Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training

immobilization

atrophy & decrease in neuromuscular activity within 6 hours

plasticity training

attempt to produce plastic response, permanently elongate muscle

static

ROM at a given joint

decrease eccentric muscle action, proper progression, max day one

DOMS prevention

I & IIa

15 wks high intensity treadmill training leads to increase in what fiber types?

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)

A peptide growth factor, originally defined by its mitogenic effects on fibroblasts; also acts as an inducer during early brain development

acute soreness

A short-lived muscle pain occurring after a vigorous workout

cytokines

Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain

Lactate Threshold (LT)

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration

neural drive

The frequency of activation signals sent to muscle fibers via motor neurons

atrophy

a decrease in muscle size due to disuse

static stretching

a technique in which a muscle is slowly and gently stretched and then held in the stretched position

ballistic stretching

a technique in which muscles are stretched by the force generated as a body part is repeatedly bounced, swung, or jerked

recruitment synchronization

ability of MU to fire at the same time

muscular endurance

ability to perform sub-maximally over time

increase, equal

after exercise, ____ synthesis/ _____ degradation

coactivation

agonist and antagonist are active at the same time, no movement

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)

an important mediator in vitro of live regeneration

ischemia

build up of byproducts, increasing osmotic pressure in the muscles, causes edema

EAMC (exercise related muscle cramps)

common cramping of muscles, usually at night

decrease, increase, increase

concept of periodization over time _________ volume, ____________ intensity, _________ specificity

fatigue related cramps

cramps localized on a muscle being used increase in muscle spindle activity decrease GTO activity

doms

delayed onset muscle soreness;muscle discomfort 24-36 hr after exercise

Insulin-like growth factors

during childhood, it promotes growth at epiphyseal plate; production stimulated by human growth hormone

decrease, increase

during exercise, ___ synthesis/ ____ degradation

low frequency stimulation

electrical low stimulation, changes fiber type II--> I

detraining

gradual deterioration of training adaptations due to termination of training or inactivity

add additional DNA

how do satellite cells increase protein synthesis?

1. accommodation period 2. length of training 3. trained subjects

how to avoid neurological change period in research(3)

hyperplasia

increase in number of muscle fibers

hypertrophy

increase in size of muscle fibers

chronic

long term increase in cross-sectional area of existing fibers

periodization

manipulating the intensity, volume & specificity to achieve peak performance at a given time

increase in number of myofibrils

mechanism of chronic hypertrophy

Cross innervation, yes

muscle innervated by opposite neuron type does it work?

heat cramps

muscle spasms that result from a loss of large amounts of salt and water through perspiration, making the muscle hyperexcitable

IIb --> IIa

muscle type change confirmed

conditioning, stretch, fluids

prevention of muscle cramps

increase in AA availability & transport

primary function of growth hormone

increase in AA availability & transport

primary function of insulin-like growth factor

stimulate protein synthesis

primary function of testosterone

autophagy

protein breakdown

edema

puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid

rate coding

rate at which the motor units are fired, frequency of discharge

PNF stretching

requires a partner for assistance. It combines stretching with alternating contracting and relaxing of muscles

10-25 reps at 60% 3-6 sets

resistance for muscular endurance

8-12 reps at 75% 5-10 sets

resistance for muscular hypertrophy

6-12 reps at 80% 3-6 sets

resistance for muscular strength

transient

short term hypertrophy caused by edema from increased BP & increase osmotic pressure

metabolites released neutrophils macrophages edema

stages of DOMS

12

strength can be maintained for ______ weeks even when training decreases frequency

autogenic inhibition

tension on muscles' tendon & CT exceeds threshold of GTO, motor neurons to that muscle inhibited

dynamic

the ability to move quickly and fluidly through a joint's entire range of motion with little resistance

power

the ability to perform maximally rapidly

strength

the ability to reach max lift in 1 rep

volitional fatigue

the inability to move a resistance through a ROM w/ proper form

satellite cells

theory that __________________ proliferate into new muscle fibers

Fiber splitting

theory that muscle fibers multiply by splitting

rest stretch

treatment for fatigue related cramps

salt and water massage

treatment for heat cramps

physical disruption of tissue, contractile protein loss

what are the secondary reasons for impact of muscle soreness on performance?

increase protein synthesis, decrease autophagy

what does MTOR do?

ECC

what is the main reason for impact of muscle soreness on performance?

testosterone, GH, IGF

which hormones affect FT fibers by hypertrophy?

static, C&R or PNF

which types of stretching illicit the stretch reflex