumps blood to all over our body except to the lungs, and then the blood flows back to the right atrium (RA) and then flows into the right ventricle (RV); then gets pumped into the lungs by the RV. Then comes back to the left atrium (LA). (then flows to LV, then out for another cycle) When we were doing the transcardio perfusion, first we have to pump PBS into a ventricle. Then the PBS will push the blood flow to different organs then back to the atrium. If we cut the atrium open, the blood will be flushed out. This will clean up the blood in the blood vessel, so formalin can get there later. If we need to use transcardio perfusion to fix mouse tissue, which ventricle (left or right) should you pump PBS into and which atrium (left or right) should you cut open to let the blood out? FYI: blood only has one-way flow (follow the arrow), because there are valves inside the blood vessel and between atrium and ventricles to prevent fluid to back flow. clue: Check the blood flow route. That will be how PBS/formalin flow in the body. And you want PBS/formalin flow right into the organ that you want to fix. If you want to PBS/formalin go to brain, you dont want PBS/formalin enter the lungs first, and circle to the heart then to go the brain. (Because the faster PBS/formalin enter the tissue, the better the tissue will be preserved) If we need to fix the lungs, we will want PBS/formalin enter lungs first. Compare the four choices carefully. They are all slightly different!! (some are for lungs,some are for brains) If we need to fix brain we need pump pump PBS into left ventricle, cut right atrium If we need to fix brain we need pump PBS into right ventricle, cut left atrium If we need to fix lungs we need pump pump PBS into left ventricle, cut right atrium If we need to fix lungs we need pump PBS into right ventricle, cut left atrium

If we need to fix brain we need pump pump PBS into left ventricle, cut right atrium If we need to fix lungs we need pump PBS into right ventricle, cut left atrium

Image A is a small portion of an image taken by a student from a DAPI stained brain slice under 40x objective lens. Image B and C are the same images with different labeling circles on them. Which statement(s) is(are) true? In image B, the 2 circles indicate the boundary of two nuclei. The circle in image C indicates a region in a nucleus where AT content in DNA is relatively higher, because There are 2 nuclei in image A In image B, the 2 circles indicate the boundary of two cells.

In image B, the 2 circles indicate the boundary of two nuclei. The circle in image C indicates a region in a nucleus where AT content in DNA is relatively higher, because There are 2 nuclei in image A

Which statement is correct about indirect immunofluorescence? (Read the lab manual. You should find the answer around "Figure 1: Direct and Indirect immunofluorescence") In indirect immunofluorescence, both primary and secondary antibodies are labeled with fluorophores, thus it gives stronger signals compared with direct Immunofluorescence. In indirect immunofluorescence, neither primary or secondary antibodies are labeled with fluorophores. Instead, antigens are labeled with fluorophores at its epitope. In indirect immunofluorescence, we only label secondary antibodies with fluorophore; we do not label primary antibodies with fluorophore, because we need space on primary antibodies so the secondary antibody can bind to the primary antibody.

In indirect immunofluorescence, we only label secondary antibodies with fluorophore; we do not label primary antibodies with fluorophore, because we need space on primary antibodies so the secondary antibody can bind to the primary antibody.

which will allow you to change resting membrane potential faster? Increase/decrease outside Na+ concentration Increase/decrease outside K+ concentration

Increase/decrease outside K+ concentration

change Na+ permeability to 65 and K+ permeability to 1. In this setting, which will allow you to change resting membrane potential faster? Increase/decrease outside Na+ concentration Increase/decrease outside K+ concentration

Increase/decrease outside Na+ concentration

If we need to have the Chrimson protein expressed in only the sweet neurons of a fly line, what should we do? Insert "sweet neuron specific promoter + Chrimson gene" into the flies' genome Insert "Chrimson gene" into the flies' genome Insert "sweet neuron specific promoter" into the flies' genome

Insert "sweet neuron specific promoter + Chrimson gene" into the flies' genome

When K+ equilibrium potential is negative, __________of the cell has a higher K+ concentration. outside Inside

Inside

Changing the outside concentration of which ion will create a bigger change on resting membrane potential? Ion with more positive equilibrium potential Ion with more negative equilibrium potential Ion with greater permeability Ion with smaller permeability

Ion with greater permeability

Which statement(s) about infundibulum (pituitary stalk) is(are) true? It is a hollow structure It is anterior to optic chiasm It connects pituitary directly to thalamus It is anterior to mammillary body in a sheep braind.

It is a hollow structure It is anterior to mammillary body in a sheep braind.

Which statement(s) about the infundibulum (pituitary stalk) is(are) true? It is a hollow structure It connects the pituitary gland directly to the thalamus It is anterior to the mammillary body in a sheep brain. It is anterior to the optic chiasm

It is a hollow structure It is anterior to the mammillary body in a sheep brain.

Here is the same H&E stained mouse brain, Dr. Fu labeled the hippocampus and lateral ventricle. But she was not sure if the region that is circled in yellow is a tumor or not. Help her to make the decision. Remember to use the help from brain atlas : http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas It is a tumor, we can not find any matching structures on the brain atlas. It is not a tumor, it is the lateral ventricle on the left side.

It is a tumor, we can not find any matching structures on the brain atlas.

Based on the images that we collected in module 2c, which statement(s) is(are) correct? after NeuN staining, only somas and very limited region of axons or dendrites are visible, while in biocytin filled neurons, all structures of a neuron are visible. the boundary between adjacent astrocytes are very clearly defined after GFAP staining. an axon is ALWAYS thicker and longer than dendrites. It is easier to count the number of neurons after NeuN stain, but it is harder to count the number of astrocytes after GFAP stain. NeuN stains are the same as biocytin filled neurons, all structures of a neuron are visible.

It is easier to count the number of neurons after NeuN stain, but it is harder to count the number of astrocytes after GFAP stain.

Which stain will allow use to stain myelin on a brain slice? Crystal violet Luxol fast blue

Luxol fast blue

What is the structure name pointed at by the blue arrow? Pineal gland Mammillary body Pituitary

Mammillary body

Which solution do we need to put on the brain slices after we dry the slices with Kim wipe tissue, so we can mount the cover slip? (FYI: That solution will protect the fluorphore , so we can still get good images even after a month or even a year) DAPI water PBS Mounting medium (fluoromount G)

Mounting medium (fluoromount G)

Which solution do we need to put on the brain slices after we dry the slices with a Kim wipe tissue, so we can mount the cover slip? (FYI: That solution will protect the fluorphore , so we can still get good images even after a month or even a year) DAPI Mounting medium (fluoromount G) PBS water

Mounting medium (fluoromount G)

If we stained a single neuron with both DAPI and NISSL together (this is called multi-plexing), under which stain (DAPI or NISSL) will there be more area of the individual neuron stained? NISSL stain covers more area. The area stained by NISSL is the nucleus DAPI stain covers more area. The area stained by DAPI is the nucleus DAPI stain covers more area. The area stained by DAPI is soma (major part of nucleus will be lightly stained) and part of axon and dendrite NISSL stain covers more area. The area stained by NISSL is soma (major part of nucleus will be lightly stained) and part of axon and dendrite

