Neuropsychology - Mini Exam 4

1. What is the name(s) of the nerve that transmits information from the cochlea?

- 8th cranial nerve- auditory nerve/ statoacoustic/ vestibulochochlear nerve

1. What is the progression and transformation of information from the pinna onwards to the primary auditory cortex (i.e. outer, middle, inner ear (w/ details) to n. VIII to Cochlear nucleus (dorsal & ventral), superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus to A1)

- Information goes from the auditory nerve --> cochlear nucleus --> superior olivary nucleus --> inferior colliculus (located in the tectum), --> medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus) --> left and right auditory cortices. Sound from both ears is processed by both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere.

1. Where is the secondary auditory cortex? What are the core, belt and parabelt areas?

- anterior region of the superior temporal gyrus

1. What does it mean that the primary auditory cortex has a tonotopic organization?

- depends on frequency - different frequencies processed in different places - it is arranged based on frequency- tone is organized to frequency on hair cells- when hair cells die you lose those frequencies

1. What is the relationship between the basilar membrane and tonotopic organization?

- tonotopic organization: primary auditory cortex- The cochlea has the basilar membrane inside of it. The actual receptors of sound are hair cells, which are located on the basilar membrane.Different frequencies at different places move the hair cells. Tonotopic organization means that cells in the primary auditory cortex are organized in order of tone.

1. How does the dorsal auditory pathway pathway run in the temporal lobe, what is its function?

-Connections with the posterior parietal cortex localizing sound - turn head to whoever is talking -enables location of sounds in space -promotes orienting and initiation of movements relative to sound location

1. What are the symptoms of akinetopsia, what are they thought to be the result of? How common is this disorder?

-Inability to identify objects in motion Higher level problems info is making it to striate cortex but problems in other areas Akinetopsia - not seeing movement Can be a result of stroke Find it disturbing and unpleasant watching something move Struggle to make sense of the world Can't see objects in motion - damage to V5-specialixzed for visual motion not striate cortex Detect motion in sound - visual motion was a problem She had trouble pouring liquid into cup - still photos - don't know when to stop pouring When cars were coming- could not estimate where car would be - very rare V5/MT stroke take out bilaterally - not common - damage to occipital cortex

1. How does the temporal cortex connect with the frontal lobes?

-Neurons from the temporal lobe have strong connections with the frontal lobe -Posterior temporal cortex •projects to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -Anterior temporal cortex projects to the orbitofrontal cortex All info needs to make its way to frontal lobe - judge, decide - life exists of action - based on info that came in through sense that was fed forward to frontal lobe for higher cognitive function - everything is shared and connected You decide what to do with information Different functions going on in temporal cortex

1. What are two different kinds of auditory processing?

-Rapidly presented stimuli •eg., rapid presentation of language needs to be quickly analyzed -Complex patterns of stimuli •eg., music has slower changes in frequency

1. What are special characteristics of speech in comparison to other sounds?

-Speech sounds come from restricted ranges of frequencies -Same speech sounds are different depending on spoken context BUT perceived as same sound. Auditory system categorizes sounds as equivalent. -Speech sounds change rapidly w.r.t. each other, and the order is crucial

1. What processes commonly cause conductive hearing disorders, which are the most common?

Can affect one or both ears - wide range in severity and age of onset Conductive - problems with conduction of sound - causes outer ear: excessive ear wax - frequent ear wax - movement of jaw -little cilia moves ear wax towards outside - older people have trouble clearing ear wax - after procedure hearing can be improved - very common Little kids put toy soldiers in ears - bugs stuck - prevent sound from making it to tempanic membrane - tumors possibility Middle ear - infection - children get these - tube closes up - pressure is not equalized on both sides of tempanic membrane - fluid build up - ossicles cannot conduct sound the way they normally do - sound not conducted properly- lots of ear infections can impact speech, they are not hearing sound properly- can impact language development Put a tube in tempanic membrane - fluid build up can drain to equalize pressure - in the 90s It has now dropped significantly the tubes rupture of tempanic membrane can happen if pressure is so big Sensorineural - problem with cochlea/inner ear Hair cell issue Causes - congenital - people do not have cochlea, infection can happen -meningitis, monks, measles, viruses - helen keller lost hearing due to infection Drugs ototoxic - antibiotics, diuretics Causes - breaking the bones - rupture to 8th cranial nerve Nose inducted hearing loss - common - shrinkage of the range frequencies people can hear with age - damage hair cells in cochlea - people inclined to ramp up volume in gym - blood supply to area is increased - more hearing loss during exercise leads to an increase in sound - generation of earbuds

1. What is the difference between verbal and nonverbal auditory agnosia, and what is the older term for verbal auditory agnosia? How common are these agnosias (see book)?

