Neuroscience Exam 3

Which of the following have a corresponding homunculus in the brain? A. Olfactory Input B. Somatosensory Input C. Sleeping Behaviors D. Motor Control

B, D

Which of the following is/are true about melatonin? A. Melatonin is the strongest external zeitgeber B. Melatonin synchronizes the circadian rhythms of all cells C. Melatonin production is highest during the day and lowest at night D. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland

B, D

In a double dissociation experiment, what happened when a cryoprobe was used to heat an animal's brain? A. When the cryoprobe with heat was injected into the medial preoptic area, the animal acted hot B. When the cryoprobe with heat was injected into the lateral preoptic area, the animal acted cold C. When the cryoprobe with heat was injected into the lateral preoptic area, the animal acted hot D. When the cryoprobe with heat was injected into the medial preoptic area, the animal acted cold

A

Name the part of the brain that houses more than 50% of a brain's neurons: A. Cerebellum B. Amygdala C. Hypothalamus D. Pons

A

Which brain sleep waves are correctly matched to their corresponding sleeping pattern? A. Alpha Wave Activity - Relaxed B. Delta Wave Activity - Alert, Aroused C. Beta Wave activity - non-REM sleep D. Theta Wave Activity - REM sleep

A

Which of the following happens in your body naturally following sleep deprivation? A. Adenosine increases B. Cyclic AMP increases C. Acetylcholine increases D. Caffeine decreases

A

Which of the following is the correct definition of Q10? A. When the temperature increases 10 degrees, the biochemical reaction rate within a cell becomes 2 to 3 times faster B. When the temperature increases 2 to 3 degrees, the biochemical reaction rate within a cell becomes 10 times slower C. When the temperature increases 2 to 3 degrees, the biochemical reaction rate within a cell becomes 10 times faster D. When the temperature increases 10 degrees, the biochemical reaction rate within a cell becomes 2 to 3 times slower

A

Which of the following is true about lower motor neurons? (Choose all that apply) A. They are the final common pathway. B. They use acetylcholine as well as dopamine as transmitters. C. They synapse on neurons or muscles. D. They synapse on muscles and tendons.

A

Which of the following principles was demonstrated by the jelly bean experiment we conducted in class? A. Flavor depends on the interconnection between olfaction and gustation B. Flavor only depends on information sent through cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10 C. Without olfaction, it is impossible to detect the five basic tastes D. Flavor only depends on information sent through cranial nerve 1

A

Which of the following is NOT true about the motor system? A. Striated muscles are directly connected to our skeleton. B. The corticospinal tract starts at the post-central gyrus of the cortex and terminates in the spinal cord C. Lower motor neurons synapse only onto muscle fibers. D. Contraction of an extensor will lead to an extension action.

A, B

Which of the following actions would prevent light from acting as a zeitgeber of the human circadian rhythm? A. Removing all melanopsin retinal ganglion cells B. Cutting both optic nerves C. Removing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) D. Cutting both optic tracts

A, B, C

Which is a correct description of a test used in a sleep lab to understand someone's sleeping behaviors? A. Electroencephalograms measure electrical activity from the brain B. fMRI detects muscle movement in the peripheral nervous system during sleep C. Electrooculograms take measurements of eye movement D. Electromyograms monitors heart rate patterns while asleep

A, C

Which of the following functions involves the preoptic area? A. Thermo-regulation B. Release of melatonin C. Osmotic thirst D. Inhibition of neuromodulators involved in arousal

A, C, D

Which neuromodulators, with their associated brain regions, are related to sleep? A. Locus Coeruleus - Norepinephrine B. Pons - Glutamate C. Medulla - Dopamine D. Raphe Nucleus - Serotonin

A, D

Select all of the following that are satiety signals. A. CCK B. Leptin C. Ghrelin D. Insulin

B, D

Central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain. Choose the correct statement: A. The central sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobe. B. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobe. C. The primary motor cortex is found on the postcentral gyrus. D. The primary sensory cortex is rostral to the central sulcus.

B

Exteroreceptors have cell bodies in the ____ of the spinal cord and proprioceptors have cell bodies in the ___ of the spinal cord. A. Ventral horn, dorsal horn B. Dorsal root ganglia, ventral horn C. Dorsal root ganglia, dorsal root ganglia D. Dorsal horn, ventral horn

B

How does caffeine work to keep you awake? A. It acts as an agonist of cAMP receptors to prevent cellular responses that increase drowsiness. B. It acts as an antagonist of adenosine receptors to prevent cellular responses that increase drowsiness. C. It acts as an antagonist of cAMP receptors to prevent cellular responses that increase drowsiness. D. It acts as an agonist of adenosine receptors to prevent cellular responses that increase drowsiness.