NISSL stain covers more area. The area stained by NISSL is soma (major part of nucleus will be lightly stained) and part of axon and dendrite

If we stained a single neuron with both DAPI and NISSL together (this is called multi-plexing), under which stain (DAPI or NISSL) will there be more area of the individual neuron stained? NISSL stain covers more area. The area stained by NISSL is the soma (major part of nucleus will be lightly stained) and part of axon and dendrite DAPI stain covers more area. The area stained by DAPI is the nucleus DAPI stain covers more area. The area stained by DAPI is soma (major part of nucleus will be lightly stained) and part of axon and dendrite NISSL stain covers more area. The area stained by NISSL is the nucleus

NISSL stain covers more area. The area stained by NISSL is the soma (major part of nucleus will be lightly stained) and part of axon and dendrite

Find the rising phase of the action potential (yellow line), is cell membrane leakier to Na+ or K+ during the rising phase of an action potential? Na+ K+

Na+

When an action potential happens: At the rising phase (the phase that membrane potential goes up) [ Select ] ["K+ is the major ion", "Both Na+ and K+", "Na+ is the major ion"] move [ Select ] ["outside of", "into"] the cells that will bring membrane potential up

Na+ is the major ion into

FYI: Using a genome editing technique known as crispr 9, we can create new mouse strains (mouse strain means mouse breed in daily English). Caspase-3 gene is a piece of DNA that codes a protein called Caspase-3. Caspase-3 is know to mediate programed cell death (AKA apoptosis). (FYI: apoptosis will help us to get rid of cells that we don't need). We can use crispr 9 to delete Caspase-3 gene to create a Caspase-3 knockout mouse strain. These mice wont have any Caspase-3, thus they will have lots of useless cells hanging around. Now we want to test if Caspase-3 knockout mice have higher neuronal density in the brain compared with a wild mouse (normal mouse without any genetic editing), which experimental design(s) would be effective? We will need to use rabbit anti mouse [ Select ] ["NISSL", "DAPI", "NeuN", "GFAP"] antibody as our primary antibody and use [ Select ] ["goat anti chicken FITC antibody", "goat anti rabbit FITC antibody", "goat anti mouse FITC antibody"] as as secondary antibody to stain slices from these two different mouse strains, And calculate NeuN positive area divided by the total stained area.

NeuN goat anti rabbit FITC antibody

If we stain a brain slice with both NeuN and DAPI, what will be stained on the slice? Neurons will be stained (mostly soma) by NeuN Astrocytes will be stained (mostly soma) by NeuN Every single nucleus will be stained by DAPI

Neurons will be stained (mostly soma) by NeuN Every single nucleus will be stained by DAPI

Which type of NISSL stain require a fluorescent microscope (a light microscope is NOT sufficient to reveal results) Neurotrace Cresyl violet Toluidine blue

Neurotrace

Which type of NISSL stain requires a fluorescent microscope (a light microscope is NOT sufficient to reveal results) Neurotrace Haematoxylin Toluidine blue Cresyl violet

Neurotrace

Will changing stimulus Amplitude affect time constant? No Yes

FYI: if you leave your stained slices under the fluorescent light too long, it will fade a little; this is called photo bleaching. Most of time it won't affect your image too much (based on my true experience). But lots of people are very worried about photo bleaching. And you will have this concern after those concerned people teach you how to use a fluorescent microscope (trust me!) When you are collecting images from a DAPI stained slide and you need to go to the bath room (the liquid kind, which means you will be back very soon) but you are worried about photo bleaching (as if it is a real thing). What should you do with your microscope? Close the curtain for the fluorescent light path It will take about 30 min to finish the DAPI stain for this lab. You decided that you have to turn on the violet light and set intensity to 100% before you start the DAPI stain. Is this a good practice? No, I am burning the light bulb for nothing for 30min (clue: light bulb has lifespan, they usually die after working for a few thousand hour, and we talked about when to use curtains in the lecture right?) Close the curtain for the fluorescent light path No, I am burning the light bulb for nothing for 30min

No, I am burning the light bulb for nothing for 30min

This is the image B from our last question. AKAP12 is an epitope that is located in the cells that make up a majority of the meninges, thus the green layers are meninges . Based on this image, is there any cells that contain GFAP in meninges cells? Yes, cells that contain GFAP are highlighted in green, we have a lot of green highlighted cells in the meninges layers in this image We can not decide, we did not do the experiment, so we can not tell No, cells that contain GFAP are highlighted in blue in this image, no blue appears in the meninges layer

No, cells that contain GFAP are highlighted in blue in this image, no blue appears in the meninges layer

Are the neurons in the two regions (highlighted in purple) the same type of neuron? yes, they look the same after NISSL staining yes, they both are neurons that have dendrites and axons so they are the same No, they are different types of neurons even they look similar after NISSL stain

No, they are different types of neurons even they look similar after NISSL stain

Are the neurons in the two regions (highlighted in purple) the same type of neuron? yes, they both are neurons that have dendrites and axons so they are the same type of neuron yes, they look the same after NISSL staining No, they are different types of neurons even though they look similar after NISSL stain

No, they are different types of neurons even though they look similar after NISSL stain

One of the functions that the hippocampus has, is to give us a sense of direction and form memories. The hippocampus is also involved in stress, because it is part of the limbic system. Look up online, which of the following method(s) can be used to study a mouse's hippocampus function on spacial and(or) memory formation ? (I am testing if you have a good relationship with google) (this question wont be tested again later in this course, it is for training your how to use google) Novel Object Recognition T-maze Elevated plus maze Morris water maze

Novel Object Recognition T-maze Morris water maze

Match the correct name to the number. Number represents a sulcus: 2 Number represents a gyrus: 3 Number represents a fissure: 1

Number represents a sulcus: 2 Number represents a gyrus: 3 Number represents a fissure: 1

The DAPI stained nuclei within Corpus Callosum might belong to _______ Clue: Corpus Callosum belong to CNS, right? (think about why that is important) Think: how you will use google to answer this question. If you could get this question correct, your google skill is awesome (try it, I am challenging you here :D) And if you get it wrong, let it go. I will talk about it in the next module. I made this question to bring your attention on how to use google. schwann cells Oligodendrocytes red blood cells ependymal cells astrocyte microglial cells

Oligodendrocytes astrocyte microglial cells

Find the falling phase of the action potential (yellow line), during the first half of the falling phase, K+ channels start to ________ close Not change Open

Open

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which a type of immune cell (there are different types of immune cells in our body) attacks and damages the myelin generating cells. And these self-destructive immune cells only attack oligodendrocytes but not Schwann cells, this is because oligodendrocytes contain a special protein which Schwann cells don't have. Your supervisor had isolated a type of immune cells and hypothesized that this type of immune cell can cause MS. And you can inject that type of immune cell to an immune deficiency mice to test your supervisor's hypothesis. After you have injected the immune cells and waited for a few weeks (to give time for MS to develop). You need to design an efficient experiment to test this hypothesis. Let me walk you through it: 1. Sciatic nerve belongs to the ["CNS", "PNS"] 2. Oligodendrocytes are located in the ["CNS", "PNS"] 3. Schwann cells are located in the PNS 4. Which stain can provide you some information about myelination status [ Select ] ["Cresyl Violet", "Luxol fast blue", "DAPI"] 5. Which experiment will you do to test the hypothesis most efficiently? [ Select ] ["Fix mice brain. Slice and stain the brain tissue with Luxol fast blue. Measure Luxol fast blue positive area", "Fix mice sciatic nerve. Slice and stain the sciatic nerve with Luxol fast blue. Measure Luxol fast blue positive area /total measured area", "Fix mice sciatic nerve. Slice and stain the sciatic nerve with Cresyl Violet. Measure Cresyl Violet positive area /total measured area", "Fix mice brain. Slice and stain the brain tissue with Cresyl Violet. Measure Cresyl Violet positive area /total measured area", "Fix mice brain. Slice and stain the brain tissue with Luxol fast blue. Measure Luxol fast blue positive area/total measured area", "Fix mice brain. Slice and stain the brain tissue with Cresyl Violet. Measure Cresyl Violet positive area"] FYI: there are only 2 elements in CNS (brain and spinal cord). anything else are PNS (anything, even cranial nerves are PNS, as long as they are not brain or spinal cord) .

