neuropsych exam 3
The most remarkable thing about the Newhouse et al (2012) 'Cognitive effects of nicotine' study was
Of the 74 people who started the study, none became "addicted" to nicotine, even after more the 150 days of 18 hr exposure
Once endocannabinoids bind to CB receptors they:
bind to presynaptic receptors and inhibit further release.
The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be _____ receptotors.
blockade of adenosine
Snake Venom (alpha-Bungarotoxin)
blocks neuromuscular nAChRs
Cocaine's effects related to the cardiovascular system include all the following, EXCEPT increased: blood pressure. blood flow to muscles. heart rate. blood flow to all brain sites.
blood flow to all brain sites
THC is stored in:
body fat
Regular cannabis users report tolerance to ____.
both behavioral and subjective effects
THC produces analgesia at the following site(s):
brain, spinal cord, and site of injury.
The most widely used psychoactive drug is:
caffeine
Cocaethylene is a very potent blocker of _____channels in the heart.
calcium
The effect of AEA or 2-AG to eCB receptors is to open ______ channels.
calcium
Rimonabant, sometimes used to treat cannabis withdrawal, is a(n):
cannabinoid antagonist
High doses of THC:
are rarely lethal
Infants of marijuana-using mothers:
are smaller than normal.
Adenosine is a _____ the discharge rate of many central neurons.
depressant that decreases
After activation of the receptors, nicotine receptors soon enter a state of : You Answered
desensitization
One obvious clinical sign of cocaine usage is:
dilated pupils
In the heart, nicotine:
dilates coronary arteries.
Caffeine _____ coronary arteries and _____ cerebral blood vessels.
dilates; constricts
The positive reinforcing effects of cocaine are most likely the result of action on the neurotransmitter:
dopamine
Which ligand doesn't bind to a cys-loop family receptor?
dopamine
Ritalin's major mechanism of action is on the neurotransmitter:
dopamine.
The net effect of amphetamine is most likely the result of action on the neurotransmitter:
dopamine.
The psychostimulants are thought to act most importantly through the following neurotransmitter:
dopamine.
The primary mechanism of tolerance to THC is a(n) _____ receptors.
downregulation of CB1
The most effective replacement therapy for cannabis withdrawal is:
dronabinol
Certain antidepressants such as fluvoxamine _______ the metabolism of caffeine and ______ caffeine tolerance.
inhibit; decrease
Initially, up-regulation of nAChRs was thought to inhibit Parkinson's Disease by _______
inhibiting glutamate exictotoxicity
According to a study by Georgotas and Zeidenberg (1979), the sudden cessation of chronic cannabis use can lead to ____.
irritability
As opposed to crack cocaine, a "line" of powder cocaine:
is a hydrochloride salt.
A pregnant female that binges on cocaine during the first trimester:
is likely to induce a spontaneous abortion
Sativex:
is useful for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients since it reduces spasticity-related pain.
Psychostimulants are also called sympathomimetics, since they cause activation of the:
sympathetic nervous system.
Smoked tobacco leads to the release of particles called ___________, which are inhaled into the body.
tars
The active metabolite of THC is:
11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC
The elimination half-life of nicotine in a chronic user is about:
2 hours
When smoking a cigarette, about _____ of the nicotine enters the bloodstream.
25%
The half-life of caffeine is:
3-10 hours
How many protein subunits are found in the a7nAChR
5
Following inhalation, the effects of THC involve approximately ______and last approximately _____.
5-10 nanograms/ml; 2 to 3 hours
The lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to approximately:
80 cups
Currently, amphetamine is legitimately used to treat: Correct!
ADHD
Which of the following statement is TRUE? - Adverse effects on cognition have been shown in marijuana users that persist for many years after people stop smoking. - After 30 days of abstinence, the cognitive effects associated with marijuana use appear to disappear. - Marijuana use during adolescence has no apparent effect on adult IQ. - Marijuana smokers have lingering effects on short-term memory even 30 days after they stop smoking.
After 30 days of abstinence, the cognitive effects associated with marijuana use appear to disappear.
Why might an expert on nicotine pharmacology think of nicotine as a functional antagonist?
An agonist causes the receptor to have a longer period of time in a desensitized state than an activated state.
When an agonist binds to nicotinic receptors, what happens?
An ion channel opens for positively charged ions.
Which statement best summarizes the binding affinities of Ä9-THC and the endocannabinoid anandamide at CB1 receptors in comparison to other CB receptors?
Both Ä9-THC and anandamide have higher affinities for CB1 receptors.
The effects on THC on memory appear to be due to effects on the ______ receptor in the ______.
CB1; hippocampus
Nicotine is primarily metabolized by the ______ enzyme.
CYP-2A6
The U.S. regulating agency for methylone is the _________.
DEA
Anandamide is metabolized by ______ found in the ______ neuron.
FAAH; postsynaptic
If a cigar smoker does not fully inhale cigar smoker, what is the most likely reason for why greater nicotine absorption will occur from cigar smoking compared to fully inhaling cigarette smoke?
Greater absorption of nicotine occurs through mucous membranes in the mouth.
