neuroscience

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

medulla

action potential

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

automatic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

wernicke's area

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Myelin sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?

A loss of motor coordination

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.

Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with Ted's fear response?

Amygdala

GABA

An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Sam has shown some marked changes in the way he is able to communicate after having a stroke. He knows what he wants to say, but his speech is slow and labored. Sam's grammar is also quite poor. The part of Sam's brain that most likely sustained damage is

Broca's area

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

A person with a severe head injury subsequently acts irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively, and is easy to anger. Which of the following brain areas is most likely injured?

Frontal lobe

Which of the following is true about the pons?

It is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal.

Which of the following brain regions is indicated by the arrow?

Pons

Which part of the brain represented above is indicated by A?

Somatosensory cortex

Schwann Cells

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to

hear sounds

The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the

hippocampus

For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

left cerebral hemisphere

he network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory is the

limbic system

Endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms?

Difficulty with speech production

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a

visual deficit