PNS CNS NS Luxol Fast Blue Fix mice brain. Slice and stain the brain tissue with Luxol fast blue. Measure Luxol fast blue positive area/total measured area

If you have two fly lines: Fly line A: has "bitter neuron specific prompter +gal 4 gene" + "UAS-Halorhodopsin gene" Fly line B: wild type flies (wild type means they dont have any special genes in their genome) Which experiment will help you in genotyping these 2 fly lines (genotyping means to predict genetic composition based on their behavior) Put both flies in fly maze, the ones that prefer light (have higher preference index) are fly line A. Put both flies on bitter food, if flies eat more under light, it is fly line A.

Put both flies on bitter food, if flies eat more under light, it is fly line A.

If we could change Na+ and K+ permeability in real life, which of the following is correct? Resting membrane potential is always closer or the same as the equilibrium potential of the ion with smaller permeability Resting membrane potential is always closer or the same as the equilibrium potential of Na+ Resting membrane potential is always closer or the same as the equilibrium potential of K+ Resting membrane potential is always closer or the same as the equilibrium potential of the ion with greater permeability

Resting membrane potential is always closer or the same as the equilibrium potential of the ion with greater permeability

If you were to cut on the blue dotted line (the one with arrow pointing down) what kind of section would you be making? Oblique Transverse Coronal Sagittal

Sagittal

The average diameter of a sciatic nerve is 16 to 20 mm, and the average diameter of a median nerve is about 5 to 12 mm. If these 2 nerves have the same level of myelination, which nerve will have a higher conduction velocity? Sciatic nerve Median nerve

Sciatic nerve

How do you change K+ permeability to make resting membrane potential the same as Na+ equilibrium potential? Set it to 58 Set it to 0 Set it to 100 Set it to -100

Set it to 0

If you have 2 brain slices (A and B). You can see the lateral ventricle and the anterior commissure, olfactory limb (ACO) clearly on slice A. you can see a dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus clearly on slice B . Which statement is correct? We can not decide which one is anterior Slice B is anterior to slice A Slice A is anterior to slice B

Slice A is anterior to slice B

You have 2 brain slices (A and B). You can see the lateral ventricle and the anterior commissure, olfactory limb (ACO) clearly on slice A. you can see a dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus clearly on slice B . Which statement is correct? Slice A is anterior to slice B Slice B is anterior to slice A We can not decide which one is anterior

Slice A is anterior to slice B

Here are 3 images from brain atlas ( http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1 (Links to an external site.)) Here are 3 photos of mouse brain slices. Match the 3 slices with the 3 images from brain atlas. Slice AImage 70 Slice B Image 49 Slice C Image 53

Slice AImage 70 Slice B Image 49 Slice C Image 53

Take a look at these images from the Corpus Callosum and CA1 Pyramidal layer under 40x objective lens, which two statements below are correct The CA1 Pyramidal layer has a higher nuclei density compared to the Corpus Callosum In the Corpus Callosum, most of the nuclei line up in 3 or 5. The way that the nuclei distribute is very similar between the Corpus Callosum and the CA1 Pyramidal cell body layer. It is almost impossible to know which one is which unde

The CA1 Pyramidal layer has a higher nuclei density compared to the Corpus Callosum In the Corpus Callosum, most of the nuclei line up in 3 or 5.

Take a look at these images from the Corpus Callosum and CA1 Pyramidal layer under 40x objective lens, which statement(s) below is(are) correct FYI: use the "DAPI stained mouse brain slices.ppt" file in this module, or use the image below to help you The way that the nuclei distribute is very similar between the Corpus Callosum and the CA1 Pyramidal cell body layer. It is almost impossible to know which one is which under 40x objective lens The average size of nuclei in CA1 Pyramidal layer are slightly larger compared with nuclei in Corpus Callosum In Corpus Callosum, most of the nuclei line up in 3 or 5.

The average size of nuclei in CA1 Pyramidal layer are slightly larger compared with nuclei in Corpus Callosum In Corpus Callosum, most of the nuclei line up in 3 or 5.

Image A is a small portion of an image taken by a student from a DAPI stained brain slice under the 40x objective lens. Image B and C are the same images with different labeling lines on them. Which statement(s) is(are) true? The nucleus should be stained evenly by DAPI. The chunky staining is caused by the sloppiness of the student. They did not rinse the slices well, so there is extra DAPI left on certain regions. The circle in image C indicates a region in a nucleus where AT content in DNA is relative higher, because DAPI binds to AT rich regions of DNA. In image B, the 2 circles indicate the boundary of two cells. There are 2 nuclei in image A

The circle in image C indicates a region in a nucleus where AT content in DNA is relative higher, because DAPI binds to AT rich regions of DNA. There are 2 nuclei in image A

Which statements are true? The dichroic mirror in a fluorescent microscope allows light with lower energy to pass through but will reflect light with higher energy. Light with a bigger wavelength always has lower energy than light with a shorter wavelength. The dichroic mirror in a fluorescent microscope allows light with higher energy to pass through but will reflect light with lower energy. All samples stained by a fluorophore will have a dark (black) background.

The dichroic mirror in a fluorescent microscope allows light with lower energy to pass through but will reflect light with higher energy. Light with a bigger wavelength always has lower energy than light with a shorter wavelength. All samples stained by a fluorophore will have a dark (black) background.

Which statement is NOT correct? The cerebral cortex in humans operates on a contralateral basis, with a few exceptions (such as taste and vision). That is why when a patient has a stroke, it usually affects the opposite side of the body from the side where the lesion is in the brain. One of the goals for this lab is to determine whether information travels in the nerve cords (connectives) bilaterally, ipsilaterally, or contralaterally up towards the thorax. This module, we will use the exact same equipment settings as the last module (5A), the only difference is that we only recorded from one nerve cord (aka connectives) The silver reference pin (placed in the body cavity) was directly connected to the nerve cord via a silver wire.

The silver reference pin (placed in the body cavity) was directly connected to the nerve cord via a silver wire.