Can't pull the word out - hear the speech but can't pick out word Can't isolate noise of water, car horn, non-word deafness

1. What is the general idea that governs cochlear implants, how does the information from air vibrations get to the "normal" part of the auditory system, and which part is that?

Cochlear implants - have not been around for long - sensorineural hearing loss - if hearing aids are not helpful - need auditory part of 8th cranial nerve to work - array of electrodes in cochlea which sends impulses to nerves

1. Explain the functions of cornea, iris, lens, and retina

Cornea - light bending, 80% refraction Iris - colored part, eye color ring of tissue that lays on top of lens Lens - 20% refraction, can change shape depending on distance - accomodation - close by lens Is rounder, far away is flatter Retina - receptors that detect light coming in from outside

1. Explain what the fovea and the blind spot on the retina are. How are they related to sensitivity of these areas?

Darker region - fovea Yellowish disc - blood vessels eminate here - axons from retinal ganglion cells - bring info from visual field to the brain - optic nerve - blind spot Not noticing holes in visual field - brain does filling in based on info around blind spot Rods - light/dark - more rods than cones - in periphery Cones - red green blue sensitive 6 million cones Light focused to fall on the fovea - has many receptors - more sensitive - high receptor density - see image in great detail

1. What types of evidence are there for object-specific (grandmother) cells? What are some of the problems with hypothesizing object-specific neurons in shape perception?

Difficult to find cells that respond to only one thing - single objects or faces Particular neuron activated by pictures of actress Halle Berry including the words Halle berry - idea of her - rare- something there that was encoded Population coding of grandmothers- certain facial shape and hair style - wrinkles

1. What can be the result of temporal lobe damage on selection of auditory input?

Drop in correct recall of words - process everything at same time - lots of it gets lost

1. What parts of face processing are carried out in the Fusiform face area, the superior temporal sulcus and the striate cortex?

FFA - invariant aspects of faces, perception of unique identity STS - changeable aspects of faces, eye gaze, expression, lip movement STS - where do the eyes look, are you looking bored or interested Fusiform face- being able to tell one face from another face Anterior temporal - who is it, memory - Tom Hanks Emotional aspects associated with person

1. What are the receptors for hearing, and how are they situated with respect to the basilar membrane and the cochlea?

Hair receptor cells that are situated in the fluid of the cochlea, around the basilar membrane

1. What is the general idea behind hearing aids?

Hearing aid - analog: amplify signal Digital - analyze sound, amplify only frequency ranges in which you have deficits Can make ear wax issues worse if hearing aid is in ear - better behind ear Stigma attached to having hearing aids

1. What is processed in MT (V5), and V4?

MT V5 - motion V4- color

1. What are the main characteristics of music that can be perceived?

Music is very important for people emotionally Pitch- frequency perceived , right hemisphere Timbre - how the sound sounds based on resonant body that produces it Violin vs. viola Meter- timing - right hemisphere Rhythm- left Melody - pitches in succession with different intervals- both hemispheres

What are the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, LGN, optic radiation, striate cortex, V1?

Optic chiasm - looks like an X - info runs from retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve- possible crossing/not crossing then go to LGN - -Crossover point for optic nerve fibers •Results in contralateral projections of information from nasal ganglion cells optic radiations - bring info to striate cortex V1

1. What does it mean that the representation in V1 (BA 17) is retinotopic? What is cortical magnification?

Organized retinotopically - the way the info comes in on retina is similar to way it is organized on striate cortex On the striate cortex - mapping of info from retina is presented in a way that is related to retina - form of mapping Spatial organization of retina is preserved when you get to striate cortex - distribution Fovea is dense in receptors- more cortical real estate than periphery - gets a lot of processing attention Eye-LGN-primary VC-secondary VC- tertiary - dorsal where posterior parietal, ventral what - inferior temporal cortex Takes longer to analyze and reconstruct new objects