_____, an agent used for treating worms in livestock, is often added to cocaine.
Levamisole
Which of the following statement is TRUE? -THC is metabolized to an active and then subsequently to an inactive metabolite. -THC is metabolized only to an inactive metabolite. -THC is excreted mostly unchanged. -THC is metabolized only to an active metabolite.
THC is metabolized to an active and then subsequently to an inactive metabolite.
The amount of THC absorbed depends upon all of the following EXCEPT: - How long the smoke is held in the lungs. - How deeply the smoker inhales. - The amount of THC in the cigarette. - The method of harvesting the marijuana.
The method of harvesting the marijuana.
Which statement best reflects the relationship between cannabis and the risk for lung cancer?
The risk for lung cancer from smoking cannabis is less than that of tobacco cigarette use.
How do anandaminde and 2-AG differ from most other neurotransmitters?
They are not stored in vesicles.
Activation of nicotinic receptors in the ______________ has been shown to increase dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens.
VTA
For his upcoming experiments, graduate student Erik must use a drug that has the highest binding affinity for the CB1 receptor . Which drug should he chose?
WIN55212-2
Adrafinil is ________
a pro-drug
Which nAChR subunit is found only in avian brain
a8
Cocaine acts through all of the following neurotransmitters, EXCEPT: serotonin. norepinephrine. dopamine. acetylcholine.
acetylcholine
A decreased responsive to a drug's effects after single administration of a drug is called:
acute tolerance
All neuromuscular junctions nAChRs are _______. relatively insensitive to nicotine ionotropic all of these heteromeric
all of these
The therapeutic use(s) of amphetamine is(are): appetite suppression. treatment of ADHD. all of these. treatment of narcolepsy.
all of these
THC impairs the following stage(s) of memory: - consolidation. - all stages are impaired. - retrieval. - encoding.
all stages are impaired
Withdrawal symptoms of amphetamine dependency include all of the following, EXCEPT: - altered pain threshold. - increased appetite. - decreased energy. - increased need for sleep.
altered pain threshold.
In theory, ________, a metabolite of an anthelmintic, can extend cocaine's psychostimulant activity.
aminorex
Since becoming a chronic user of cannabis, Kevin shows a lack of motivation to engage in productive activities. What syndrome is Kevin displaying?
amotivational syndrome
The subjective effects of cocaine are indistinguishable from those of:
amphetamines.
In order for an ACh receptor to form from nAChR subunits which must be present
an mc043-7.jpgprincipal subunit abutting any complimentary non-mc043-8.jpgsubunit
The compound believed to be the endogenous marijuana ligand is:
anandamide
Dr. Daly studies how endocannabinoid neurotransmitters interact with neuronal receptors. What neurotransmitters is she likely to study?
anandamide and 2-AG
At the cellular level, the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide binds to:
cannabinoid receptors.
Which is the most commonly used variety of cannabis?
cannabis sativa
Urine tests that screen for psychoactive drug use look for the presence of:
carboxy-THC (COOH-THC
Heavy cocaine use leads to:
cardiac arythmias
The major active compound in khat is ________.
cathinone
Smoking marijuana:
causes an initial increase in heart rate that is dose-dependent.
Stereotypical behaviors result from _____ doses of amphetamine.
chronic high
Infants exposed to cocaine in utero are more likely to experience all of the following, EXCEPT: - cleft palate. - brain malformations. - congenital abnormalities. - cardiac abnormalities.
cleft palate
In pregnant females, cocaine crosses the placenta resulting in the prescence of all of the following in the fetus, EXCEPT: benzoylecgonine. norcocaine. cocaethylene. cocaine.
cocaethylene
Biotransformation of nicotine produces the active metabolite:
cotinine
Ice is to methamphetamine as:
crack is to cocaine
At low doses, all amphetamines have the following effects, EXCEPT: -relax bronchial muscles. -act as a powerful stimulant. -inhibit eating. -decrease blood pressure.
decrease blood pressure
The acute effects of cocaine include all of the following, EXCEPT: appetite suppression. positive feelings. decreased activity. euphoria.
decreased activity
Children born to cocaine-dependent mothers have an increased probability of starting to use drugs; this effect has been correlated with:
decreased gray matter volume.
The main effect of carbon monoxide on the heart is:
decreased oxygen supply to the heart.
The major psychoactive ingredient in the marijuana plant is:
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
In the 1960s, speed was commonly abused, however use began to decline in the 1970s for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: -drug companies reduced production of the drug. -drug companies altered the formulation of amphetamine. -users realized the dangers of compulsive use. -better antidepressants were developed.
drug companies altered the formulation of amphetamine.
Cocaine poorly crosses the mucosal membrane mainly because the:
drug is a potent vasoconstrictor
Which of the following is likely the safest substance regarding cancer risk?
e-cigarette
Tobacco smoking can cause pulmonary diseases such as :
emphysema.
Tobacco craving in a chronic user is likely to occur when:
encountering stimuli typically associated with smoking.
Endocannabinoids are thought to be taken back up into neurons by:
endocannabinoid membrane transporters.