Open the file "GFAP-NeuN-DAPI images" to help you to answer this question: (You need to remember your conclusion, it might be in your final exam.) True or False: Almost no neuronal somas can be found in the corpus callosum, but astrocytes are present in corpus callosum. True False

True

Image A is a small portion of an image taken by a student from a DAPI stained brain slice under 40x objective lens. Image B and C are the same images with labeling lines on them. Which statement(s) is(are) true? There are 2 nuclei in image A Nucleus should be stained evenly by DAPI. The chunky staining is caused by sloppiness of the student. They did not rinse the slices well, so extra DAPI is left on certain regions. In image B, the 2 circles indicate the boundary of two cells. In image B, the 2 circles indicate the boundary of two nuclei. The circle in image C indicates a region in a nucleus where AT content in DNA is relatively higher, because DAPI binds to AT rich regions on DNA.

There are 2 nuclei in image A In image B, the 2 circles indicate the boundary of two nuclei. The circle in image C indicates a region in a nucleus where AT content in DNA is relatively higher, because DAPI binds to AT rich regions on DNA.

If you practice math 10 hrs a day for 10 years, and you still did not die from that. what will happen to the nerves that are evolved in the mathematic activities ? These nerves will have less amount of nodes of Ranvier These nerves will have higher conduction velocity These nerves will have lower membrane capacitance Those nerves will have thicker myelination

These nerves will have higher conduction velocity These nerves will have lower membrane capacitance Those nerves will have thicker myelination

If a fly line has a significantly higher preference index, which statement about that fly line is correct? Those flies have Chrimson in their sweet neurons Those flies have Chrimson in their bitter neurons Those flies have Chrimson in both bitter and sweet neurons

Those flies have Chrimson in their sweet neurons

We used this equation to calculate preference index: (# of flies in light -# of flies in dark- # of flies in middle)/ # of total flies. If a fly line has a higher preference index, it means Those flies prefer light more than dark Those flies don't have any preference. Those flies prefer dark more than light

Those flies prefer light more than dark

A neurotransmitter is a messenger released from a neuron, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to generate an immediate, short-term effect in the postsynaptic neuron. True False

True

Acetylcholine is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of insects. True False

True

Although most light microscopes have 2 eyepieces, the images from the 2 eyepieces are exactlythe same. Thus, light microscopes will not give information on image depth. So we cannot use it toperform microsurgery. True False

True

Among different antibodies, the variable regions are different. Thus they can bind to different epitopes. And the constant regions of antibodies determine the mechanism used to destroy an antigen during an immune response. True False

True

Based on our experimental results, ethanol can be excitatory or inhibitory in the cricket. This depends on the ethanol concentration. True False

True

Changing the equilibrium potential of an ion with greater permeability will affect the resting membrane potential more than changing the equilibrium potential of an ion with smaller permeability. True False

True

Changing the sodium concentration will NOT affect potassium equilibrium potential. True False

True

EMG can indirectly detect action potentials through muscle, which is less invasive than detecting action potentials from the nerve directly. True False

True

Earthworms have a ventral nerve cord. True False

True

If an axon was myelinated completely (with no naked node), as the action potential travels down the neuron, the action potential will become smaller and smaller, and will probably die out before it can reach the axon terminal. True False

True

If neuron A has a higher length constant then neuron B, an action potential can travel further along neuron A than along neuron B before it completely disappears. True False

True

If neuron A has a higher time constant then neuron B, it will take longer time for an action potential to decay completely on neuron A than on neuron B. True False

True

If we inject an antibody developed in a rabbit, into a goat, the goat will develop a lot of antibodies that will bind to the rabbit antibody. This is why we can make secondary antibodies to use in IHC. True False

True

If you make a mid-sagittal cut of a sheep brain, the portion of the hippocampus that you can see is more anterior to the pineal gland. True False

True

Open the file "GFAP-NeuN-DAPI images" to help you to answer this question: (You need to remember your conclusion, it might be in your final exam.) True or False: Layer 1 of the cortical layers has less neuron soma density than other cortical layers. True False

True

Open the file "GFAP-NeuN-DAPI images" to help you to answer this question: (You need to remember your conclusion, it might be in your final exam.) True or False: The caudoputamen has some astrocytes, but a lot of neuronal somas can be found there. True False

True

TRUE OR FALSE: If you make a midsagittal cut of a sheep's brain, the part of the hippocampus that you can see is more anterior to the pineal gland. True False

True

The Cranial nerves are components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). True False

True

The cerebral cortex in humans operates on a contralateral basis, with a few exceptions (such as taste and vision). That is why when a patient has a stroke, it usually affects the opposite side of the body from the side where the lesion is in the brain. True False

True

The real conduction velocity of the nerves that we measured in this module should be a little faster than the velocity that we actually measured from the experiments here, because we used EMG instead of direct nerve activity. True False

True

The regions that protrude out of the 3D structure of a protein are called epitopes. And antibodies bind to epitopes. True False

True

The thicker myelin is, the lower the membrane capacitance of the neuron will be (this is true based on your physics teacher). Thus increasing the thickness of myelin could increase conduction velocity. True False

True

The two factors that affect conduction velocity the most are neuron diameter and myelination. True False

True

True or False: Earthworms have a ventral nerve cord. True False

True

When using EMG to measure nerve conduction velocity, the velocity that we get is smaller than real nerve velocity, because the time we could read in our software is larger than it should be. True False

True

When we call a stain "NeuN" stain, we mean NeuN is the epitope of our interest. With the help of antibodies we can stain any cell that contains NeuN. True False

True

When we measured conduction velocity for the median nerve, we observed a stimulus artifact, but when we measured conduction velocity for the sciatic nerve we did not. True False

True

When we were testing different drugs' effects on the cricket nervous system, we used the software LabChart to record nerve activities. In LabChat, we have time on the x-axis and we have voltage on the y-axis. Thus, LabChart plotted nerve activity (electrical activity) vs. time for us. True False

True

When we were testing the effect of nicotine on cricket nerve activity, we used a field recording, which recorded a group of nerve activities. True False

True

When you deal with numbers in science, always pay attention to 1. if it is negative or positive 2 what's its unit This is a true statement. And if you answer this question wrong, you might be at risk of becoming a sloppy scientist or medical doctor later...... True False

True

There are 2 images. Both of them are taken under 10x objective lens. Take a closer look at the regions within the 3 circles: The region within circle B has the highest nucleus density (more packed with nucleus) among the three circled regions Take a look at our "DAPI stained mouse brain slices.ppt" file in this module. Which of the following brain regions has the highest density of (more packed with) nucleus

True CA1 pyramidal layer

In order to use stereotactic surgery to deliver a drug into a mouse lateral ventricles, we have to locate bregma before starting. True, that is where the zero point is for a stereotactic device. False, we dont have to, because we have to peel the mouse skull off first

True, that is where the zero point is for a stereotactic device.

TRUE OR FALSE: In order to use stereotactic surgery to deliver a drug into a mouse's lateral ventricles, we have to locate bregma before we start. True, that is where the zero point is for a stereotactic device. False, we dont have to, because we have to peel the mouse skull off first

True, that is where the zero point is for a stereotactic device.