1. Know what the effect for the visual field is of lesions along the optic tract.

Places in optic tract where there can be damage- effect it has Light falls on retina - ganglion cells send axons out through optic nerve - info from temporal hemiretina ipsilateral to LGN, info from nasal hemiretina contralateral to LGN, info goes through optic radiations to striate cortex Overlap - temporal hemiretina Outside of visual field - nasal Can mess up optic nerve - fracture of orbit around eye - if nerve is cut - half of visual field is not coming in (right side of visual field gone) Cut through optic chiasm - tumor - half the axons from retinas cross at this point - nasal hemiretinas - info from nasal hemiretinas will not be coming in - loss of outside visual field Left visual field - damage on right side - missing - info goes into Left temporal hemiretina and right nasal hemiretina - hemianopia Damage at LGN - same, similar with stroke too Stroke takes out some of optic radiations - some info would not come through - scotoma - info not making it to primary VC

1. Be able to point out the above structures and the sclera and conjunctiva.

Sclera - white part of eye Conjunctiva - is a tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye).

1. What processes commonly cause sensorineural hearing disorders?

Sensorineural hearing disordersDysfunction of inner ear (cochlea), auditory nerve or higher auditory processing centers.MOSTLY dysfunction of hair cells.

1. What do the simple, complex and hypercomplex cells respond to (see book)?

Simple-lines/orientation, complex-lines/orientation , hypercomplex- length of lines

1. What (generally) is the difference between the sparse coding and population coding vies of object perception?

Sparse - grandmother cell coding - one or two neurons that code for each object Population - many different neurons firing together mean that you recognize an object

1. What is achieved by the auditory system categorizing sounds?

Speech constancy Perceive as same - context - talking in a different accent Need to be able to hear phonemes - order in which sounds come in Differences in processing between hemispheres - processing words and sounds Left - words processed better than tones- processes language , right- less so Right- more tones, less word Lateralization

1. What are the striate, extrastriate, primary, secondary, tertiary visual cortices?

Striate cortice is the primary visual cortex. Secondary or extrastriate cortices are parts around the primary visual cortex. Tertiary cortex is located in inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex.

1. Be able to identify the superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, and the lateral fissure (sylvian).

Superior - top Inferior - bottom 3 gyri Sulcus between superior and middle - certain processes

1. What changes in personality & affect can occur in some temporal lobe epilepsy?

Talked about themselves, used difficult words , emphasize trivia, petty details, paranoia •Typically aggressive and hostile •Self-centered, pedantic •Preoccupation with religion

1. Explain which fibers from the two "hemifields" or "hemiretinas" or halves of the retina go where before/after the optic chiasm. Which hemifield is nasal and which is temporal?

Temporal - ipsilateral same side Nasal - contralateral - crosses to other side Nasal and temporal hemi-retinas Nasal gets light from periphery of visual field - near nose Temporal gets light from overlap of visual field - near temples Right side of brain runs left side of body Right visual field - processed on left side of brain Left visual field - outside falls on left nasal hemiretina, inside fall on temporal hemiretina on right side - goes to optic chasm does not cross - goes to LGN info from left CROSSES and goes to right LGN Right nasal hemiretina CROSSES going to left LGN Temporal hemiretina on left does not cross

1. Know the anatomy of the outer, middle and inner ear, be able to identify ear drum, oval window, round window, cochlea. Know the names of the middle ear bones, hammer, anvil, stirrup.

