Neuro Study Questions Exam 3

REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep.

2

When are the highest levels of neurogenesis observed in socially isolated runners?

48 days

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50%

What is Ki67?

An endogenous cell proliferation marker

As shown in Figure 3, what does the negative relationship shown for boys mean?

Boys with higher prenatal T show worse performance in the hearing/repeating task.

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

Brain rest

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness.

Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

Early in nervous system development, three subdivisions can be discerned at the anterior part of the neural tube. Which one of these subdivisions contains brain tissue that will later include the dentate gyrus?

Forebrain

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

What effect did an adrenalectomy and controlled corticosterone injection have on the individually housed rats?

The running-induced glucocorticoid spike was blocked, and the effect of running on neurogenesis was turned from negative to positive

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.

REM

Why was running chosen as the form of exercise in this study?

Running is known to activate the HPA axis.

Consider an experiment that seeks to investigate the effect of running on neurogenesis in individually-housed rats that undergo a surgery to only remove the adrenal cortex. What would be the effect of running on BrdU-labeled neurons in the dentate gyrus?

Running would no longer cause an increase in corticosterone, and there would be a positive effect on the number of BrdU-labeled neurons.

Consider an experiment that seeks to investigate the effect of running on neurogenesis in individually-housed rats that undergo a surgery to only remove the adrenal medulla. What would be the effect of running on BrdU-labeled neurons in the dentate gyrus?

Running-induced increases in corticosterone would have a negative effect on the number of BrdU-labeled neurons,

Noninvasive stimulation mapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation has revealed that the _______ area of Broca's area is important for semantic processing, while the _______ area of Broca's area is important for phonological processing.

anterior; posterior

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing.

anterior; semantic

"Focused attention" in this article means

asking children to focus on sounds presented to one ear only at a time

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.

basal forebrain

Phonemes are the

basic sounds of language

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), their circannual rhythms will

become free-running.

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 AM generally experience

better academic performance.

On average, which gender (if either) is more lateralized for language?

boys

In the assigned article, new neurons were identified using

bromodeoxyuridine.

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally

Epigenetic regulation involves

changes in gene expression rather than a change in the encoding region in a gene

The researchers found that runners housed in the social condition when compared to the isolated condition experienced _____ elevations in corticosterone during one part of the active phase, and only isolated rats were vulnerable to the negative influence of glucocorticoids on neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

comparable

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia?

connectionist

How do the two sides of the cerebrum communicate?

corpus callosum

Epinephrine is to the adrenal medulla as

cortisol is to the adrenal cortex

A diurnal animal will likely feed during the

daytime

Nocturnal animals are usually asleep during the

daytime

In men, simply backing the losing team in a baseball game is sufficient to

decrease circulating testosterone levels

In the assigned article, neurogenesis in which brain area was examined?

dentate gyrus

Children who have inherited PKU can be helped by

dietary manipulation.

What is "dichotic listening" as described in the assigned article?

different words are presented to right and left ears

Military recruits training for parachuting showed higher levels of _______ after the first day's jump than before.

epinephrine

Stranahan et al. discuss the action of the hypothalamus, through the HPA axis, on glucocorticoid levels among mice. Which of the following subdivisions of the neural tube includes the hypothalamus?

forebrain

Which feature does not normally change during the life span?

genotype

In the study conducted by Stranaham et al, while the _______of any one rat does not change before or after running, a rat's _______can change in response to this _______factor.

genotype; phenotype; extrinsic

What is the "sexual differentiation theory" of language lateralization?

higher prenatal T causes the more masculine pattern of lateralization in language lateralization

Which of the following were major conclusion(s) from the assigned article for boys?

higher prenatal testosterone decreases the function of the corpus callosum

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right; this suggests that

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

The theory of stress _______ holds that early, mild stressful experiences early in life may reduce susceptibility to stress in adulthood.

immunization

Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus?

impairment in recognizing the voices of cowokers

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed

in left-handed individuals

Astereognosia is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

Stressful exam periods produce a(n)

increase in norepinephrine secretion

_______ aggression is observed in observed in most vertebrates, often involving competition over mating opportunities, while _______ aggression often occurs among individuals caring for young.

intermale; maternal

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

jet lag

When sounds are presented to the left ear, which one of the following describes the path to information takes until the child can repeat the sound?

left brainstem, right temporal lobe, corpus callosum, left language processing cortex

The stress immunization seen in rat pups appears to be attributable to

maternal comfort after stress

Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?

melatonin

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

neologisms

Based on figure 1, neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult rats that run is enhanced in

only group-housed rats.

Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.

pineal gland

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe.

planum temporale (wernickes); temporal

At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through

postmortem examination.

Which feature is not a defining sign of aphasia?

prosopagnosia

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)

The field of study concerned with the immune system and its interaction with the nervous system and behavior is called

psychoneuroimmunology

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

recognize faces

Research suggests animals that show hyperaggressive behavior may have

reduced levels of serotonin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words or sentences

For Figure 1, what does a "laterality index" above 0 mean?

right ear advantage

In humans, TMS of Broca's area indicates that the anterior portion of the region is responsible for

semantic processing alone

Finding your way to your biopsychology class requires

spacial cognition

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS).