If a fly line has a significantly higher preference index, which combinations of DNA pieces can we predict the fly line must have? (clue: which rhodopsin do we need in which neuron do we need that rhodopsin to be expressed how can we design the promoter and its ligand so we can only have the rhodopsin expressed in the neuron we need) Bitter neuron specific promoter + gal 4 gene UAS + Chrimson gene UAS+ halorhodopsin gene Sweet neuron specific promoter + gal 4 gene

UAS + Chrimson gene Sweet neuron specific promoter + gal 4 gene

The cockroach ganglia and their connectives are on the ____ side of the body (compared to the intestines) Dorsal Anterior Ventral Posterior

Ventral

The ganglia and their connectives of a cockroach are on the ____ side of the body (compare to the intestines) Dorsal Anterior Posterior Ventral

Ventral

Which statement is correct Corpus callosum is ventral to the caudoputamen in the mouse brain Blue light was used as excitation light for DAPI imaging Violet (purple-ish) light was used as excitation light for DAPI imaging

Violet (purple-ish) light was used as excitation light for DAPI imaging

Which statement about Biocytine filling is wrong? The Biocytine filling method requires us to use fresh brain tissue. We have to use fluorescent microscope to see a Biocytine filling neuron, a light microscope will not allow us to see the result. Biocytine filling is a method that allows us to exam fine structures of a neuron, including soma, axon, and dendrites. We can NOT use the same kind of brain slices that we have been using in module 2a and 2b (they are fixed samples) to prepare Biocytine filling neuron.

We have to use fluorescent microscope to see a Biocytine filling neuron, a light microscope will not allow us to see the result.

So far, we have a conclusion of how signals travel along CNS on a cockroach. However, do you trust the conclusion? In other words, is there experimental error? Let's take a look at what could be wrong. What if on the second cockroach, the right-side cercus was damaged accidentally during the surgery? If this is the case, our conclusion about the signal pathway between ganglion #3 and #4 would be wrong, is that right? This is an experimental design flaw. And it was done on purpose so that you can make an improvement to the experiment. How would you design the experiment to prevent this potential experimental error? Before we put one nerve cord on the silver hook, we need to do a quality control. Which quality control is the best one? We need to put both of the nerve cords on the silver hook at the same time, and if we receive signals from both of the cerci, it will be a good experimental setting. If we are missing signal from either cercus, we need to start over We need to put the right side of the nerve cord on the silver hook, and if we receive signals from both cerci, it will be a good experimental setting. If we are missing signal from either cercus, we need to start over We need to put the right-side nerve cord on the silver hook and we need to see signals from both cercus. Then take the right side nerve cord off, and move the hook to the left side nerve cord, and we need to see signals from both cercus too. If we are missing any signal we need to start over We need to put the left side of nerve cord on the silver hook, and if we receive signals from both cerci, it will be a good experimental setting. If we are missing signal from either cercus, we need to start over

We need to put both of the nerve cords on the silver hook at the same time, and if we receive signals from both of the cerci, it will be a good experimental setting. If we are missing signal from either cercus, we need to start over

Which statement is true? When K+ concentration (in and out) and Na+ concentration (in) stay unchanged and K+ permeability is 30, the plot of membrane potential and Na+ concentration outside the cell is completely linear. When K+ concentration (in and out) and Na+ concentration (in) stay unchanged and K+ permeability is 0, the plot of membrane potential and Na+ concentration outside the cell is completely linear. When K+ concentration (in and out) and Na+ concentration (in) stay unchanged and Na+ permeability is 0, the plot of membrane potential and Na+ concentration outside the cell is completely linear. When K+ concentration (in and out) and Na+ concentration (in) stay unchanged and Na+ permeability is 30, the plot of membrane potential and Na+ concentration outside the cell is completely linear.

When K+ concentration (in and out) and Na+ concentration (in) stay unchanged and K+ permeability is 0, the plot of membrane potential and Na+ concentration outside the cell is completely linear.

False memories occur when we generate a memory of a past experience when in fact no such event occurred. Neuroscientists are trying to use neuroimaging methods to distinguish between true and false memories. Thus, judges can tell if someone is lying or not if they claim to "eye-witness" a murder. Read this article (it is long paper, I am training you to extract relevant information a long paper fast, don't freak out): https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/downloads/How_to_tell_if_a_particular_memory_is_true_or_false14323.pdf (Links to an external site.) And this book summary (Just the summary): https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118332634.ch8 (Links to an external site.) Based on these 2 articles, which statement(s) is(are) TRUE? (this question wont be tested again later in this course, it is for training reading scientific paper) Studying subjects' brain activity when they are recalling a word list may provide better information about the lying brain, than studying subject's brain activity when they are recalling autobiographical memories. When true memories happened, sensory processing regions and the medial temporal lobe will be more active. While false memories gives more activity in frontal cortices. There are 3 types of neuroimaging methods that could be used to detect lie. Implanted electrodes that record electrophysiological activity has the best temporal and spatial resolution. By 2009, no neuroimaging method could clearly predict if a memory is false or not yet. But by 2015, scientist found some clues about the different patterns of brain activity between the two types of memory.

When true memories happened, sensory processing regions and the medial temporal lobe will be more active. While false memories gives more activity in frontal cortices. There are 3 types of neuroimaging methods that could be used to detect lie. Implanted electrodes that record electrophysiological activity has the best temporal and spatial resolution. By 2009, no neuroimaging method could clearly predict if a memory is false or not yet. But by 2015, scientist found some clues about the different patterns of brain activity between the two types of memory.

Are there any ganglion visible in the image? Yes, in region B Yes, in region A No

Yes, in region B

MGF has a faster conduction velocity compared with LGF on an earth worm, because MGF has/is longer more medial a bigger diamater more relaxed

a bigger diamater

The MGF has a faster conduction velocity compared with the LGF on an earth worm, because the MGF has (is) longer more relaxed a bigger diamater more medial

a bigger diamater

If you need to find certain structures (such as the ACO) on a mouse slice, under the 40x objective lens, choose the rule(s) that will help you to find the structure fast. always start with lowest objective lens (usually 4x) Man, you got to start directly from 40x objective lens, don't waste your time on other lens' Always start with the stage at the lowest position (the platform that you put the slide on is called the stage) Always start with the stage at the highest position (the platform that you put the slide on is called the stage)

always start with lowest objective lens (usually 4x) Always start with the stage at the highest position (the platform that you put the slide on is called the stage)

which structure(s) in the brain connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres anterior commissure corpus callosum hippocampus superior colliculus

anterior commissure corpus callosum

What is the name of the structure circled in slice C? mammillothalamic tract (mtt) anterior commissure, temporal limb (act) anterior commissure, olfactory limb (aco)

anterior commissure, olfactory limb (aco)

What is the name of the structure circled in slice C? (this slice we did not discuss in our video) FYI: Use the brain atlas to help you. link to image 53 is provided by your nice instructor here: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960312&structure=900&x=5280&y=3744&zoom=-4&resolution=16.75&z=5 mammillothalamic tract (mtt) anterior commissure, temporal limb (act) anterior commissure, olfactory limb (aco)

anterior commissure, olfactory limb (aco)