Temporal lobe- hearing Ear flap - pinna/oracle- catches air waves/sound- funnels the sound into outer ear canal - helps you hear better, amplifies certain frequencies of sound waves Ends with tempanic membrane/eardrum - outer ear Middle ear - tempanic membrane ossicles , space and oval window Cochlea - inner ear - stirrup sits against oval window of cochlea - membrane Hit ear drum causing membrane to vibrate - sensitive to small air pressure differences What do ossicles do - vibrations passed along Pressure should be same on both sides Cochlea - size of a pea - receptor cells for hearing Unrolled - basilar membrane , on top of it are hair cells Pushes fluid sitting in cochlea around - hair cells move and fire - info set off to higher cortical levels Pressure wave goes through cochlea - closed system it would not move Round window - pressure release valve - pressure dissipates Basilar membrane is not a straight shape - wider at one end, narrower at other end - result is hair cells are easier to move than others Hair cells move on wide end - high freq cells Far/narrow end - low freq cells Info sorted by height of frequency - place on basilar membrane is related to tone Axons make up part of 8th cranial nerve - hearing and vestibular info - cochlear part of vestibulocochlear nerve

1. Which parts of the thalamus take part in the geniculostriate pathway and which in the tectopulvinar pathway?

The geniculostriate pathway uses the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.geniculate (lateral geniculate nucleus) --(via optic radiations to)--- striate pathway (striate cortex) (also known as V1, primary visual cortex, BA17) The tectopulvinar pathway uses the pulvinar in the thalamus.tecto (tectum) --- pulvinar (pulvinar) pathwaytectopulvinar pathway is the pathway that goes from the eye to the superior colliculus (in the tectum/midbrain/mesencephalon) to the pulvinar in the thalamus and finally to areas in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe.

1. What is the visual field? Explain the overlap between the visual fields of the R and L eyes.

The visual field is what you see. The overlap of the visual field b/w the right and left eyes is the part of the visual field that both eyes see. (the thing she made us do in class where you had both your hands in front of you.

1. How does the 'theory of object perceptions" in the slides match up (very generally) with the functions in the various parts of the primary, secondary visual cortex, what may be happening in the (ventral) visual stream? (V1 to hippocampus)?

They match up very well. There are discrete areas specified by the theory that more or less correlate to the various parts of the ventral visual stream.Ventral Visual Stream-Object perception-Biological motion-Face perception Theory of Object Perception - first thing done in a Ventral Visual Stream-Edges and bars of lengths, contrasts and orientations-Grouping elements into higher-order units, separating figure and ground-Viewer-centered description matched onto stored 3D descriptions of structure of objects -(rotation if needed)?-Meaning attributed to the stimulus-Naming of different itemsNotes:-Shapes is the important thing, not color/pattern (pink elephant, plaid apple, etc.)-"Theory" - best guess to stages how we take in information and then see-First, we see edges - further processes put together edges and orientations to get objects-Certain areas light up when thinking/seeing them (persons, animals, tools)-Lateral occipital cortex - most function here Elephant and apple Based on shape or form - perceptual ability to analyze shape independent of color and texture cues Separate an object from its background When a new image comes in, you match that onto what you know Know what it is - access to name of item that you are looking at Tools - first Animals - middle Persons - temporal pole Activity separating figure and ground in V2 - early on

1. What is the apparent function of V4 in terms of color perception?

V4 - color constancy - you see colors as a stable color no matter what lighting context is T shirt is seen as green in dark as it is seen in light

1. What is processed in the fusiform face area, the fusiform body area and the parahippocampal place area?

VENTRAL FFA - face analysis FBA - body parts hands limbs PPA - landscapes temporal cortex - identification

1. What is the difference between view-dependent and view-invariant shape perception? What is the evidence for these types of shape perception?

View-dependent - do you have a library of representations of bicycle from all these different views - immense storage - heavy burden on memory View-invariant - see the supports - see seat of bicycle

1. What is the function of ventral & dorsal streams? Which one is 'where/vision for action' and which one is 'what' or 'vision for identification"?

Vision for action - where - dorsal Vision for identification - what - ventral

1. Which structures refract light, in what proportions to they take care of the refraction?

cornea - 80% lens - 20%

What is the point of 'tubes' in your ears?

creates an airway that ventilates the middle ear and prevents the accumulation of fluids behind the eardrum. An ear tube is used most often to provide long-term drainage and ventilation to middle ears that have had persistent fluid buildup, chronic middle ear infections or frequent infections.

