Neuroscience Chapters 1-4

When neuroscientists submit research proposals for government or private funding, who evaluates adherence to the ethical treatment of animal subjects? a) Neuropathologist b) Veternirarians c) Animal rights activists d) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

D

What is the significance of the ion-water complex formed by sodium ions? a) It is part of a technique used to study the ionic currents passing through individual ion channels b) It generates action potentials c) It opens the sodium gates d) It allows the passage of Na+ and excludes K+

D

What kind of protein structure does alpha helix represent? a) Tertiary structure b) Primary structure c) Quaternary structure d) Secondary structure

D

What makes the structure of neurofilaments particularly strong? a) Two interwoven strands b) Strands are braid-like c) Four interwoven strands d) Strands are spring-like

D

What is the node of Ranvier? a) Region, slightly swollen, where axons form synapses. b) Region where axon terminal is interrupted c) Region where axon begins d) Region where membrane is exposed

D

All of the following statements about dendrites are generally true EXCEPT: a) they range from millimeters to meters in length b) there are many extending from a single soma c) they taper from one end to the other d) they are often spiny

A

At the peak of the overshoot during an action potential, all of the following are true EXCEPT: a) The driving force on Na+ is higher than the driving force on K+ b) The membrane potential is above threshold c) The membrane is permeable to both Na+ and K+ d) The equilibrium potential for Na+ is about 62 mV

A

Charles Bell and Francois Magendie cut dorsal and ventral spinal roots in experimental animals; what were they able to show with these experiments? a) That nerves contain a mixture of many nerve fibers, some that carry sensory information from the skin and others that carry motor information to the muscles. b) That sensory and motor information is carried bidirectionally in the same nerves from the skin and to the muscles. c) That the central and peripheral nervous systems are functionally distinct subdivisions, which have no anatomical correlates. d) That ventral roots and dorsal roots carry nerves that primarily supply the autonomic nervous system. e) That ventral roots and dorsal roots carry nerves that primarily supply the somatic nervous system.

A

Knowing what you know about phospholipid bilayers, if you wanted to build your own membrane protein, what would your amino acids need to have in order to stay in the membrane? a) hydrophobic groups b) hydrophilic groups c) ionic selectivity d) heptanary structure

A

Neurons: a) Make up 10% of the cells in the brain b) Always have 2 neurites c) Wrap around glial cells providing insulation d) Are present only in the brain

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells differ in what way: a) Oligodendrocytes are found in the central nervous system, whereas Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system. b) Oligodendrocytes are myelinating glia, whereas Schwann cells are microglia c) One oligodendrocyte will surround one axon, whereas each Schwann cell affiliates with several axons. d) Oligodendrocytes form nodes of Ranvier, while Schwann cells do not.

A

The equilibrium potential for anion Z- is +80 mV a) opening a channel permeable to Z- would depolarize a cell b) there is a higher concentration of Z- outside the cell than inside c) Z- has the same concentration gradient as chloride (Cl-) d) All of the above

A

The rising phase of the action potential is based on: a) rapid depolarization resulting from the opening of Na+ channels b) rapid depolarization resulting from the opening of K+ channels c) rapid hyperpolarization resulting from the opening of Na+ channels d) rapid hyperpolarization resulting from the opening of K+ channels

A

Which of the following gives the ordering of ions in terms of their iconic concentration inside the typical neuron, from highest to lowest? a) K+, Na+, Ca++ b) Na+, K+, Ca++ c) Ca++, Na+, K+ d) Ca++, K+, Na+

A

Which of the following is TRUE about axons? a) They are only found in neurons b) They contain rough ER so proteins can be synthesized throughout their length c) You can show retrograde transport of proteins in axons by injecting a cell's soma with radioactive amino acids. d) A & B are true e) B & C are true