The DAPI stained nuclei within the Corpus Callosum might belong to _______ astrocyte Oligodendrocytes ependymal cells red blood cells microglial cells schwann cells

astrocyte Oligodendrocytes microglial cells

If a dendrite has a higher length constant, the signal will travel more distance before signal drops by 63% of HOP. The dendrite that has a higher length constant will have a [ Select ] ["bigger", "smaller"] Membrane Resistance, assume other parameters stayed the same (think about the length constant equation). So line [ Select ] ["A", "B"] has a higher Membrane Resistance.

bigger B

Dr. Fu makes an analogy to explain to you time constant and length constant. Which daily concept did she use? bus full of passenger getting off at different time and locations body weight drops if we dont eat short people can grow taller elctricity traveling down a cable

bus full of passenger getting off at different time and locations

I hope you already know that GFAP is the name of an epitope, and it only exists in astrocytes. Which set(s) of antibody will allow you to stain astrocytes on a mouse brain slice. rabbit anti chicken GFAP, donkey anti-rabbit Alexa-488 chicken anti mouse GFAP, donkey anti-rabbit Alexa-488 chicken anti mouse GFAP, goat anti-rabbit Alexa-488 chicken anti mouse GFAP, goat anti-chicken Alexa-488

chicken anti mouse GFAP, goat anti-chicken Alexa-488

which structure(s) in the brain connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres corpus callosum hippocampus anterior commissure superior colliculus

corpus callosum anterior commissure

We have a cross section of cockroach connectives (nerve cords) as seen below; the number 1-7 represents seven ______ cross sections of bubbles cross sections of giant interneuron cross sections of trachea

cross sections of giant interneuron

The median giant fiber (MGF) of the earthworm has a diameter of up to 0.07 mm. The average diameter of a sciatic nerve is 16 to 20 mm. Earthworm neurons are actually myelinated but their myelin is much thinner than most human nerves, especially the sciatic nerve. Dr. Fu's hypothesis is that the human sciatic never will have a higher conduction velocity than the earthworms' MGF. Dr. Fu made her hypothesis based on which factor(s) that she extracted from the information above? length of the nerves diameter of the nerves threshold of the nerves membrane capacitance of the nerves number of node of Ranvier

diameter of the nerves membrane capacitance of the nerves

In the central nervous system, glial cells include ependymal cells schwann cells microglial cells astrocyte Oligodendrocytes

ependymal cells microglial cells astrocyte Oligodendrocytes

Which fluorophore is a fake product for sure? (remember fluorophore eats high energy stuff and poops out low energy stuff?) excitation light : red // emission light: green excitation light : 490nm light// emission light: 525nm light excitation light : blue // emission light: green

excitation light : red // emission light: green

TRUE OR FALSE: For a sheep's brain, the parietal lobe is more posterior to the occipital lobe.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: We can find CSF in the epidural space.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: With NISSL staining, we can see a rough boundary of a neuron soma, but with DAPI staining, it is hard to determine the soma boundary. false true

false

TRUE OR FALSE: With NISSL staining, we can see a rough boundary of a neuron soma, but with DAPI staining, it is hard to determine the soma boundary. False true

false

true or false: The Brain is a component of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

false

gKmax represents the conductance (leakiness) of K+ in the membrane. If a region on a dendrite has a higher gKmax, this means it has more K+ channels. Thus, that region will allow more K+ get in or out, compared with other regions with lower gKmax within the same time. Explain why increasing gKmax can affect (not effect) the time course of an action potential. Increasing the conductance of potassium in the membrane allows more K+ to enter the cell at the rise phase. It opposes the influx of Na+. So the amount of time it takes for Na+ to depolarize the membrane and reach activation threshold will be increased. The falling phase of an action potential is basically K+ get out of the cell. The higher gKmax means K can get out ______. So take less time to hyperpolarize. Not change faster slower

faster

The lower the membrane resistance, the [ Select ] ["faster", "slower"] the signal will deteriorate, so it will take [ Select ] ["longer", "shorter"] time to reach the point of 63% of HOP. A neuron with lower membrane resistance has a [ Select ] ["bigger", "smaller"] time constant compared to a neuron with higher membrane resistance?

faster shorter smaller

what is the name of the structure in the circles? spinal nodes node of Ranvier brain ganglia

ganglia

Locate image 49 on brain atlas: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960328&structure=1089&x=5280&y=3744.0000406901045&zoom=-3&resolution=13.96&z=6 (Links to an external site.) Locate image 60 on brain atlas: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960280&structure=1089&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=6 (Links to an external site.) Locate image 70 on brain atlas: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960244&structure=1089&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=6 (Links to an external site.) Type in "hippocampal formation" in the search bar to highlight hippocampal formation. Take a look at each image, on which image can we see a large area of the hippocampus (aka hippocampal formation). Take a look at the brain slices below. They match with images 49, 60, and 70 from the atlas. On which brain slice can we see a large area of the hippocampus (aka hippocampal formation)

image 70 c

The diagram below illustrates what kind of neural transmission. Bilateral Transmission ipsilateral Transmission Longitudinal Transmission Contralateral Transmission

ipsilateral Transmission

Based on the table from previous question, It takes _______ time to elicit an action potential with a higher stimulus amplitude less the same more

less

A neuron with a higher gNa max will have a _______ threshold stimulus amplitude needed to initiate an action potential. lower higher

lower

A neuron with higher gNa max will have a _______ threshold stimulus amplitude to initiate an action potential lower higher

lower

On a neuron the axon hillock (place between soma and axon) has higher gNamax than other part of the axon. Hillock has _____________ threshold stimulus amplitude compared with other part of the axon because it has more voltage gated Na+ channel. Thus, action potentials are often initiated at the axon hillock and travel toward to the far end of the axon. (FYI: in MetaNeuron it is assumed that a whole dendrite or axon has the same gNamax, but in real life it is not the case) higher lower the same

lower

On a neuron, the axon hillock (place between soma and axon) has a higher gNa max than other parts of the axon. The hillock has a _____________ threshold stimulus amplitude compared with other parts of the axon because it has more voltage gated Na+ channels. Thus, action potentials are often initiated at the axon hillock and travel towards the far end of the axon. higher lower

lower

On a neuron, the axon hillock (place between the soma and axon) has a higher gNa max than other parts of the axon. The hillock has a _____________ threshold stimulus amplitude compared with other parts of the axon because it has more voltage gated Na+ channels. Thus, action potentials are often initiated at the axon hillock and travel toward to the far end of the axon. (FYI: in MetaNeuron it is assumed that a whole dendrite or axon has the same gNa max, but in real life it is not the case) lower higher

lower

Start from default values. Set the stimulus amplitude to 150 µA, set the membrane resistance to 2 and then change it to 10 . Does the falling phases of the response fall faster when the membrane resistance is lower or higher? higher lower

lower

On an earth worm, the LGF has a higher threshold than the MGF based on our experimental result. Thus we can conclude that at a molecular level: The LGF (higher threshold) has a _______ [ Select ] ["lower", "higher"] gNa Max, which means on the membrane of the LGF there are _____ [ Select ] ["less", "more"] Na channels to let Na in.