1. What does 'agnosia' mean?

failure to know Ventral visual stream Damage to inferior temporal lobe - agnosia - not knowing

1. What is the main pathway for vision called, what is its course? What % of fibers go this way?

geniculostriate pathway •Axons convey information to lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in thalamus •Information then relayed (via optic radiations) to striate cortex Photoreceptors converted to action potentials 90% take GNS pathway 1st relay point - synapse- lateral geniculate nucleus then relayed to striate cortex (V1)

1. What is the neuroanatomical substrate for visual object specification?

inferior temporal gyrus

1. What do "ipsilateral" and "contralateral" mean?

ipsilateral - same side contralateral -opposite side

1. What are the symptoms of achromatopsia, what are they thought to be the result of in the cerebral form? How common is this disorder?

loss of ability to detect color Damage to V4 - role in color vision Car accident with bad concussion- unable to see color - he was a painter Case of color blind painter Seeing world in grayscale Couldn't remember color - anything he imagined was in grayscale Food became abhorrent - less attractive without color - dimmed , washed out, dirty Why? Color is partly detected in V1

1. What is biological motion perception and what parts of the temporal lobe seems to be involved in this? What is the role of biological motion perception in social cognition?

motion of biological entities Animals Put spots light of client in dark room Two people in dark dancing •Superior temporal sulcus (STS) analyzes biological motion •Basis of social perception and development of social cognition •STS neurons also respond to approach motions of bodies •Damage to STS results in impaired recognition and recall of faces •and impaired perception of subtle social signals (eg., glances at watch or clock) Certain lights move with respect to each other Wrist and elbow distance remains same - invariances Detecting biological organisms as opposed to non- threatening other items Detect animals vs. the wind Social perception - of social interactions - movement of their eyes/emotions of face Movement of face- knowledge Miss out on social cues Respond to luming motion

anterior intraparietal sulcus

object-directed grasping dorsal in parietal cortex action

1. What are the three cell layers of retina, and how does the light travel to get to the receptor layer? Why does this appear counterintuitive?

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells Photoreceptor - rods and cones located Bipolar - contains bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells Ganglion - All different types of neurons Light comes in from front of eye, passes through cell layers to get to photoreceptors, reacts with photoreceptors, fire 4 photoreceptors and 2 ganglion Cells Periphery many photoreceptors Fovea- 1 to 1 ratio

1. What are other names for A1?

primary auditory cortex or Heschl's gyrus/i, or Brodmann's 41 and 42, or transverse temporal gyri

1. What is a scotoma? What is hemianopia?

scotoma - gap in visual field, -Parts of visual field missing hemianopia - one side of visual field is not being registered at primary visual cortex -Blindness (partial or complete)

1. What type of hearing disorder may make people a candidate for cochlear implants? What is a requirement for a cochlear implant to work?

sensorineural

1. What are the dorsal & ventral visual stream?

streams from secondary to tertiary dorsal -occipital cortex to posterior parietal cortex ventral - occipital to inferior temporal cortex

1. What is the neuroanatomical substrate for auditory object specification?

superior temporal gyrus

1. Where in the temporal lobe is there a polymodal area, and from where in the temporal lobe does information flow there?

superior temporal sulcus -Connections emerging from the auditory and visual hierarchical pathways -directed to neurons enfolded within the superior temporal sulcus -Polymodal region - i.e. multiple sensory modalities

1. What are the differences between apperceptive and associative visual agnosia both in how they present in patients and where the damage appears to be located.

•Apperceptive visual agnosia •No recognition of objects •Associative visual agnosia •Disorder of meaning •eg., inability to name what is seen The guy recognized stuff but needed help - touch helped him or smell Dorsal- vision for action - hands know what they want to do with object Damage Ventral visual stream does not know what it is Apperceptive - see lines and color - can't specify an object Associative - form an object put together but can't figure out what it is they are seeing Difference in lesion location Apperceptive - damage in primary visual areas Associative - damage further down ventral visual pathway

1. How is use of contextual information tested by Neuropsychologists? How is this function in some people with temporal lobe damage?