B

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding adenosine? A. Adenosine produces cyclic AMP, indicating that the body needs energy B. Adenosine is a breakdown product of cyclic AMP, indicating that the body has used a lot of energy C. Caffeine is an adenosine agonist, promoting wakefulness D. Adenosine is an exogenous chemical that must be consumed

B

Which of the following is true about hunger and satiety cues? A. One type of neuron in the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is involved in increasing both arousal and feeding. B. A leptin antagonist can lead to increased food consumption. C. The paraventricular nucleus excites the neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus involved in satiety cues. D. The ventromedial hypothalamus is the brain region that controls satiety.

B

Which of the following provide evidence for the importance of sleep in learning and memory? A. When a person slept after exposure to a specific odor, the neural patterns that the person displayed while learning the scent of the odor were unrelated to those activated during sleep B. When a rat slept after navigating a maze, the same neural patterns in the hippocampus that the rat displayed while in the maze were reactivated during sleep C. REM sleep deprivation following the acquisition of a procedural task doesn't impact memory D. Preschoolers that napped performed worse on a declarative memory task than preschoolers who didn't nap

B

Which of the following sleep disorders, when left untreated, was associated with significant decreases in gray matter in the frontal cortex, the temporal lobe, and the parietal cortex? A. Insomnia B. Sleep apnea C. REM sleep behavior disorder D. Narcolepsy

B

____________ include behaviors such as talking, walking, and eating during sleep. A. complex reflexes B. parasomnias C. motor scripts D. more than one of these E. schemas

B

Which of the following statements is true about Bremer's experiments on sleep? A. A transection of the spinal cord led to the animal becoming comatose. B. The results supported the passive approach to sleep. C. The animal's ability to see and smell was intact following a mid-collicular transection. D. The animal could not receive somatosensory information whether the transection was through the colliculus or just above the spinal cord.

B, C, D

If it's been 7 hours since your last meal, which of the following is most likely occurring in your body? A. Ghrelin is serving as a hunger signal for the arcuate nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus is excited, and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is excited to increase arousal and feeding B. CCK is serving as a hunger signal for the arcuate nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus is inhibited, and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is excited to increase arousal and feeding C. Ghrelin is serving as a hunger signal for the arcuate nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus is inhibited, and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is excited to increase arousal and feeding D. CCK is serving as a hunger signal for the arcuate nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus is excited, and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is excited to increase arousal and feeding

C

In the gustatory system, sodium chloride activates ____________ taste receptors, which are ____________ receptors. A. Sour; ionotropic B. Salt; metabotropic C. Salt; ionotropic D. Glutamate; ionotropic E. Sour; metabotropic

C

Nociceptors are receptors for which of the following somatosenses? A. Touch B. Proprioception C. Pain D. Temperature

C

The solution labeled B is ____________, while the solution labeled C is ____________. A. Hypertonic; isotonic B. Isotonic; hypertonic C. Hypertonic; hypotonic D. Hypotonic; hypertonic

C

Which brain sleep waves are correctly matched to their corresponding sleeping pattern? A. Theta Wave Activity - REM sleep B. Beta Wave activity - non-REM sleep C. Alpha Wave Activity - Relaxed D. Delta Wave Activity - Alert, Aroused

C

Which of the following is NOT true about the olfactory system? A. Olfactory cells are constantly turning over. B. Multiple olfactory cells synapse onto one glomeruli. C. The olfactory nerve crosses to the contralateral side in the olfactory bulb. D. Olfactory information reaches the frontal lobe.

C

Which of the following statements about pheromones is true? A. Pheromones are detected by apocrine glands B. The Bruce effect is related to pheromones, but the Flehman response is not related to pheromones C. Pheromones are chemicals released by animals into the environment to change the social behavior of members of their own species D. Pheromones are secreted by an accessory olfactory system that consists of the vomeronasal organ

C

Information about odorants go through cranial nerve __ whereas taste information goes through cranial nerve __ A. 1, 7 B. 1, 8 C. 1, 2 D. 1,10

D

Which of the following correctly matches the neurotransmitter involved in wakefulness with the region in the brainstem where the neurotransmitter is secreted from? A. Serotonin - pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT) & laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) B. Serotonin - locus coeruleus C. GABA - pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT) & laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) D. Serotonin - raphe nuclei E. Noradrenaline - raphe nuclei F. Acetylcholine - locus coeruleus

D

Which of the following is true about motor pathways? A. The reticulospinal tract is for maintaining upright posture and balance. B. The red nucleus is a part of thalamus C. The tectospinal tract is extensor biased. D. The corticorubrospinal tract is a dorsolateral pathway.

D