The activation of nicotinic receptors on a postsynaptic neuron likely causes:
excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
The acute pharmacological response to amphetamines will vary based on all of the following factors, EXCEPT: -dose. -frequency of use. -the specific type of amphetamine. -route of administration.
frequency of use
In comparison to cocaine, amphetamine:
has a longer half-life
As opposed to powder cocaine, crack cocaine:
has a more rapid speed of onset.
A condensed preparation of cannabis that primarily contains the trichome resins from the plant is referred to as ____.
hashish
Blockade of adenosine receptors _____ dopamine release by _____ GABA activity.
increases;decreasing
Intravenous cocaine users will often take ______simultaneously to reduce the jitteriness caused by cocaine.
heroin
After smoking cannabis, Bianca feels euphoric and exhilarated. What subjective phase of cannabis use is Bianca experiencing?
high
Which of the following is a waterpipe for smoking tobacco?
hookah
Cannabis may be inhaled through water-pipe devices or less elaborate pipes, referred to as ____, respectively.
hookahs or bongs
The most convincing epidemiological evidence that nicotine protects against Alzheimer's disease comes from
identical twin studies
Nicotine-induced release of acetylcholine may:
improve cognitive performance and arousal.
A compound in tobacco that inhibits monoamine oxidase is likely to:
increase nicotine's rewarding effects.
Research suggests that early cannabis use may:
increase the risk of psychosis.
Adenosine levels ______ during the day promoting _____.
increase; sleep
Acute administration of a cannabinoid containing Ä9-THC causes which physiological changes?
increased heart rate and hypotension
At low doses, the major mechanism of action of amphetamine is:
increased release of dopamine.
The effect of THC is _____ heart rate and _____ of brain arteries .
increased; constriction
THC:
increases appetite for sweet foods.
The nicotine abstinence syndrome primarily consists of :
psychological withdrawal symptoms.
The majority of metabolism of caffeine occurs in:
liver
Cocaethylene is produced when enzymes in the:
liver metabolize cocaine and ethanol.
A primary effect of cocaine is:
local anesthesia
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) is _______ in patients with Alzheimer's disease; increasing GCSF via caffeine intake has been shown to ______ performance on memory tasks in laboratory animals.
lower; improve
Large numbers of cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus may explain effects of THC on:
memory
The activation of cannabinoid receptors leads to various behavioral and psychologica effects by activating CB1 and CB2 receptors. What are the characteristics of these receptors?
metabotropic and inhibitory
Brain imaging studies suggest that the commonly abused dose of cocaine blocks:
more than 60% of dopamine transporters.
Cocaine is _____ metabolized into an _____ metabolite.
rapidly;inactive
The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______; the disease states are due to _______.
nicotine;tar
The rewarding effects of nicotine involve:
nicotinic receptors on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area and dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens.
Ritalin is a:
nonamphetamine stimulant.
Modafinil (Provigil) is a _____ stimulant used to promote _____.
nonamphetamine; wakefulness
Of the following brain sites, the one most clearly associated with a positive reinforcing action of drugs is the:
nucleus accumbens
The endogenous cannabinoids, AEA and 2-AG are synthesized:
on demand
The presence of THC is effective in reducing pain associated with persistent inflammation resulting in less opiate needed to control pain. This effect is known as ______ action.
opioid-sparing
High doses of cocaine, especially over longer periods of time, induce symptoms remarkably similar to:
paranoid schizophrenia (toxic paranoid psychosis).
Hashish and marijuana differ mainly in their:
potency
The major mechanism of action of anandamide appears to be:
presynaptic inhibition
The combination of cocaine and ethanol:
produces a metabolite that is more toxic than, and extends the effects of, cocaine.
Taking an antidepressant drug that is catabolized by the same enzyme for caffeine would:
prolong the effects of caffeine
Moderate consumption of caffeine can:
protect against heart failure.
High doses of amphetamine are thought to stimulate:
release of norepinephrine
Cocaine's major mechanism of action is:
reuptake blockade
Cannabis is included in which schedule, as designated by the DEA?
schedule 1
After the acute effects of cocaine wear off, heavy users of cocaine experience:
sexual dysfunction
Caffeine's most widely known adverse effect is on:
sleep
When snorting, the effect of cocaine on blood vessels is responsible for the:
slow speed of onset and small percentage absorbed. slow speed of onset and small percentage absorbed.
Accelerated time, which is the perceived faster passage of time, occurs during which subjective phase of cannabis use?
stoned
Desensitization of the nicotinic receptor sooner after an agonist binds to the receptor means that:
the nicotinic receptor ion channel closes.
Of the major caffeine metabolites, __________, does not act in a similar way to caffeine.
theobromine
Ritalin's major mechanism of action is:
transporter blockade
Small hairlike structures with glands that release a resin containing a number of phytocannabinoids are called ____.
trichomes
Nuvigil is the active isomer of Provigil. As such, you would not be surprised to discover that, compared to modafinil, Nuvigal is __________ by weight.
twice as potent
Chronic administration of nicotine leads to a(n):
upregulation of nicotinic receptors.
Ä9-THC exhibits high lipid solubility. How does this impact its effects?
Ä9-THC becomes sequestered in fat, leading to long-term pharmacological actions