Undifferentiated _______ cells, if gathered from embryonic tissue and transplanted into the brain, will differentiate and integrate properly.

stem

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS.

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep.

In this article, the authors discuss "prenatal T" or "pT." What does the "T" stand for?

testosterone

The evidence that testosterone affects aggressive behavior in humans is inconsistent. This inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

testosterone appears to have less of an effect on human aggression than it does on aggression in other species.

In figure #1 (top), the dependent variable is

the BrdU cells in the dentate gyrus.

One of the interesting findings of DTI tractography is that

the arcuate fasciculus is shorter than was once thought.

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to

the consolidation of perceptual learning.

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.

the corpus callosum; epilepsy

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep.

the initial half

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called a(n) _______ rhythm.

ultradian

The interior of the neural tube eventually develops into the _______ system.

ventricular

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

wernicke's

What were the children in the assigned article asked to recall?

words

Who is most likely to develop a cold when exposed to a virus?

A student staying up late to cram for an exam.

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

Stranahan et al. realized that handling and injecting their rats with BrdU led to unintentional increases in stress levels. What additional task did they have the rats perform, which confirmed that their findings were due to isolation, running, and stress, and not to injection and handling?

Cold water swim test

Why were Adult male Sprague Dawley rats chosen as the model organism to test the effects of running on adult neurogenesis?

Female rats have estrous cycle dependent fluctuations in neurogenesis, that males do not and therefore do not confound the results.

Teenagers with the highest IQ show

an especially long period of cortical thinning.

The modern field of stress research was launched by

Hans Selye

Which area of the avian brain is crucial for song production?

High vocal area (HVC)

Stranahan et al. focused on the dentate gyrus due to its unique ability to undergo adult neurogenesis. To which of the following larger organizational groups does the dentate gyrus belong?

Hippocampal formation

Isolation rendered the _____ more susceptible to the suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on adult neurogenesis and delayed the positive consequences of physical activity.

Hippocampus

What was the difference that was found in the number of cells stained for Ki67, an endogenous marker of cell proliferation, for the runners relative to the controls?

Increased in group-housed runners but decreased in individually housed runners

The results indicate that social isolation can delay the enhancement of plasticity by physical exercise. Given what the study says about structural plasticity, why is plasticity important to stress?

It is linked to anxiety regulation and the therapeutic actions of antidepressants.

What confounding variable did Stranahan et al. think influenced previous literature on running and neurogenesis in rats?

It was possible that social interaction protected the brains of rats from the negative effects of glucocorticoids during running

After neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus, immature neurons must become integrated into the existing brain circuitry. Which of the following may influence whether the initial synapses made by the new neurons are maintained or retracted?

More active synapses form stronger connections and are maintained.

Which statement provides an example of epigenetics

Mothering style affecting the developing brain

In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from the _______ lobe.

N400; temporal

What effect did adrenalectomy have on wheel running in rats in this study?

No significant effects.

Which neurotransmitter has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?

Serotonin

In the article the researchers state that physiological consequences of stressful experiences can range dramatically from one person to the next. What determining factor do they cite as the cause of individual differences in stress responses?

Social environment

Which of the following recommendations would the researchers most likely make in regards to exercise?

Social interaction can be beneficial to the brain during physical exercise

Which statement about brain imaging studies of psychopaths is true?

The prefrontal cortex is smaller in psychopaths compared to controls

One strength of the article is:

The psychologist did not know the prenatal T levels of the children

The results in Figure 3 from Stranaham et al. show that rats in the group-housed runner group condition did not have a significant elevation in corticosterone after restraint stress. Which of the following best summarizes this result?

These rats may have lower HPA axis responsivity to stressful stimuli.

Why did the researchers inject the rats with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)?

To be able to quantify the number of new cells

Which of the following statements correctly describes the purpose of the adrenalectomy?

To investigate adrenal steroid's role in running between group vs individually housed rats

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long.

Soldiers training for parachute jumps showed

a spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system.

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?

able is a morpheme

Neurofibrillary tangles are

abnormal tangles of neurofilaments.

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.

abolishes

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

Patients with Alzheimer's disease gradually lose many of the basal forebrain neurons that produce the transmitter

acetylcholine.

How old were the children whose language processing was tested in the assigned article?

age 6

Diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with

aggression and violence

Castration reduces _______, and injections of _______ increase it.

aggression; testosterone

Hans Selye labeled the initial response to stress the

alarm reaction

Disturbance in reading is called

alexia

In the assigned article, the rats were

all males

The cortical EEG pattern of an isolated brain animal is characterized by

alternating periods of arousal and sleep.

Which one of the following fluids were tested for testosterone concentrations in the assigned article?

amniotic fluid