New Nation Years Section 1,2,3,4 Test Review
Jay's Treaty
-Chief Justice John Jay makes treaty with British which angers Americans, especially Democratic-Republicans. -British evacuate posts in the Northwest and may continue the fur trade going on in the region.
Plan for a National Bank
-Hamilton proposes the Bank of the4 United States -Funded by the government & private investors -Issue paper money handle taxes -Debate begins over a strict and loose interpretation of the United States Constitution.
Hamilton & Jefferson debate & in Conflict
-Hamilton: Strong, central, government led by the wealthy and educated (Federalists) -Jefferson: Preferred a strong state & local government. (Democratic-Republican) -Hamilton has support from the north Jefferson's support came from the south and in the west.
Adam Provokes criticism: First Party-Based Election
-In 1796, Federalist John Adams is elected president. -Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is Vice President.
Treaty with Spain
-Pickney's Treaty of 1795 was signed -Spain gives up claims to western United States. -Mississippi River open to US traffic, along with the Port of New Orleans.
Whiskey Rebellion
-Protective Tariff: Imported tax on goods produced overseas. -Excise Tax: Charged on products(manufacturing, sale, or distribution of products) -In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay the excise tax on whiskey. -Beat up the Federal Marshals and threaten secession. -Federal government shows it can enforce laws by sending in the militia.
Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
-Reactions to the French Revolution -Federalist were Pro-British while Democratic-Republicans were Pro-French -Washington declares Neutrality and won't support either side.
The first Political Parties: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
-Split in Washington's cabinet leads to first US political parties. -Jefferson's Allies: Democratic-Republicans. -Hamilton's Allies: Federalists two-party system established.
The Judiciary Act of 1789
-The judiciary act of 1789 creates the Supreme Court. -State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts.
The District of Columbia
-To win southern support for his debt plan, Hamilton suggest moving the Nation's capital to the south. -DC becomes the official government seat by 1800.
Hamilton's Economic Plan
-United States owed millions! -Hamilton's Plan: 1) Pay foreign 2)Issue new bonds 3)Assume the states debt -Some southern states already paid off their debts and against taxes to help pay for the North's debt.
Washington shapes the Executive Branch
-Washington elected first President in 1789 -Congress creates the State, War, and Treasury Departments. -Alexander Hamilton becomes Secretary of Treasury. -Washington adds Attorney General and these department heads become his Cabinet.
What were the cause(s) of the War of 1812?
In the War of 1812, caused by British restrictions on U.S. trade and America's desire to expand its territory.
How did Federalists critics respond to the Alien & Sedition Acts and what role did nullification play?
The Federalists believed that Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalist policies was disloyal and feared that aliens living in the United States would sympathize with the French during a war.
What agreements did Britain and United States make the War of 1812?
The Treaty of Ghent was signed by British and American representatives, they agreed on occupy the Oregon territory for 10 years.
Describe Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review?
The U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review—the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional
Describe the XYZ Affair and what happened after it.
The XYZ Affair was a political incident between France and the United States that resulted in a limited.
What are the key differences between Democratic-Republicans (Antifederalists) and the Federalists? Who were both parties' leaders?
Those who supported the Constitution and a stronger national republic were known as Federalists. Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in favor of small localized government were known as Anti-Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
What precedents did Washington set as the first president of the United States?
Washington is responsible for establishing the tradition of the inaugural address and the cabinet system.
The Hawks Demand war: British & French Rivalries
• British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships from entering. • Britain and France seize American ships, confiscate cargoes.
British burn the White House
• By 1814, the British raid and burn the towns along the Atlantic coast. • British burn Washington D.C. including the White House, in retaliation for the sacking of York(Present-Day Toronto) and Canada.
John Marshall and the Supreme Court
• Federalist John Marshall is Chief Justice for more than 30 years. • Adams pushes the Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal judges. • Appoints federalists midnight judges on his last day as president. • Jefferson argues that the undelivered appointed papers are invalid.
Alien & Sedition Acts(Part2)
• Federalist push The Alien &Sedition Acts of 1789 through Congress. • Alien Acts:raise residency requirements for citizenship. • Allows deportation and jailing of immigrants. • Longer wait times to become U.S. citizens (5yrs to 14 yrs) • Sedition Act: fines & jail terms for hindering &lying about the government.
Adam tries to avoid war
• French see Jay's Treaty as violation of the treaty of Alliance and seized U.S. ships. • XYZ Affair: French officials demand a bribe to see their foreign minister. • Americans are angered by this affair and call for war against France. • Congress creates the Navy department. • Undeclared naval war for 2 years.
The battle of New Orleans
• General Andrew Jackson fights the Native Americans and gains national fame. • Jackson defeats Native Americans in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Destroys the military power of the Native Americans in the south. • In 1815, Jackson defeats the superior British forces at the Battle of New Orleans.
Grievances against Britain
• Impressment: seizing Americans, drafting them into the British navy. • Chesapeake incident further angers Americans. • Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo , or ban on exports from Europe. • Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also ended up hurting the United States. • Congress lifts the embargo Except with Britain and France.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
• Jefferson and Madison see it as a misuse of power. • They organize opposition in the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures. • Resolutions call the acts a violation of the first amendment. • Nullification: states have right to void law deemed unconstitutional.
Lewis & Clark
• Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead Corps of discovery: • Explore new territory and to find a route to the pacific . • Gather information about the people and plant animals within the region. • Native American women, Sacajawea, serves as an interpreter and guide.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Louisiana is returning to France. However, Jefferson fears a strong French presence within North America. • Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon. • However, he doubts he has the constitutional authority to do so. (Hypocrite)? • The Louisiana purchase doubles the size of the United States.
The war with Canada
• Madison-chooses war, thinks Britain crippling U.S. trade, economy. • U.S. army is unprepared and there are early British victories in Detroit and Montreal. • Oliver Hazard Perry defeats the British on Lake Erie and the tide turns in favor the U.S.
Alien & Sedition Acts (part 1)
• Many Federalist feared a French plot to over thrown the U.S. government. • Federalist were suspicious of immigrants because: -Many are active Democratic-Republicans. -Some are critical of John Adams.
Jefferson wins the Presidential election of 1800
• Presidential Campaign of 1800. • Better campaign between Adams & Jefferson with wild charges hurled at one another. • Electoral Deadlock • Jefferson Beats Adams, but ties with running mate Aaron Burr. • Reveals a flaw in the electoral process and as a result, the 12th Amendment is passed. • Electors cast separate ballots for both President and Vice President.
The treaty of Ghent
• Treaty of Ghent: a peace agreement between Britain and the U.S. signed on Christmas in 1814. • Declares an armistice or an end to fighting; however, it does not resolve all issues. • In 1815, a commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain and the United States. • In 1817, the Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships on the Great Lakes. • Both countries agree to occupy the Oregon Territory for 10 years.
The war at sea
• U.S. navy only has 16 ships . • Three frigates sail alone, but score huge victories. • British blockades the U.S. ports along the east coast.
The war hawks
• War Hawks- want war with Britain because natives used British arms.
Marbury V. Madison
• William Marbury, one of John Adams' "Midnight judges", sues the federal government to have the papers delivered. • Judiciary Review: the Supreme Court is able to declare laws unconstitutional.