A

A guy got fired from your lab for not keeping his notebook up to date. Your job is to analyze the slides he prepared. Under the microscope you see scattered, beautiful, fully labeled neurons. You conclude that he used: a) a nissl stain b) a golgi stain c) a cajal stain d) a professor Stein

B

Assume that Cl- is more concentrated on the outside of the cell than on the inside of the cell, and that the membrane is selectively permeable to Cl-. Then we know that: a) The inside of the cell will have a positive voltage at equilibrium b) The inside of the cell will have a negative voltage at equilibrium. c) The inside of the cell will have a voltage of 0 at equilibrium. d) There is not enough information to answer the question

B

During the falling phase of the action potential: a) Na+ channels activate and K+ channels open b) Na+ channels inactivate and K+ channels open c) Na+ channels deinactivate and K+ channels open d) Na+ channels activate and K+ channels close e) Na+ channels inactivate and K+ channels close f) Na+ channels deinactivate and K+ channels close

B

Golgi and Ramon y Cajal disagreed over the neuron doctrine; their argument was not resolved until the advent of the electron microscope because: a) Synapses are destroyed by the fixation process used for light microscopy; fixatives used for the more sensitive electron microscopy technique preserve the synapse. b) The limit of resolution of the light microscope is 100 nm, whereas the electron microscope has a limit of resolution of 0.1 nm. c) The Golgi stain only stains a small percentage of neurons, and even then not completely; the chances of finding a pair of interconnected neurons is too small to determine whether neurons communicate by contact, not continuity. d) The Nissl stain, which is necessary to resolve synapses, can only be used with the electron microscope. e) The Golgi stain, which is necessary to resolve synapses, can only be used with the electron microscope

B

How is information transmitted by action potentials in the nervous system analogous to the Morse code? a) Information in encoded in the distribution and number of neurons firing action potentials in a given nerve b) Information is encoded in the pattern of electrical impulses c) Information is encoded by electrical current passively conducting down the axon d) Information is encoded in the pattern of chemical impulses

B

Increasing extracellular K+ would lead to: (a) depolarization of the membrane (Vm becomes more negative) (b) depolarization of the membrane (Vm becomes less negative) (c) hyperpolarization of the membrane (Vm becomes more negative) (d) hyperpolarization of the membrane (Vm becomes less negative)

B

Increasing intracellular Na+ in a typical neuron would have what effect on ENa? (a) ENa would become more positive (b) ENa would become less positive (c) ENa would stay the same (d) That is not enough information to determine ENa

B

Ion X is negatively charged and more concentrated inside than outside of the cell. Therefore: (a) Ex is negative (b) EX is positive (c) EX is zero (d) The cell will fail its Olympic drug test

B

Ion X is positively charged and in equal concentration on either side of the membrane of a typical neuron that has a resting membrane potential of -65mV. Opening up channels permeable to X+ would result in a) Ion X+ leaving the cell b) Ion X+ entering the cell c) No movement of ion X+ d) No change in the cell's membrane potential

B

The cellular organelle that produces ATP for energy-demanding activities in the neuron is the: a) Golgi apparatus b) mitochondrion c) microtubule d) ribosome e) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B

The neuron doctrine states that a) Neurites are fused together to form a continuous network b) Neurites are not continuous and communicate by contact c) Neurons must contain a soma, an axon, and dendrites d) DNA is transcribed to mRNA which is translated into protein

B

There are two types of neurites: axons and dendrites. Which of the following is true about these neurites?: a) Dendrites are relatively short in length (about 2mm), have a uniform diameter along their entire length, and act as the antennae of the neuron to receive incoming signals or input. b) Axons are relatively long (can be over a meter), if they branch at all, they do so at right angles, and act like "wires" that carry the output of the neurons. c) The power of the Golgi stain is that, unlike the Nissl stain, it reveals the elaborate dendritic structure of the neuron; nevertheless, neither stain fills the axon. d) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE

B

Weaver mice have difficulty maintaining posture and moving normally. This defect has been attributed to a defect in some potassium channels that allows Na+ as well as K+ to pass through the channel. Increasing the sodium permeability will have what effect on the membrane potential of the neuron? a) The membrane potential will become more negative. b) The membrane potential will become less negative. c) There will be no change in membrane potential. d) There is not enough information to answer this question

B

What accounts for the falling phase of the action potential? a) The inward movement of sodium channels b) Sodium channels close quickly once the membrane potential becomes positive during the action potential. At the same time, the potassium channels open. c) Increased membrane permeability for both potassium and sodium d) Switching the dominant membrane permeability from K+ to Na+

B

What determines the difference between amino acids? a) The properties of ions b) The properties of R groups c) The properties of phospholipid d) The properties of lipids

B

What discovery displaced the notion that nerves communicate with the brain by the movement of fluid from the ventricles? a) Descartes' view that the mind influences motor responses by controlling the pineal gland b) Galvani and Bois-Reymond showed that muscles twitch when nerves are stimulated electrically c) Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Speicies d) Brain tissue is divided into gray matter and white matter

B

What is polymerization of microtubules? a) Joining small proteins called amyloid b) Joining small proteins called tubulin c) Joining small proteins called actin d) Joining small proteins called MAPS

B

What is the relationship action potential conduction velocity and axonal diameter? a) Action potential conduction velocity decreases with increasing axonal diameter b) Action potential conduction velocity increases with increasing axonal diameter c) Action potential conduction velocity increases with decreasing axonal diameter d) There is no relationship between the action potential conduction velocity and the axonal diameter

B

What was understood about the nervous system by the end of the eighteenth century? a) Injury to the brain has only temporary consequences b) The brain has several identifiable parts that are similar in each individual, suggesting functional localization in specific regions of the brain c) The brain operates like a machine and does not follow the laws of nature d) The brain communicates with the body through the ventricles

B

Which of the following forces influences ionic movement through membrane channels? a) Diffusion b) Diffusion and electricity c) Ohm's law d) Electricity

B

Which of the following is a question asked by scientists at the cellular neuroscience level? a) How do neural systems work together to produce integrated behaviors? b) How do neurons become "wired together" during fetal development c) How do different neural circuits analyze sensory information, form perceptions of the external world, make decisions, and execute movements d) How does activity of the brain create the mind?

B

Which of the following is correct about glia? a) glia reside only in the frontal lobe b) glia make up 90% of the cells in the brain c) glia fire action potentials d) the brain can function normally without glia

B

While traveling around the human body, you run into Sheriff Nosore, Herpes Fighter. He is chasing the herpes virus from the soma to the axon terminal bouton. Which direction and mechanism does he use. a) Anterograde and Dynein b) Anterograde and Kinesin c) Retrograde and Dynein d) Retrograde and Kinesin

B

Who was the first to challenge the view that the heart, and not the brain, is the seat of consciousness and thoughts, and during what time period did this occur? a) Aristotle b) Hippocrates c) Galen d) Ancient Egyptians

B

. How would the mental pain caused by this exam be encoded as a neuronal signal? (a) By the amplitude of action potentials transmitted (b) By the duration of action potentials transmitted (c) By the frequency of action potentials transmitted (d) All of the above (e) None of the above

C

. What would happen if the S4 domains of the voltagegated sodium channels important in action potential generation had their primary structure significantly altered? (a) Nothing important of interest (b) The action potentials generated would be of shorter duration (c) The gating properties of these channels would be disrupted (d) The channels will be phosphorylated

C

All of the following are necessary in order for there to be a net flux of sodium across the membrane EXCEPT a) a membrane that is permeable to Na b) (Vm - Eion) does not equal zero c) a membrane potential that is negative d) there are no exceptions, all of the above are necessary in order to have a net movement of sodium