•Certain things are interpreted differently depending on context -E.g. 'bank' is a financial institution or the side of a river -E.g. face recognition of person out of context •Inability to remember material that requires contextual cues •McGill picture anomalies test (MPAT) for R temporal lobe damage Impaired in use of context info Money or fishing ? Depends on context Don't usually know the person out of context Seeing lady at dining hall vs, seeing same lady at gym Right temporal lobe damage- issues picking out what is wrong with picture

1. What is the tectopulvinar pathway and what is its course?

•Eye to superior colliculus to pulvinar in thalamus then to visual areas in temporal and parietal lobes 10% from retina to the tectum to pulvinar (part of thalamus) then goes to association cortices in temporal and parietal lobes - noticing visual signals by moving head - attention

1. What problems in music perception L and R hemisphere (i.e. which hemisphere does what part of music). What is amusia?

•Generally -Left hemisphere is concerned with speed and grouping (rhythm) -Right hemisphere is concerned with frequency differences •difficulties with pitch discrimination •Amusia: deficit in pitch discrimination Damage to temporal lobe Can hear pitch change but have trouble designing a rhythm- musical memory gone

1. What is the effect on damage to the medial temporal lobe? What is the difference between left and right temporal lobes?

•Impairment in long-term memory •Changes in personality and affect Left temporal lobe - loss of ability to remember verbal material Right - loss of ability to recall nonverbal info

1. What is prosopagnosia? Are there differences in degree? Is it congenital or acquired?

•Inability to recognize faces -Different levels of impairment in different people. -Also congenital forms in various degrees. Occurs in a range /spectrum People can acquire it or born with it Recognized voice but not face Look at a face - eyes and mouth movement if you could recognize faces and then lose it - sad Facts without faces - can recognize cues without faces like hair, clothes, etc

1. Know examples of functioning selection of auditory input, and how it is tested.

•Not a consciously driven process, but... •Selectivity in auditory perception •Temporal lobe damage impairs selection -Dichotic listening task •Two words simultaneously presented in each ear -Normal result: Right ear words are recalled more (left temporal lobe selectivity) -Patient: drop in correct recall of words, due to loss of selectivity (brain tries to simultaneously process information delivered to both ears)

What is (usually) the result of bilateral lesion of primary auditory cortex? Why is this strange?

•Paradoxically, bilateral damage to the primary cortex does not usually lead to cortical deafness -Contrast with damage to primary somatosensory or visual cortex Cortical blindness but does not lead to cortical deafness Many stops and relay points in auditory system compared to visual system

1. What are the symptoms of left and right auditory cortex damage w.r.t. speech perception, i.e. what functions appear to be on those sides?

•Patients with left temporal lobe damage have difficulty 1.Discriminating sounds •Complain that people are talking too fast •eg., like learning a new language 2.Judging the temporal sequence of heard sounds •normally, two sounds resolved within 50-60 ms •damage results in 10-fold increase in temporal requirement for discrimination (i.e. about 500 ms) •Patients with right temporal lobe damage have difficulty understanding emotional intention of language Can't tell the sounds apart - can hear sounds but have to constantly catch up Need sounds to be apart in order to tell the difference - speak slower - can't tell order in which they came in - will eventually get it Right temporal lobe- get lots of info from intonation Business done by voice over phone - problem with email, can't tell emotional intent/jokes/sarcasm - invention of emojis

What are auditory hallucinations? What is a disorder where sufferers commonly experience auditory hallucinations? What is thought to be the cause of auditory hallucinations? What does the research of Dierks et. al. (1999) show? What is the difference in emotional valence of auditory hallucinations in those who have and don't have schizophrenia?

•Research suggests that spontaneous neural activity in the auditory cortex gives rise to such hallucinations, interacting with the language areas of the temporal lobe Assume there is some source of noise out there in the world Verbal hallucinations - perceive sound that is not externally present - fragments and sentences - hear fully formed verbal passages - negative / hostile / accusatory Common in people with schizophrenia STUDY: Can easily see emotional response Push button when they are having auditory hallucination Acoustic stimulus - bilateral Auditory - one side only - auditory cortex firing on its own , brain making sense of it as if the activation is coming from ears /processed into speech STUDY: on average... Hallucinations in healthy folks- 2 to 3 min every 3 days, seldom unpleasant, almost no discomfort or distress vs. patients with psychotic disorders - every hour for 40 min, very unpleasant, lots of discomfort and disruption

1. The perforant pathway runs from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus, what appears to be its function?

•forms the main projection to the hippocampus •Damage in this region severely affects memory Ultimate Effect •stimulus recognition •the familiar conscious experience of knowing, assimilating and feeling Emotion and memory Info about object connected Recognize the object