lower less

What is the name of the brain structure in the circle? vermis posterior commissure hippocampus Infundibulum

vermis

On an earth worm, the LGF has a higher threshold than the MGF based on our experimental result. Thus we can conclude that at the molecular level: The LGF (higher threshold) has a _______ [ Select ] ["lower", "higher"] gNa Max, which means on the membrane of the LGF there are _____ [ Select ] ["less", "more"] Na channels to let Na in.

lower less

If your image looks very bright (as in A below) which action(s) will help you to lower its brightness so your image will look like B below? lower the number for "red channel" lower the "exposure time" lower the "gain"

lower the "exposure time" lower the "gain"

Recall, the color of our photo that we took is pseudocolored. This means we can change it by changing the number of RGB (red, green, blue) channels. For example, I can lower my red channel to get image B from A. (It actually applies to all digital photos) And we also discussed ways to adjust the brightness of the image in our video, let me quiz you. If your image looks very bright (as in A below) which action(s) will help you to lower its brightness so your image will look like B below? lower the "exposure time" lower the "gain" lower the number for "red channel"

lower the "exposure time" lower the "gain"

What is the name of the structure pointed at by the arrow in slice A (the white dot )? FYI: Use the brain atlas to help you. link to image 70 is provided by your nice instructor here: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960244&structure=690&x=5280&y=3744.0000406901045&zoom=-3&resolution=13.96&z=6 (Links to an external site.) mammillothalamic tract (mtt) anterior commissure, temporal limb (act) anterior commissure, olfactory limb (aco)

mammillothalamic tract (mtt)

What is the name of the structure pointed by the arrow in slice A (the white dot )? FYI: Use the brain atlas to help you. link to image 70 is provided by your nice instructor here: http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960244&structure=690&x=5280&y=3744.0000406901045&zoom=-3&resolution=13.96&z=6 anterior commissure, olfactory limb (aco) mammillothalamic tract (mtt) anterior commissure, temporal limb (act)

mammillothalamic tract (mtt)

The median giant fiber (MGF) of the earthworm has a diameter of up to 0.07 mm. The average diameter of a sciatic nerve is 16 to 20 mm. Earthworm neurons are actually myelinated but their myelin is much thinner than most human nerves, especially the sciatic nerve . Dr. Fu hypothesized that the human sciatic nerve will have a higher conduction velocity than the earthworm's MGF. Dr. Fu made her hypothesis based on which factor(s) that she extracted from the information above? number of nodes of Ranvier threshold of the nerves membrane capacitance of the nerves length of the nerves diameter of the nerves

membrane capacitance of the nerves diameter of the nerves

FYI: Compare image A and image B, Image B has a higher magnification and resolution. The layer highlighted in green in image A and the layer highlighted in blue in image B is called the glia limitans. In image A, meninges layers are actually not visible (not highlighted). Because we don't have GFAP in meninges cells. Which structure is the most superficial in a brain with meninges? hippocampus meninges layers glia limitans

meninges layers

In the central nervous system, glial cells include microglial cells Oligodendrocytes ependymal cells astrocyte schwann cells

microglial cells Oligodendrocytes ependymal cells astrocyte

Which type(s) of glial cells will be stained after a NISSL stain? microglial cells oligodendrocyte astrocyte ependymal cells

microglial cells oligodendrocyte astrocyte ependymal cells

Which type(s) of glial cells will be stained after a NISSL stain? microglial cells oligodendrocyte ependymal cells astrocyte

microglial cells oligodendrocyte ependymal cells astrocyte

The membrane resistance is __________correlated to ion permeability (if you do not know what positively or negatively correlated means, google "positively correlated" then click image. that is how your smart instructor learns these concepts fast from google) not negatively positively

negatively

Continued from last question. Then we inject a portion of the primary antibody into a "secondary antibody animal" to develop the secondary antibody. Which animal can we NOT use to develop the secondary antibody to ensure the productivity of the secondary antibody? ( Don't consider ethical issue, we are talking about in theory.) donkey horse dog rabbit goat

rabbit

Fill the blank to understand why a neuron with a different gNa max will have a different threshold stimulus amplitude. For an action potential to happen, the cell membrane has to reach -55mV (We call this the voltage threshold). When a neuron is resting, its membrane potential is about -70 mV. When a neuron receives a stimulus, some of the voltage gated Na+ channels will begin to open. The higher the stimulus, the more Na+ channels will open, since the Na+ channel is voltage gated. The opened sodium channels will let sodium enter the cell because of the sodium concentration gradient. This will slowly depolarize the cell (membrane potential starts to increase). If there is enough sodium entering the cell to raise the membrane potential to -55 mV, ALL voltage gated sodium channels will open, and that will generate the rising phase of an action potential. If there are not enough sodium entering the cell to raise the membrane potential to -55 mV, this depolarization event will just produce a graded potential and die out. Neuron A has higher gNamax than Neuron B: If we apply stimulus with the same voltage both on Neuron A and B, Na+ channels on both Neuron A and B will start to open, Neuron A will have more opened Na+ channels because it has more Na+ channels to start with. More Na+ channels open means more Na+ can flow into the cell. This means it is easier to bring the membrane potential to -55 mV to start an action potential. Thus, a neuron with higher gNamax has a lower threshold stimulus amplitude (requires a lower amplitude to elicit an action potential)

neuron A has a lower threshold stimulus amplitude (requires a lower amplitude to elicit an action potential)

On one of the earth worms that we tested, we used a pulse height higher than the MGF threshold and lower than the LGF threshold. Should we observe any action potential from LGF? No Should we observe any action potential from MGF? Yes (LGF has a higher threshold than MGF)

no yes

If you have a brain slice from an organ donor who died from a brain tumor and you want to test if the neurons closer to the tumor have less dendrites than the neurons further away from the tumor, can you use DAPI to stain the brain slice to help you draw a correct conclusion? no way yes, for sure yes, but only when the slice is preserved well

no way

If you have a brain slice from an organ donor who died from a brain tumor and you want to test if the neurons closer to the tumor have less dendrites than the neurons further away from the tumor, can you use DAPI to stain the brain slice to help you draw a correct conclusion? no way yes, but only when the slice is preserved well yes, for sure

no way

By using 40x objective lens, we will be able to differentiate granule cell (with short axon/dendrite) from pyramidal cell (with long axon/dendrite) on a DAPI stained brain slice based on the shape of individual cells Recall: What does DAPI stain? no, granule cells and pyramidal cells are very similar, we can't tell them apart by the length of their axon or dendrite yes, granule cells have bigger nuclei no, the nuclei of granule cells and pyramidal cells will look almost the same after DAPI staining yes, granule cells have shorter axon/dendrite

no, the nuclei of granule cells and pyramidal cells will look almost the same after DAPI staining

By using the 40x objective lens, we will be able to differentiate granule cells (with short axon/dendrite) from pyramidal cell (with long axon/dendrite) on a DAPI stained brain slice based on the shape of individual cells Recall: What does DAPI stain? no, granule cells and pyramidal cells are very similar, we can't tell them apart by the length of their axon or dendrite no, the nuclei of granule cells and pyramidal cells will look almost the same after DAPI staining yes, granule cells have bigger nuclei yes, granule cells have shorter axon/dendrite

no, the nuclei of granule cells and pyramidal cells will look almost the same after DAPI staining

The inner most lay of the meninges is ____mater?