C

Dendrites differ from axons because: a) Dendrites are uniform in diameter whereas axons taper b) Axons can have spines or be smooth, whereas dendrites always have spines. c) On average, dendrites are shorter in length whereas axons are longer d) Axons can be postsynaptic surfaces whereas dendrites cannot

C

Galen cut open the brain of sheep and found fluid in the ventricles. What did he think was the function of the fluid in the ventricles? a) Protect the cerebrum and cerebellum b) Register sensations and command the muscles c) Register sensations d) Protect the cerebrum

C

Identify the process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains information about a gene a) Translation b) Protein synthesis c) Transcription d) RNA splicing

C

On September 13, 1848, Phineas Gage was the unfortunate victim of an explosion that sent a tamping iron through his head. (This tamping iron was 3'7" long, 1.25" in diameter, and weighed 13.5 lbs.) He miraculously survived the incident. Which glial cells might have played a large role in his defiance of death? a) Schwann cells b) oligodendrocytes c) microglia d) astrocytes

C

RNA splicing removes bits of the DNA transcript that cannot be used for protein coding. What happens to the unused bit of transcript? a) RNA polymerase binds to promoter b) mRNA binds to a ribosome c) Introns are removed and exons are fused d) Assembling of proteins from amino acids

C

Rough ER is an important site for protein synthesis. What is the special quality of rough ER that neurons benefit from? a) Diverse functions b) Regulation of internal concentration c) Information processing d) Heterogeneous

C

Symptoms of channelopathy consist of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure. Which statement is correct? a) Channelopathy is a human genetic disease caused by an overexpression of the gene that encodes the sodium channel protein b) Seizures in channelopathy are usually confined to children between 8 years and 12 years of age c) Single amino acid mutations in the extracellular region of sodium channels cause this inherited disorder in human infants d) Epileptic seizures in channelopathy result from non-selective ion flow through the channels

C

The Neuron Doctrine was championed by ____________, and the Reticular Theory was supported by _____________. a) Nissl, Cajal b) Golgi, Nissl c) Cajal, Golgi d) Penrose, Darwin

C

The following statements about propagation of action potentials (APS) are all true EXCEPT: a) there is no limit to how far APs can propagate b) propagation is initiated at the axon hillock c) propagation is slower down fatter axons d) propagation is faster in myelinated than unmyelinated axons e) the refractory period prevents back propagation

C

The resting membrane potential is close in value to the Nernst equilibrium potential for _____ because _____ a) Na+ / there is a leakage of Na+ ions through the membrane channels b) K+ / there is a leakage of Ca++ ions through the membrane channels c) K+ / the membrane is very permeable to K+ ions at rest d) Na+ / due to its large driving force e) Cl- / because it's the only negatively charged ion

C

The resting membrane potential is closer to EK than ENa because at rest: (a) Vm - ENa = 0 (b) gNa = 0 (c) gK >> gNa (d) gK = 0

C

What affect does an intravenous injection of KCL have on behavior of neurons? a) Extracellular [K+] decreases and therefore the membrane potential gets closer to Na+ equilibrium potential/ b) The membrane potential becomes more negative and it becomes more difficult to generate action potentials. c) Extracellular [K+] increases and therefore the membrane potential gets closer to Na+ equilibrium potential. d) None of the above is true

C

What are the thin tubes that radiate away from the soma? a) Dendrites b) Axons c) Neurites d) Organelles

C

What do the measurements from a microelectrode reveal? a) Electrical charge migrating from one point to another b) The relative inability of an electrical charge to migrate c) A microelectrode measures the membrane potential d) The net movement of ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration

C

What does the cell theory state? a) Individual cells communicate by contact and not continuity b) Neuronal cell bodies contain organelles c) Elementary functional unit of all tissues is the individual cell d) Neurites of different nerve cells fuse together to form a continuous reticulum

C

What inference was derived by Darwin about the nervous system based on the similarity in behavioral reactions across species? a) Brain mechanisms that underlie the fear reaction are specifically different across species b) Darwin developed the notion of the animal model for human research c) Behavior is among the heritable traits that can evolve. Brain mechanisms that underlie the fear reaction may be similar, if not identical, across the species that evolved from a common ancestor d) Darwin noted that rats show clear signs of addiction if they are given the chance to self-administer cocaine repeatedly

C

What is meant by the experimental ablation method of studying the brain? a) The approach in which identical experiments are conducted on numerous animals simultaneously b) The approach in which experiments are conducted on animal species to understand the function of the human brain c) The approach in which parts of the brain are systematically destroyed to determine their function d) The approach in which the brain is preserved with fixatives such as formaldehyde, sliced thin, and then studied with a microscope

C

What is meant by the resting membrane potential? a) The cytosol along the inside surface of the cell membrane has a neutral charge compared to the outside b) The cytosol along the inside surface of the cell membrane has a fluctuating charge compared to the outside c) The cytosol along the inside surface of the cell membrane has a negative charge compared to the outside d) The cytosol along the inside surface of the cell membrane has a positive charge compared to the outside

C

What is orthodromic conduction of the action potential? a) Action potentials that are conducted in a bi-directional manner b) Action potentials that are conducted with backward propagation c) Conductance of action potentials down the axon, in one direction only d) Propagation of action potentials along the dendrite

C

What is phrenology? a) The approach in which parts of the brain are systematically destroyed to determine their function b) The science of the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function c) The science of correlating the structure of the head with personality traits d) The science of breaking the brain into smaller pieces for systematic experimental analysis

C

What is synaptic transmission? a) The conduction of action potentials in one direction b) The membrane potential at which enough voltage-gated sodium channels open c) The transfer of information from one neuron to another d) An influx of positive charge that depolarizes the membrane of the spike-initiation zone to threshold

C

What is the Goldman equation? a) The Goldman equation is a mathematical formula that shows that K+ is more concentrated on the inside, and Na+ and Ca++ are more concentrated on the outside of the cell membrane b) If K+ is concentrated twentyfold on the inside of a cell, the Goldman equation tells us that Ek= -80mV c) The Goldman equation is a mathematical formula that takes into consideration the relative permeability of the membrane to different ions d) The Goldman equation is a mathematical formula that determines the equilibrium potential for a particular ion

C

What is the key factor that determines the difference between axons and dendrites? a) The presence of synapses b) The length of the axons and dendrites c) The type of protein in the neuronal membrane d) The branching of axons and dendrites

C

What molecular arrangement in the phospholipids bilayer forms a barrier to water-soluble ions? a) The hydrophobic heads face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophilic tails face each other b) The hydrophilic heads face the extracellular space and the hydrophobic tails face the cytosol. c c) The hydrophilic heads face the extracellular space and cytosol. The hydrophobic tails face each other d) The hydrophobic tails face the extracellular space and the cytosol. The hydrophilic tails face each other

C

Which of the following factors determines the choice of animals for experimental studies in neuroscience? a) The size of the animal brain compared to human brain b) The level of responsiveness of the animal c) The question under investigation, the level of analysis, and the extent to which the knowledge gained at this level can be related to humans d) The age of the animal used in this experiment

C

Why are action potentials said to be "all or none" a) Continuous application of depolarization generates many action potentials in succession b) Application of current through a microelectrode depolarizes the cell only to threshold levels, not beyond c) Depolarizing the neuuronal membrane has no effect until the membrane potential crosses a threshold d) Continuous application of depolarizing current into the neuron creates only one action potential

C

Why is it fatal to eat shellfish at the time of red time? a) Because of the unusually high concentration of tetrodotoxin b) Because of the unusually high concentration of batrachotoxin c) Because of the unusually high concentration of saxitoxin d) Because of the unusually high concentration of veratridine

C

You discover an ion channel that, when open, is permeable to all ions. This channel lacks: (a) gating (b) quaternary structure (c) selectivity (d) an alpha subunit