pia matter

What is the structure pointed at by the most anterior pin? pituitary medula oblonga pons spinal cord

pituitary

What is the structure pointed by the most anterior pin? pons pituitary spinal cord medula oblonga

pituitary

Secondary antibodies will bind to____ in IHC staining AT rich region of DNA the epitope that primary antibodies can bind to both DNA and RNA primary antibodies

primary antibodies

Secondary antibodies will bind to____ in IHC staining epitope that primary antibodies can bind primary antibodies AT rich region of DNA both DNA and RNA

primary antibodies

What is the name of the brain structure in the circle? hippocampus posterior commissure Infundibulum vermis

vermis

The Brains that we used in this lab come from:

sheep

What sense might be affected by an injury to the occipital lobe? touch taste sight smell sound

sight

If a dendrite has a higher length constant, it will decay slower and it will have a smaller Internal Resistivity (think about the length constant equation). So line A has a higher Internal Resistivity?

smaller A

CSF is generated in the ventricles originally. CSF is basically plasma leaked into ventricles from blood vessel (aka chroid plexus). Then CSF will flow to the ___________space. subdural space epidural space subarachnoid space

subarachnoid space

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) can be used to to assess activity of certain brain regions because fMRI can tell exactly which neruon is active and which neruon is not tell the region of the brain that is active tell how many neurons are in certain brain regions tell blood oxygen level of certain brain regions

tell the region of the brain that is active tell blood oxygen level of certain brain regions

You are a neuroscientist studying the relay of sensory information to cortex in the brain. What brain structure might you be studying? thalamus fornix amygdala hippocampus hypothalamus

thalamus

You are a neuroscientist studying the relay of sensory information to the cortex in the brain. What brain structure might you be studying? thalamus fornix hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala

thalamus

Based on the videos and the information you learned in this module, which 3 statements are true? the little girls' nerves have less amount of nodes of Ranvier the little girls' nerves have higher conduction velocity the little girls' nerves have thicker myelination the little girls' nerves have lower membrane capacitance

the little girls' nerves have higher conduction velocity the little girls' nerves have thicker myelination the little girls' nerves have lower membrane capacitance

This is an image of a mouse brain H&E staining (we talked about H&E stain in 2b lecture, remember?). Based on this image, which statements are true? We can not decide if this mouse has a tumor. the nuclei density is higher in the tumor than in regular tissue this mouse has a tumor lateral to the left hippocampus.

the nuclei density is higher in the tumor than in regular tissue this mouse has a tumor lateral to the left hippocampus.

Continued from last question. Then inject it (what we isolated from previous question) into a "primary antibody animal" (we will use rabbit); Next, we isolate the primary antibody from _______. the mouse the chicken the rabbit the goat

the rabbit

what is the name of the structure pointed at by the arrows? ganglion small intestine connectives blood vessel trachea

trachea

Biocytin filling is a method that allows us to examine fine structures of a neuron, including the soma, axon, and dendrites. We will have to use fresh tissue for this technique, fixed tissue samples will not work. True False

true

If an axon's length constant is 10m and its time constant is 2s. Its conduction velocity is 10m/2s= 5m/s True False

true

If you are wondering what an ependymal cell looks like, here is an image of it. They are lined up to wrap around the blood vessels (capillary in this image) inside the ventricles. (only the blood vessels in the ventricles. Remember the blood vessels that I dug out from the ventricles of sheep brains? They have ependymal cells which form a membrane wrapping around them) Now do your own search online to decide if this statement is true or not: "The inner surface of ventricles are lined by ependymal cells" true or false

true

In a neuron, the nucleus is located in the soma not the axons true or false

true

The Corpus Callosum is comprised of axons true or false

true

true or false Because Na+ is the major ion that affects membrane potential at the rising phase, and because Na+ equilibrium potential is positively related to Na+ concentration gradient between the outside and inside of the cell, a cell with a lower Na+ equilibrium potential will have less driving force from the concentration gradient to move Na+ into the cell, thus will have a hard time to reach an action potential.

true

true or false: Corpus callosum is white matter, and it does have a lighter color in a preserved sheep brain.

true

true or false: For vertebrates, the CNS developed from a structure of fluid-filled tube and the brain developed from swellings that occur at the anterior end of this fluid-filled tube.

true

true or false: In a neuron, the nucleus is located in the soma not the axons

true

true or false: Sheep brains have larger olfactory bulbs than human brains

true

true or false: The Corpus Callosum is comprised of axons

true

true or false: Thus, the DAPI stained structures within the Corpus Callosum are not neuronal nuclei, but they are nuclei of glial cells

true

true or false: We can see a lot of DAPI stained cells within the Corpus Callosum in our experiment

true

true or false: We have to wear PPE for this lab, because the sheep brain was preserved in formalin. Formalin is toxic and we need PPE to protect us from formalin getting on our skin or eyes.

true

Locate image 70 on the brain atlas, and type in "CA2 - Field CA2" in the search bar. http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960244&structure=423&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=5 (Links to an external site.) CA1 region is medial to CA2 region on image 70 [ Select ] ["False", "True"] Locate image 69 on the brain atlas, and type in "CA2 - Field CA2" in the search bar. http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960248&structure=423&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=6 (Links to an external site.) CA1 region is medial to CA2 region on image 69 [ Select ] ["Yes, same as on image 70", "No, two parts of CA2 can be found on image 69.", "We can not tell"]

true No, two parts of CA2 can be found on image 69.

We can see a lot of DAPI stained cells within the Corpus Callosum in our experiment true or false Thus, the DAPI stained structure within the Corpus Callosum is contamination, because there should not be nuclei in that region true or false

true False, those are nuclei of glial cells

Locate image 70 on the brain atlas, and type in "CA2 - Field CA2" in the search bar. http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960244&structure=423&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=5 (Links to an external site.) true or false: CA1 region is medial to CA2 region on image 70 Locate image 69 on the brain atlas, and type in "CA2 - Field CA2" in the search bar. http://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=1#atlas=1&plate=100960248&structure=423&x=5280&y=3744.0000697544647&zoom=-3&resolution=11.97&z=6 (Links to an external site.) CA1 region is medial to CA2 region on image 69 No, two parts of CA2 can be found on image 69.

true No, two parts of CA2 can be found on image 69.

FYI: An IHC (immunohistochemistry) stain is named after the epitope that we need to stain. When we call a stain "NeuN" stain, we mean NeuN is the epitope of our interest. With the help of antibodies we can stain all cells that contain NeuN. True When we call a stain "GFAP" stain, we mean GFAP is the epitope of our interest. With the help of antibodies we can stain all cells that contain GFAP. True

true true

Recall: H&E staining will stain nuclei (purple) and cytoplasm (pink). It will not provide very detailed information compared with IHC. However H&E is a very fast stain (it takes about 10mins). And it can help us to find some abnormal structures on brain slices. Here is a a H&E stained mice brain image. Based on this image: The left side and right side are not 100% symmetric on this image. [ Select ] ["False", "True"] On the left side of this brain image, there is an area that is stained more purple, but on the right side, there is no matching region. [ Select ] ["True", "False"] (FYI:area that is stained more purple is the area that has high nuclei density)

true true

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