C

You inject a RETROGRADE tracer into the cerebral cortex of a little horse named Peter. AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT will carry the tracer to the _________ of neurons that have ________ near the site of injection. a) axon terminals / cell bodies b) axon terminals / dendrites c) cell bodies / axon terminals d) cell bodies / dendrites

C

Cytoarchitecture is the arrangement of neurons in different parts of the brain. How is cytoarchitecture visualized? a) Microtome b) Electron microscope c) Golgi stain d) Nissl stain

D

During the absolute refractory period, it is impossible for a neuron to fire an action potential because: a) The membrane potential is below threshold b) Delayed rectifier K+ channels are closed c) Chloride channels open, causing shunting inhibition d) Voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated

D

How do the glial cells contribute to brain function? a) Command the body's response to sensations b) Glial cell function is unknown c) Communicating changes in the environment to neurons d) Insulating, supporting, and nourishing neurons

D

How is the patch-clamp method used to understand ion channels? a) It allows the passage of the Na+ through the pore in a voltage-gated sodium channel b) It allows the experimenter to change the Na+ and K+ conductances of the membrane during action potential c) It allows the experimenter to observe transient increases gNa- d) It allows a study of the ionic currents passing through individual channels

D

How many molecules thick is the sheet of phospholipids that forms the neuronal cell membrane? a) 3 molecules thick b) 7 molecules thick c) 5 molecules thick d) 2 molecules thick

D

I. Axon diameter II. Axon myelination III. Axon length IV. Axonal membrane resistance Which of the above are important factors in the determination of action potential conduction velocity? (a) I only (b) I and II (c) I and III (d) I, II, IV (e) All of the above

D

Identify the branches of an axon that return to communicate with the cell that had given rise to them. a) Axon collaterals b) Axon terminals c) Terminal arbors d) Recurrent collaterals

D

Identify the term used to represent a change in the membrane potential from the normal resting value to a less negative value a) Resting membrane potential b) Ionic equilibrium potential c) Equilibrium potential d) Depolarization

D

If you wanted to study the structure of an entire neuron, which stain would you choose, Nissl or Golgi? a) Golgi stain b) Electron microscopy c) Golgi and Nissl stains combined d) Nissl stain

D

Kinesin and dynein are proteins that bind microtubules. Which of the following is FALSE? a) They convert chemical energy contained in phosphate bonds into mechanical energy b) They establish plasma membrane composition at the axon terminal by selectively moving different receptor subtypes into and out of the terminal. c) They mediate gene transcription by carrying signaling proteins at the terminal back to the nucleus d) Kinesin is involved in retrograde transport, while dynein is involved in anterograde transport. e) Their function can be hijacked by viruses and neuroscientists to serve their own purposes

D

Schizophrenia s a severe personality disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior. At what age does schizophrenia typically strike and what is its usual duration? a) Schizophrenia typically strikes in early childhood in children with epilepsy b) Schizophrenia typically affects the elderly c) Like dementia, schizophrenia affects 50% of people over age 85 d) Schizophrenia strikes at adolescence or early adulthood and can persist for life

D

The cellular organelle most appropriately called a "protein building machine" is the: a) Golgi apparatus b) mitochondrion c) microtubule d) ribosome e) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

D

The ventricular localization of brain function prevailed for almost 1500 years, and was strengthened in the early seventeenth century by what intellectual advance? a) Paul Broca reported about patients who could understand language but could not speak b) Bell and Magendie found that the two spinal roots carry information in different directions; the ventral roots mediate movement and the dorsal roots mediate sensation c) Bejamin Franklin published a pamphlet entitled Experiments and Observation on Electricity d) French inventors began developing hydraulically controlled mechanical devices

D

What does the myelin sheath consist of? a) Many layers of membrane provided by glial astrocytes b) Many layers of membranes provided by oligodendroglia in the PNS c) Many layers of membranes provided by Schewann cells in the CNS d) Many layers of membrane provided by glial support cells

D

What is an ion pump? a) An ion pump is a membrane-associated protein that transports ions across the membrane when the gate is open b) An ion pump is a membrane-associated protein that transports ions across the membrane in direction opposite the charge on the ion c) An ion pump is a membrane-associated protein that transports ions across the membrane down their concentration gradient d) An ion pump is a membrane-associated protein that transports ions across the membrane against their concentratino gradients at the expense of metabolic energy

D

What is an oscilloscope and how is it used to study neuronal activity? a) A device used to alter the depolarization of the neuron b) A piece of equipment used to "listen" to the activity of the neuron c) A device that is used to alter the activity of cells d) A sophisticated voltmeter that displays electrical signals in graphical form

D

What is the advantage of a fat axon? a) It occupies a lot of space in the brain b) It facilitates synaptic transmission c) It forms a protective covering over other axons d) It conducts action potentials faster

D

What is the advantage of the phospholipid bilayer arrangement? a) It actively transports Ca2+ out of the cytosol across the cell membrane b) It breaks down the ATP in the presence of internal Na+ c) It provides routes for ions to cross the neuronal membrane d) It effectively isolates the cytosol of the neuron from the extracellular fluid.

D

What is the final step in the scientific process that indicates whether the observation is robust enough to be reproduced? a) Interpretation b) Observation c) Replication d) Verification

D

Which cells have excitable membrane? a) All the cells of the body have excitable membranes capable of generating and conducting action potentials b) Only muscle cells have excitable membranes capable of generating and conducting action potentials c) Only nerve cells have excitable membranes capable of generating and conducting d) Nerve and muscle cells have excitable membrane capable of generating and conducting action potentials

D

Which of the following is TRUE about ribosomes? a) They are necessary for transcription b) They are found dotting the surface of smooth ER c) They are not found in glia d) They bind mRNA

D

Which of the following values is unnecessary when finding the equilibrium potential of an ion using the Nernst equation? a) The temperature b) The ration of external and internal ion concentrations c) The charge of an ion d) The permeability of the ion channel

D

Which of the following would be most likely to produce epileptic seizures: a) Abnormally fast Na+ channel inactivation b) Abnormally fast K+ channel rectification c) Abnormally low Na+ conductance during the rising phase of the action potential d) Abnormally low K+ conductance during the falling phase of the action potential

D

Which of the following would you expect to see in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's Dementia? a) Neurofibrillary Tangles b) Tau Proteins dissociated from microtubules c) Axon degeneration d) All of the above e) none of the above

D

Which protein provides the "legs" for retrograde transport? a) Kinesin b) Amyloid c) Actin d) Dynein

D

Why are glia considered the "sleeping giants" of neuroscience? a) Glia will further support neuronal function b) Glia will further insulate and nourish neurons c) Glia will be supported by neurons d) Glia will contribute to information processing

D

Why do elevations of K+ in the blood have serious physiological consequences despite the blood-brain barrier and spatial buffering? Cytosol is the watery fluid inside the cell of a neuron enclosed by a neuronal membrane. What is the composition of the cytosol? a) Pyruvic acid-rich solution b) Calcium-rich solution c) Sodium-rich solution d) Potassium-rich solution

D

There is no movement of an ion when a) Vm - Eion = 0 b) When gion = 0 c) Vm = 0 d) More than one of the above but not all e) All of the above

D (A and B)

As a birthday treat, your friends bake you an amazing Fugu cake made with fresh puffer fish liver. You can't resist taking a bite and your lips rapidly develop an interesting numb feeling. This sensation results from the action of what TOXIN on what CHANNEL? a) STX on Na+ channels b) STX on K+ channels c) TEA on K+ channels d) TTX on K+ channels e) TTX on Na+ channels

E